【新高考】高中化学必修1化学方程式总结(经典)
- 格式:docx
- 大小:229.61 KB
- 文档页数:5
高中化学必修1化学方程式总结
1、钠及其化合物的转化关系
①Na 2O +2HCl=2NaCl +H 2O ②2Na +2HCl=2NaCl +H 2↑
Na 2O +2H +=2Na ++H 2O 2Na +2H +=2Na +
+H 2↑ ③2Na 2O 2+4HCl=4NaCl +O 2↑+2H 2O ④4Na +O 2=2Na 2O
2Na 2O 2+4H +=4Na ++O 2↑+2H 2O ※⑥2Na +2H 2O=2NaOH +H 2↑ ※⑤2Na +O 2
Na 2O 2 2Na +2H 2O=2Na ++2OH -
+H 2↑
⑦Na 2O +H 2O=2NaOH ※⑧2Na 2O 2+2H 2O=4NaOH +O 2↑
Na 2O +H 2O=2Na ++2OH - 2Na 2O 2+2H 2O=4Na ++4OH -
+O 2↑ ⑨Na 2O +CO 2=Na 2CO 3 ※⑩2Na 2O 2+2CO 2=2Na 2CO 3+O 2
⑾2NaOH +CO 2=Na 2CO 3+H 2O ⑿Na 2CO 3+Ca(OH)2= CaCO 3↓+2NaOH
2OH -+CO 2=CO 32-+H 2O CO 32-+Ca 2+
=CaCO 3↓
⒀NaOH +CO 2=NaHCO 3 ※⒁Na 2CO 3+H 2O +CO 2=2NaHCO 3
OH -+CO 2=HCO 3- CO 32-+H 2O +CO 2=2HCO 3-
※⒂2NaHCO 3
Na 2CO 3+H 2O +CO 2↑ 或 ※NaHCO 3+NaOH=Na 2CO 3+H 2O
HCO 3-
+OH -
=CO 32-
+H 2O
⒃Na 2CO 3+2HCl=2NaCl +H 2O +CO 2↑ ⒄NaHCO 3+HCl=NaCl +H 2O +CO 2↑
CO 32-+2H +=H 2O +CO 2↑ HCO 3-+H +
=H 2O +CO 2↑
补充:①石灰水中加入少量NaHCO 3 : Ca(OH)2+NaHCO 3=CaCO 3↓+NaOH +H 2O
Ca 2++OH -+HCO 3-
=CaCO 3↓+H 2O
②石灰水中加入过量NaHCO 3 : Ca(OH)2+2NaHCO 3=CaCO 3↓+Na 2CO 3+2H 2O
Ca 2++2OH -+2HCO 3-=CaCO 3↓+CO 32-
+2H 2O
2、铝及其化合物的转化关系
①2Al +6HCl=2AlCl 3+3H 2↑ ②4Al +3O 22Al 2O 3
2Al +6H +
=2Al 3+
+3H 2↑
NaCl Na NaOH Na 2CO 3 NaHCO 3 NaCl
Na 2O
Na 2O 2
①
② ③ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧
⑨
⑩ ⑾ ⑿ ⒀ ⒁ ⒂ ⒃
⒄ ④
Al Al 2O 3 Al(OH)3 KAl(SO 4)2
NaAlO 2
AlCl 3
①
② ③
④ ⑤ ⑥
⑦
⑧ ⑨
⑩
⑾ ⑿
※③2Al +2NaOH +2H 2O=2NaAlO 2+3H 2↑ ④Al 2O 3+6HCl=2AlCl 3+3H 2O
2Al +2OH -+2H 2O=2AlO 2-+3H 2↑ Al 2O 3+6H +=2Al 3+
+3H 2O
※⑤Al 2O 3+2NaOH=2NaAlO 2+H 2O ⑥AlCl 3+3NH 3·H 2O=Al(OH)3↓+3NH 4Cl
Al 2O 3+2OH -=2AlO 2-+H 2O Al 3++3NH 3·H 2O = Al(OH)3↓+3NH 4+
⑦Al(OH)3+3HCl=AlCl 3+3H 2O ⑧2Al(OH)3 Al 2O 3+3H 2O
Al(OH)3+3H +
=Al 3+
+3H 2O
☆⑨NaAlO 2+HCl +H 2O =Al(OH)3↓+NaCl 或NaAlO 2+2H 2O +CO 2=Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO 3
AlO 2-+H ++H 2O=Al(OH)3↓ AlO 2-+2H 2O +CO 2=Al(OH)3↓+HCO 3-
※⑩Al(OH)3+NaOH = NaAlO 2+2H 2O ☆⑾Al 3+
+3H 2O
Al(OH)3胶体+3H +
Al(OH)3+OH -= AlO 2-
+2H 2O 明矾净水
⑿AlCl 3+4NaOH = NaAlO 2+3NaCl +2H 2O Al 3+
+4OH -
= AlO 2-
+2H 2O
3、铁及其化合物的转化关系
①Fe 3O 4+4CO
3Fe +4CO 2 ※② 3Fe +4H 2O(g)
Fe 3O 4+4H 2 ③ Fe +2HCl=FeCl 2+H 2↑ 或3Fe +2O 2 Fe 3O 4 Fe +2H +
=Fe 2+
+H 2↑ ④2Fe +3Cl 2
2FeCl 3
※⑤2FeCl 2+Cl 2 = 2FeCl 3 ※⑥Fe +2FeCl 3 = 3FeCl 2
2Fe 2++Cl 2 = 2Fe 3++2Cl - Fe +2Fe 3+= 3Fe 2+
⑦FeCl 2+2NaOH = Fe(OH)2↓+2NaCl ⑧Fe(OH)2+2HCl = FeCl 2+2H 2O
Fe 2++2OH -= Fe(OH)2↓ Fe(OH)2+2H += Fe 2+
+2H 2O
※⑨4Fe(OH)2+O 2+2H 2O = 4Fe(OH)3 ⑩FeCl 3+3NaOH = Fe(OH)3↓+3NaCl
白色沉淀迅速变成灰绿色,最后变成红褐色 Fe 3++3OH -
= Fe(OH)3↓ ⑾Fe(OH)3+3HCl = FeCl 3+3H 2O Fe 3+
+3H 2O Fe(OH)3胶体+3H +
(净水) Fe(OH)3+3H +
= Fe 3+
+3H 2O ⑿2Fe(OH)3
Fe 2O 3+3H 2O
⒀Fe 2O 3+6HCl = 2FeCl 3+3H 2O ※⒁FeCl 3+3KSCN = Fe(SCN)3+3KCl
Fe 2O 3+6H += 2Fe 3++3H 2O Fe 3++3SCN -
= Fe(SCN)3
Fe 3O 4 Fe FeCl 2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(SCN)3 FeCl 3 Fe(OH)3 Fe 2O 3
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧
⑨
⑩ ⑾
⑿ ⒁ ⒀