[10] On the marriage of lp-norms and edit distance

简爱婚姻观英语作文"英文，"In the novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte, the protagonist Jane Eyre has a unique and independent view on marriage. She believes that marriage should be based on mutual respect, love, and equality, rather than socialstatus or wealth. This is evident in her refusal to marry Mr. Rochester when she discovers his first wife is still alive, despite her love for him.Jane's view on marriage is a reflection of her strong sense of self-worth and her desire for a genuine and meaningful relationship. She values emotional connectionand companionship over material possessions or societal expectations. This is seen in her interactions with St.John Rivers, whom she rejects as a potential husband because she does not love him, despite his social standing and his proposal offering her a stable and respectable life.Jane's refusal to compromise her principles in marriage reflects her belief in the importance of personal happiness and fulfillment. She is not willing to sacrifice her own happiness for the sake of societal norms or expectations. This is a powerful message that resonates with many readers, as it challenges the traditional views on marriage and encourages individuals to seek genuine love and companionship in their relationships."中文，"在夏洛蒂·勃朗特的小说《简·爱》中，主人公简·爱对婚姻有着独特而独立的看法。

Unit 1 Time-Conscious AmericansAmericans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor."We are slaves to nothing but the clock," it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person's hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count.A foreigner's first impression of the US is likely to be that everyone is in a rush—often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered precious. Others in public eating-places are waiting for you to finish so they, too, can be served and get back to work within the time allowed. You also find drivers will be abrupt and people will push past you. You will miss smiles, brief conversations, and small exchanges with strangers. Don't take it personally. This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else "wasting" it beyond a certain appropriate point.Many new arrivals in the States will miss the opening exchanges of a business call, for example. They will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country. They may miss leisurely business chats in a restaurant or coffee house. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust. Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly. Time is, therefore, always ticking in our inner ear.Consequently, we work hard at the task of saving time. We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer—especially given our traffic-filled streets. We, therefore, save most personal visiting for after-work hours or for social weekend gatherings.To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little or no relation to the significance of the matter at hand. In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation. In America, too, a final agreement will normally be signed in person. However, people are meeting increasingly on television screens, conducting "teleconferences" to settle problems not only in this country but also—by satellite—internationally.The US is definitely a telephone country. Almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social appointments, to say "Thank you", to shop and to obtain all kinds of information. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient.Some new arrivals will come from cultures where it is considered impolite to work too quickly. Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect. Assignments are, consequently, given added weight by the passage of time. In the US, however, it is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed. Usually, the more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it in order to "get it moving".Unit 2 Learning the Olympic Standard for LoveNikolai Petrovich Anikin was not half as intimidating as I had imagined he would be. No, this surely was not the ex-Soviet coach my father had shipped me out to meet.But Nikolai he was, Petrovich and all. He invited me inside and sat down on the couch, patting the blanket next to him to get me to sit next to him. I was so nervous in his presence."You are young," he began in his Russian-style English. "If you like to try for Olympic Games, I guess you will be able to do this. Nagano Olympics too soon for you, but for 2002 in Salt Lake City, you could be ready.""Yes, why not?" he replied to the shocked look on my face. I was a promising amateur skier, but by no means the top skier in the country. "Of course, there will be many hard training sessions, and you will cry, but you will improve."To be sure, there were countless training sessions full of pain and more than a few tears, but in the five years that followed I could always count on being encouraged by Nikolai's amusing stories and sense of humor."My friends, they go in the movies, they go in the dance, they go out with girls," he would start. "But I," he would continue, lowering his voice, "I am practice, practice, practice in the stadium. And by the next year, I had cut 1-1/2 minutes off my time in the 15-kilometer race!"My friends asked me, 'Nikolai, how did you do it?' And I replied, 'You go in the movies, you go in the dance, you go out with girls, but I am practice, practice, practice.'Here the story usually ended, but on one occasion, which we later learned was his 25th wedding anniversary, he stood proudly in a worn woolen sweater and smiled and whispered, "And I tell you, I am 26 years old before I ever kiss a girl! She was the woman I later marry."Romantic and otherwise, Nikolai knew love. His consistent good humor, quiet gratitude, perceptivity, and sincerity set an Olympic standard for love that I continue to reach for, even though my skiing days are over.Still, he never babied me. One February day I had a massive headache and felt quite fatigued. I came upon him in a clearing, and after approximately 15 minutes of striding into the cold breeze over the white powder to catch him, I fussed, "Oh, Nikolai, I feel like I am going to die.""When you are a hundred years old, everybody dies," he said, indifferent to my pain. "But now," he continued firmly. "Now must be ski, ski, ski."And, on skis, I did what he said. On other matters, though, I was rebellious. Once, he packed 10 of us into a Finnish bachelor's tiny home for a low-budget ski camp. We awoke the first morning to find Nikolai making breakfast and then made quick work with our spoons while sitting on makeshift chairs around a tiny card table. When we were finished, Nikolai stacked the sticky bowls in front of my sole female teammate and me, asserting, "Now, girls do dishes!"I threw my napkin on the floor and swore at him, "Ask the damn boys! This is unfair." He never asked this of me again, nor did he take much notice of my outburst. He saved his passion for skiing.When coaching, he would sing out his instructions keeping rhythm with our stride: "Yes, yes, one-two-three, one-two-three." A dear lady friend of my grandfather, after viewing a copy of a video of me training with Nikolai, asked, "Does he also teach dance?"In training, I worked without rest to correct mistakes that Nikolai pointed out and I asked after each pass if it was better."Yes, it's OK. But the faster knee down, the better.""But is it fast enough?" I'd persist.Finally he would frown and say, "Billion times you make motion—then be perfect," reminding me in an I've-told-you-a-billion-times tone, "You must be patient."Nikolai's patience and my hard work earned me a fourth-place national ranking heading into the pre-Olympic season, but then I missed the cut for the 2002 Olympics.Last summer, I returned to visit Nikolai. He made me tea... and did the dishes! We talked while sitting on his couch. Missing the Olympic Team the previous year had made me pause and reflect on what I had gained—not the least of which was a quiet, indissoluble bond with a short man in a tropical shirt.Nikolai taught me to have the courage, heart, and discipline to persist, even if it takes a billion tries. He taught me to be thankful in advance for a century of life on earth, and to remind myself every day that despite the challenges at hand, "Now must be love, love, love."Unit3Marriage Across the NationsGail and I imagined a quiet wedding. During our two years together we had experienced the usual ups and downs of a couple learning to know, understand, and respect each other. But through it all we had honestly confronted the weaknesses and strengths of each other's characters.Our racial and cultural differences enhanced our relationship and taught us a great deal about tolerance, compromise, and being open with each other. Gail sometimes wondered why I and other blacks were so involved with the racial issue, and I was surprised that she seemed to forget the subtler forms of racial hatred in American society.Gail and I had no illusions about what the future held for us as a married, mixed couple in America. The continual source of our strength was our mutual trust and respect.We wanted to avoid the mistake made by many couples of marrying for the wrong reasons, and only finding out ten, twenty, or thirty years later that they were incompatible, that they hardly took the time to know each other, that they overlooked serious personality conflicts in the expectation that marriage was an automatic way to make everything work out right. That point was emphasized by the fact that Gail's parents, after thirty-five years of marriage, were going through a bitter and painful divorce, which had destroyed Gail and for a time had a negative effect on our budding relationship.When Gail spread the news of our wedding plans to her family she met with some resistance. Her mother, Deborah, all along had been supportive of our relationship, and even joked about when we were going to get married so she could have grandchildren. Instead of congratulations upon hearing our news, Deborah counseled Gail to be really sure she was doing the right thing."So it was all right for me to date him, but it's wrong for me to marry him. Is his color the problem, Mom?" Gail subsequently told me she had asked her mother."To start with I must admit that at first I harbored reservations about a mixed marriage, prejudices you might even call them. But when I met Mark I found him a charming and intelligent young guy. Any mother would be proud to have him for a son-in-law. So,color has nothing to do with it. Yes, my friends talk. Some even express shock at what you're doing. But they live in a different world. So you see, Mark's color is not the problem. My biggest worry is that you may be marrying Mark for the same wrong reasons that I married your father. When we met I saw him as my beloved, intelligent, charming, and caring. It was all so new, all so exciting, and we both thought, on the surface at least, that ours was an ideal marriage with every indication that it would last forever. I realized only later that I didn't know my beloved, your father, very well when we married.""But Mark and I have been together more than two years," Gail railed. "We've been through so much together. We've seen each other at our worst many times. I'm sure that time will only confirm what we feel deeply about each other.""You may be right. But I still think that waiting won't hurt. You're only twenty-five."Gail's father, David, whom I had not yet met personally, approached our decision with a father-knows-best attitude. He basically asked the same questions as Gail's mother: "Why the haste? Who is this Mark? What's his citizenship status?" And when he learned of my problems with the Citizenship department, he immediately suspected that I was marrying his daughter in order to remain in the United States."But Dad, that's harsh," Gail said."Then why the rush? Buy time, buy time," he remarked repeatedly."Mark has had problems with citizenship before and has always taken care of them himself," Gail defended." In fact, he made it very clear when we were discussing marriage that if I had any doubts about anything, I should not hesitate to cancel our plans."Her father proceeded to quote statistics showing that mixed couples had higher divorce rates than couples of the same race and gave examples of mixed couples he had counseled who were having marital difficulties."Have you thought about the hardships your children would go through?" he asked."Dad, are you a racist?""No, of course not. But you have to be realistic.""Maybe our children will have some problems, but whose children don't? But one thing they'll always have: our love and devotion.""That's idealistic. People can be very cruel toward children from mixed marriages.""Dad, we'll worry about that when the time comes. If we had to resolve all doubt before we acted, very little would ever get done.""Remember, it's never too late to change your mind."Unit 4 A Test of True LoveSix minutes to six, said the digital clock over the information desk in Grand Central Station. John Blandford, a tall young army officer, focused his eyesight on the clock to note the exact time. In six minutes he would see the woman who had filled a special place in his life for the past thirteen months, a woman he had never seen, yet whose written words had been with him and had given him strength without fail.Soon after he volunteered for military service, he had received a book from this woman. A letter, which wished him courage and safety, came with the book. He discovered that many of his friends, also in the army, had received the identical book from the woman, Hollis Meynell. And while they all got strength from it, and appreciated her support of their cause, John Blandford was the only person to write Ms. Meynell back. On the day of his departure, to a destination overseas where he would fight in the war, he received her reply. Aboard the cargo ship that was taking him into enemy territory, he stood on the deck and read her letter to him again and again.For thirteen months, she had faithfully written to him. When his letters did not arrive, she wrote anyway, without decrease. During the difficult days of war, her letters nourished him and gave him courage. As long as he received letters from her, he felt as though he could survive. After a short time, he believed he loved her, and she loved him. It was as if fate had brought them together.But when he asked her for a photo, she declined his request. She explained her objection: "If your feelings for me have any reality, any honest basis, what I look like won't matter. Suppose I'm beautiful. I'd always be bothered by the feeling that you loved me for my beauty, and that kind of love would disgust me. Suppose I'm plain. Then I'd always fear you were writing to me only because you were lonely and had no one else. Either way, I would forbid myself from loving you. When you come to New York and you see me, then you can make your decision. Remember, both of us are free to stop or to go on after that—if that's what we choose..."One minute to six... Blandford's heart leaped.A young woman was coming toward him, and he felt a connection with her right away. Her figure was long and thin, her spectacular golden hair lay back in curls from her small ears. Her eyes were blue flowers; her lips had a gentle firmness. In her fancy green suit she was like springtime come alive.He started toward her, entirely forgetting to notice that she wasn't wearing a rose, and as he moved, a small, warm smile formed on her lips."Going my way, soldier?" she asked.Uncontrollably, he made one step closer to her. Then he saw Hollis Meynell.She was standing almost directly behind the girl, a woman well past forty, and a fossil to his young eyes, her hair sporting patches of gray. She was more than fat; her thick legs shook as they moved. But she wore a red rose on her brown coat.The girl in the green suit was walking quickly away and soon vanished into the fog. Blandford felt as though his heart was being compressed into a small cement ball, so strong was his desire to follow the girl, yet so deep was his longing for the woman whose spirit had truly companioned and brought warmth to his own; and there she stood. Her pale, fat face was gentle and intelligent; he could see that now. Her gray eyes had a warm, kindly look.Blandford resisted the urge to follow the younger woman, though it was not easy to do so. His fingers held the book she had sent to him before he went off to the war, which was to identify him to Hollis Meynell. This would not be love. However, it would be something precious, something perhaps even less common than love—a friendship for which he had been, and would always be, thankful.He held the book out toward the woman."I'm John Blandford, and you—you are Ms. Meynell. I'm so glad you could meet me. May I take you to dinner?" The woman smiled. "I don't know what this is all about, son," she answered. "That young lady in the green suit—the one who just went by—begged me to wear this rose on my coat. And she said that if you asked me to go out with you, I should tell you that she's waiting for you in that big restaurant near the highway. She said it was some kind of a test."Unit5 Weeping for My Smoking DaughterMy daughter smokes. While she is doing her homework, her feet on the bench in front of her and her calculator clicking out answ ers to her geometry problems, I am looking at the half-empty package of Camels tossed carelessly close at hand. I pick them up, take t hem into the kitchen, where the light is better, and study them -- they are filtered, for which I am grateful. My heart feels terrible. I wa nt to weep. In fact, I do weep a little, standing there by the stove holding one of the instruments, so white, so precisely rolled, that coul d cause my daughter's death. When she smoked Marlboros and Players I hardened myself against feeling so bad; nobody I knew ever s moked these brands.She doesn't know this, but it was Camels that my father, her grandfather, smoked. But before he smoked cigarettes made by manu facturers -- when he was very young and very poor, with glowing eyes -- he smoked Prince Albert tobacco in cigarettes he rolled hims elf. I remember the bright-red tobacco tin, with a picture of Queen Victoria's partner, Prince Albert, dressed in a black dress coat and c arrying a cane .By the late forties and early fifties no one rolled his own anymore (and few women smoked) in my hometown of Eatonton, Georg ia. The tobacco industry, coupled with Hollywood movies in which both male and female heroes smoked like chimneys, completely w on over people like my father, who were hopelessly hooked by cigarettes. He never looked as fashionable as Prince Albert, though; he continued to look like a poor, overweight, hard working colored man with too large a family, black, with a very white cigarette stuck i n his mouth.I do not remember when he started to cough. Perhaps it was unnoticeable at first, a little coughing in the morning as he lit his first cigarette upon getting out of bed. By the time I was sixteen, my daughter's age, his breath was a wheeze, embarrassing to hear; he cou ld not climb stairs without resting every third or fourth step. It was not unusual for him to cough for an hour.My father died from "the poor man's friend", pneumonia, one hard winter when his lung illnesses had left him low. I doubt he had much lung left at all, after coughing for so many years. He had so little breath that, during his last years, he was always leaning on som ething. I remembered once, at a family reunion, when my daughter was two, that my father picked her up for a minute -- long enough for me to photograph them -- but the effort was obvious. Near the very end of his life, and largely because he had no more lungs, he qu it smoking. He gained a couple of pounds, but by then he was so slim that no one noticed.When I travel to Third World countries I see many people like my father and daughter. There are large advertisement signs directe d at them both: the tough, confident or fashionable older man, the beautiful, "worldly" young woman, both dragging away. In these po or countries, as in American inner cities and on reservations, money that should be spent for food goes instead to the tobacco compani es; over time, people starve themselves of both food and air, effectively weakening and hooking their children, eventually killing them selves. I read in the newspaper and in my gardening magazine that the ends of cigarettes are so poisonous that if a baby swallows one, it is likely to die, and that the boiled water from a bunch of them makes an effective insecticide.There is a deep hurt that I feel as a mother. Some days it is a feeling of uselessness. I remember how carefully I ate when I was pr egnant, how patiently I taught my daughter how to cross a street safely. For what, I sometimes wonder; so that she can struggle to brea the through most of her life feeling half her strength, and then die of self-poisoning, as her grandfather did?There is a quotation from a battered women's shelter that I especially like: "Peace on earth begins at home." I believe everything d oes. I think of a quotation for people trying to stop smoking: "Every home is a no smoking zone." Smoking is a form of self-battering that also batters those who must sit by, occasionally joke or complain, and helplessly watch. I realize now that as a child I sat by, throu gh the years, and literally watched my father kill himself: surely one such victory in my family, for the prosperous leaders who own th e tobacco companies, is enoughUnit 6 As His Name Is, So Is He!For her first twenty-four years, she'd been known as Debbie—a name that didn't suit her good looks and elegant manner. "My name has always made me think I should be a cook," she complained. "I just don't feel like a Debbie."One day, while filling out an application form for a publishing job, the young woman impulsively substituted her middle name, Lynne, for her first name Debbie. "That was the smartest thing I ever did," she says now. "As soon as I stopped calling myself Debbie, I felt more comfortable with myself... and other people started to take me more seriously." Two years after her successful job interview, the former waitress is now a successful magazine editor. Friends and associates call her Lynne.Naturally, the name change didn't cause Debbie/Lynne's professional achievement—but it surely helped if only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents. Social scientists say that what you're called can affect your life. Throughout history, names have not merely identified people but also described them. "As his name is, so is he." says the Bible, and Webster's Dictionary includes the following definition of name: "a word or words expressing some quality considered characteristic or descriptive of a person or a thing, often expressing approval or disapproval". Note well "approval or disapproval". For better or worse, qualities such as friendliness or reserve, plainness or charm may be suggested by your name and conveyed to other people before they even meet you.Names become attached to specific images, as anyone who's been called "a plain Jane" or "just an average Joe" can show. The latter name particularly bothers me since my name is Joe, which some think makes me more qualified to be a baseball player than, say, an art critic. Yet, despite this disadvantage, I did manage to become an art critic for a time. Even so, one prominent magazine consistently refused to print "Joe" in my by-line, using my first initials, J. S., instead. I suspect that if I were a more refined Arthur or Adrian, the name would have appeared complete.Of course, names with a positive sense can work for you and even encourage new acquaintances. A recent survey showed that American men thought Susan to be the most attractive female name, while women believed Richard and David were the most attractive for men. One woman I know turned down a blind date with a man named Harry because "he sounded dull". Several evenings later, she came up to me at a party, pressing for an introduction to a very impressive man; they'd been exchanging glances all evening. "Oh," I said. "You mean Harry." She was ill at ease.Though most of us would like to think ourselves free from such prejudiced notions, we're all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent. Confess: Wouldn't you be surprised to meet a carpenter named Nigel? A physicist named Bertha? A Pope Mel? Often, we project name-based stereotypes on people, as one woman friend discovered while taking charge of a nursery school's group of four-year-olds. "There I was, trying to get a little active boy named Julian to sit quietly and read a book—and pushing a thoughtful creature named Rory to play ball. I had their personalities confused because of their names!"Apparently, such prejudices can affect classroom achievement as well. In a study conducted by Herbert Harari of San Diego State University, and John McDavid of Georgia State University, teachers gave consistently lower grades on essays apparently written by boys named Elmer and Hubert than they awarded to the same papers when the writers' names were given as Michael and David. However, teacher prejudice isn't the only source of classroom difference. Dr. Thomas V. Busse and Louisa Seraydarian of Temple University found those girls with names such as Linda, Diane, Barbara, Carol, and Cindy performed better on objectively graded IQ and achievement tests than did girls with less appealing names. (A companion study showed girls' popularity with their peers was also related to the popularity of their names―although the connection was less clear for boys.)Though your parents probably meant your name to last a lifetime, remember that when they picked it they'd hardly met you, and the hopes and dreams they valued when they chose it may not match yours. If your name no longer seems to fit you, don't despair; you aren't stuck with the label. Movie stars regularly change their names, and with some determination, you can, too.Unit 7 Lighten Your Load and Save Your LifeIf you often feel angry and overwhelmed, like the stress in your life is spinning out of control, then you may be hurting your heart.If you don't want to break your own heart, you need to learn to take charge of your life where you can—and recognize there are many things beyond your control.So says Dr. Robert S. Eliot, author of a new book titled From Stress to Strength: How to Lighten Your Load and Save Your Life. He's a clinical professor of medicine at the University of Nebraska.Eliot says there are people in this world that he calls "hot reactors". For these people, being tense may cause tremendous and rapid increases in their blood pressure.Eliot says researchers have found that stressed people have higher cholesterol levels, among other things. "We've done years of work in showing that excess alarm or stress chemicals can literally burst heart muscle fibers. When that happens it happens very。

为什么现在年轻人不想结婚了英语作文Title: Why Young People Nowadays Are Unwilling to Get MarriedIntroductionMarriage is traditionally considered a milestone in a person's life, symbolizing commitment, partnership, and love. However, in recent years, there has been a noticeable trend among young people, especially in urban areas, to delay or even avoid marriage altogether. This shift in attitudes towards marriage has raised the question: why are young people nowadays less inclined to tie the knot?Reasons for Reluctance to Get Married1. Changing Social NormsOne of the primary reasons for the decline in marriage rates among young people is the changing social norms and values. In today's society, there is a greater emphasis on individual freedom, personal growth, and career advancement. Many young individuals prioritize their own goals and aspirations over starting a family, leading them to postpone marriage or choose to remain single.2. Economic FactorsThe rising cost of living and economic uncertainty have also played a significant role in discouraging young people from getting married. The financial burden of starting a family, buying a home, and raising children can be daunting for many young individuals who are already struggling with student debt, job insecurity, and high living expenses.3. Fear of CommitmentAnother reason why young people are hesitant to get married is the fear of commitment. The thought of being tied down to one person for the rest of their lives can be intimidating for many individuals who value their independence and autonomy. The idea of entering into a lifelong partnership with someone else can feel suffocating and restricting, leading them to avoid marriage altogether.4. Changing Attitudes Towards RelationshipsWith the rise of dating apps, social media, and hookup culture, many young people have adopted a more casual and non-committal approach to relationships. The concept of monogamy and lifelong partnership may seem outdated andunappealing to individuals who have grown up in a society that promotes instant gratification and endless choices.5. Divorce Rates and Family InstabilityThe high divorce rates and prevalence of family instability in society have also contributed to young people's reluctance to get married. Many individuals have witnessed their parents' or relatives' marriage falling apart, leading them to question the stability and longevity of marriage as an institution. The fear of getting divorced and experiencing the emotional and financial consequences can deter young people from taking the plunge into marriage.ConclusionIn conclusion, the reluctance of young people to get married is a multifaceted issue, influenced by changing social norms, economic factors, fear of commitment, evolving attitudes towards relationships, and concerns about divorce and family instability. While marriage continues to hold significance for many individuals, it is essential to recognize and understand the reasons behind the shift in attitudes towards marriage among young people in modern society. Ultimately, the decision to marry or remain single is a personal choice that should be respected and supported, regardless of societal expectations.。

跨文化考试大纲范围：Unit 1-4题型：1. T or F 10*2’=20’(Unit 1-4 Post-class Activities 2. )2. 填空10*2’=20’(Unit 1-4 Post-class Activities 1. )3. 选择题5*2’=10’4. 阅读理解5*2篇*3’=30’5. 案例分析2*10’=20’T or FUnit 11.T Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order actappropriately in a given culture.2.F Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.3.TCulture mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistake. The linguistic mistake means thatsomeone is not fully expressing his or her idea while culture mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding.4.F All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.5.T Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may notbe the same.6.F One’s actions are totally independent of his or her culture.7.T Communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected.8.F In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from culturalgeneralization.Unit 21.F Norms involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just orunjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or in appropriate, and kind or cruel.2.T Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typicallyfollow. There are two types, one is formal, the other is informal.3.F In low-context cultures, the verbal message contains most of the information and very littleis embedded in the context or the participants. Chinese culture is the typical example.4.T Individual cultures such as the United States believe that people are only supported to takecare of themselves, and perhaps their immediate families.5.F Cultures with short-term orientation, such as the United States, Great Britain, Canada, andJapan, often do not place a high priority on status, are concerned with short-term results. 6.T In industrialized societies like the United States, the mastery-over-nature view tends topredominate.7.F Both Americans and British show respect for tradition.8.T In being-in-becoming orientation, people spend a portion of their lives in mediation andcontemplation in an attempt to purify and full advance themselves.Unit 31.F Verbalcommunication is more important than nonverbal communication.2.F“Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese.3.F The Chinese phrase “知识分子” has the same meaning as “intellectual”.4.T A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.5.F There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chineseproverbs.6.T Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo.7.T Patterns of thought vary with culture.8.T Both English and Chinese have resources to the deductive and the inductive.Unit 41.T Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others.2.F Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 65% of information iscommunicated through speaking, and over 35% is sent by nonverbal means.3.F Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures.4.T Arabs belong to touch cultures.5.T In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience.6.T he appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures.7.T Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words.8.F Silence cues can be interpreted as evidence of agreement all over the world.填空Unit 11.Intercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message forconsumption by a member of another culture.2.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics,perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices.3.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms, and socialpractices.munication is the process through which individuals respond to and create messages toadapt to the environment and one another.nonverbal language movement multiply revealing tonelimit distinction further remark contact gestureHow do we communicate? The first answer that is likely to come to most people’s minds is through language: we speak, we listen, we read, we write. When we think further, we become increasingly aware that we also communicate in nonverbal ways, through gestures and body movements. The signals given by our “body language” are often more revealing than the words we use . Most of us will have had the experience of someone saying something to us—making a flattering remark, for instance—that we felt we increase. Why did we feel that? Maybe it was the tone in which it was said, or something in the person’s movement or eye contact with us.When we turn to communication processes across cultures, the complexities and complications multiply. Language is again the obvious example. If you speak only English and the person you try to talk to speaks only Japanese, communication will be limited—though you will, if you both really try, be able to understand each other to some extent by means of gestures. Even with speakers of the same language, problems may be the result of intercultural difference, distinctions that is subgroups with a culture.Unit 2uncertainty avoidance, collective, feminine, power distance1.Individuals from high power distance cultures teach their members that people are not equalin this world and that everybody has a rightful place.2.High uncertainty avoidance cultures try to avoid ambiguity by providing stability for theirmembers, establishing more formal rules, not tolerating deviant ideas and behaviors.3.In collective cultures such as those in Indonesia, Pakistan, China and West Africa, people areborn into extended families that support and protect theme in exchange for their loyalty. 4.Feminine cultures promote sexual equality and hold that people and the environment areimportant.Unit 3Denotative meaning, Connotative meaning, Deductive reasoning, Inductive reasoning1.Denotative meaning tend to be described as the definitional, “literal”, “obvious”or“commonsense” meaning of a word.2.Connotative meaning is used to refer to the socio-cultural and“personal”associations(ideological, emotional, etc.) of the word.3.In case of Inductive reasoning, one stores a number of specific instances and induces ageneral law or rule or conclusion that governs or subsumes the specific instances.4.Deductive reasoning is a movement from a generalization to specific instances: specificsubsumed facts are inferred or deduced from a general principle.Unit 4Chronemics, Kinesics, Proxemics, Nonverbal communication1.Nonverbal communication refers to the message sent without using words.2.Proxemics is the way we use fixed space and personal space.3.Kinesics includes gestures, body movement, facial expressions, and eye contact.4.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.案例分析The Chinese woman has taken the American tourist’s given name for the surname, since the order of the surnames of Chinese and English names are just the opposite. As in both cultures a title is usually used with the surname, they feel unnatural when their given names are used with the titles. According to British custom, it’s quite normal for persons who first meet to address each other by their full names and never by their given names alone. The correct form should be Miss. Lucy Webster.On the other hand, the British tourist thinks that Li Hong’s surname is her husband’s surname, since she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surname after marriage. The correct form should be Ms. Li Hong.Unit 11.Cultural Puzzles(1) a. No. Ignoring others’suggestion is impolite and offensive.b. Yes. When you try something new, it may be difficult at first. After a while, you will getaccustomed to it.c. Yes. You could learn about other’s customs by asking for cultural explanations. You couldask, for example, a teacher: "Would you mind if I use your lastname? In my country, it is polite for students to use their teacher’s last name.(2) A.a. No. Even if this was true, she wouldn't expect a wife to say this about her own husband.To her, the Japanese woman insulted her own husband.b. No. Even if this was true, she wouldn't expect the Japanese woman to compare theirhusbands' appearance.c. Yes. A statement like this about one's spouse in the U.S. would be considered very disrespectful.If an American woman said this about her husband, people might think that they didn't havea good relationship.B. a. No. This would not be a Japanese way for a wife to say that she didn't like her husband.b. Yes. In Japan, a person would be considered boastful and not modest enough if he or shecomplimented his or her family members in front of others. Instead, some Japanese (particularly those who are more traditional) might say something slightly negative just to show that they are being modest and not overly proud.c. No. See b.Unit 2阅读理解Read the following passage, then choose the best answer.(1) B (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) D阅读理解Read the following passage, and then answer the questions briefly.(1) Context refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event.(2) No.(3) They emphasize interpersonal relationships, nonverbal expression, physical setting, and socialsetting.(4) Low-context communicators tend to use linear logic. High-context communicators, however,may use spiral logic.(5) Because it fosters competition and confrontation instead of consensus.Cultural Puzzlea.No. This is a rude answer and would discourage the other speaker from continuing talking.It’s possible that the person asking the question does not think it is personal. There are other more polite ways to say that you don’t want to answer a question.b.Possibly, but the person might ask you the question again. For example, if someone asks you,“What do you think of the government in your country?” A general answer could be, “I think all governments have their problems. Each should deal with their own problems.”But a statement like this is just a response to the question, not a real answer. The person who had asked you the question might ask again.c.Yes. There are questions that are apparently personal in one culture, but not in another. Ifyou said, “It is hard for me to answer that question because people in my country usually don’t ask it,” people will not feel offended by your not answering the question, and might find it instructive.Unit 3阅读理解Read the following passage, and then do the exercises.(1) D(2) C(3) The pronunciation of the final syllable of ‘chairman’ is /m’n/ as in the pronunciation of ‘woman’.(4) The author argues that the male meaning of ‘man’ is no longer dominant.(5) The impact is more in formal and/or written language areas (e.g. the media). Ordinary peoplestill tend to use words ending in ‘man’. Therefore in informal language use there has been little or no impact.(6) Regardless of language structure in any society, non-sexist language use does not meanchange will occur i f people’s attitudes and behaviors do not change.阅读理解Read the passage and then decide whether the statements are True or False according to the information given in the passage.F T F T F5.a.No. Sometimes it is better not to correct the person right away, especially if he or she is verybusy. Also, if other people are present, the person may be embarrassed to find out he or she pronounced your name incorrectly. However, if the person pronounces your name incorrectly more than once, you should tell him or her.b.Yes. If you want to be polite and formal, it is best to apologize first, and then say your namecorrectly.c.Yes. If the situation is informal, you can just say your name correctly without apologizing.Unit 4阅读理解Read the following passage, and then fill in the blanks.(1)physical of psycho logical distance(2) individual, social(3) the objective need or condition(4) our personal space(5) a constant but absent-minded lookCultural Puzzlesa. No. There is no information showing that the Americans did something wrong.b. No. It’s told that the Japanese were enjoying themselves.c. Yes. The Japanese culture is very group-oriented. When one person left (and this wasprobably the leader), the rest felt that they had to leave, even if they did n’t want to.Americans don’t usually arrive or leave in groups, so this behavior seemed strange to them. The Japanese guests were trying to be polite by avoiding staying too long at the party. They didn’t realize that two hours was too short for the Americ ans and that the Americans might get hurt by the fact that their guests left early.。