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Lecture 7 Semantics

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Passage 21 Semantics and Semantic Theory

Questions:

1) What is semantics in its broad sense and narrow sense? p225

In broad sense, semantics is the study of meaning.

In narrow sense, semantics is the study of meaning abstracted away from that of pragmatics.

2) What is the central concerns of semantic theory? p226

a. capture for any language the nature of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences and explain the nature of the

relation between them; (compositionality)

b. be able to predict the ambiguities in the expressions of a language; (ambiguity)

c. characterise and explain the systematic meaning realations between the words, the phrases and the sentences of a

language. (lexicon)

3) What is word and what is lexeme词位? p228

Lexeme: The fundamental unit of the lexicon of a language. Find, found, and finding are members of the English

lexeme find.

e.g. The word forms sing, sings, singing, sang and sung are particular infrectional variants of a lexeme which we may

represent for the timg being as SING.

4) What is the relation between the meaning of sentence and the meaning of words? p228

Commonly the meaning of sentences is realated to the meaning of the lexemes underlying the word-forms they

contain. But insome idomatic phrases and sentences, the lexical and sentential meaning are not transparently related.

5) What is the Principle of Compositionality? pp229-230

Initial definition: The meaning of an expression is a function of the meaning of its parts.

Strengthened definition: The meaning of an expression is a monotonic单调无变化的 function of the meaning of its

parts and the way they are put together.

Meanings should be ascrtibed归因于 not only to lexemes and sentences but also to other syntactic constituents要素.

6) What types of meaning relations are there ? pp231-233

Entailment, contradiction, paraphrase, implication, sense relations, conversational implicature, presuppostion.

7) What types of ambiguity are there and what are the reasons for the arising of ambiguity? p234-236

Lexical ambiguity: through the ascription归属 of multiple meanings to single words.

Structural ambiguity: through the assignment of different syntactic structures to a sentence.

Semantic ambiguity: through the use of certain expressions that may have different semantic scope.

8) What is your understanding of denotation?

The aspect of the meaning of an expression that concerns its relation to such objects is called its denotation and an

expression is said to denote particular sorts of extra-linguistic objects.

Denotation denotative 指示的 外延的 denotative meaning 指示意义, cognitive meaning

Connotation connotative 内涵的 connotative meaning 内涵意义, literal meaning

Types of Meaning: P241

Conceptual Meaning; denotative meaning or cognitive meaning

Connotative Meaning;

Social and Affective Meaning;

Reflected and Collocative Meaning;

Associative Meaning;

Thematic Meaning;

Intended and Interpreted Meaning.

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英语语言学练习题_key

英语语言学练习题_key

语言学练习题

1共11页

英语语言学练习题

Ⅰ. Matching

Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in

Column B.

Column A

1. displacement

2. langue

3. suprasegmental feature

4. deep structure

5. predication analysis

6. idiolect

7. pidgin

8. mistakes 9. interlanguage

10. motivation

11. arbitrariness

12. competence

13. broad transcription

14. morphology

15. category

16. errors 17. componential analysis

18. context

19. blending

20. culture

21. learning strategies

22. selectional restrictions

23. phrase structure rules

24. culture diffusion

Column B

A. Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language

nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the

target language. 9

B. Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n

2012语言学考前练习二(简答 论述)

2012语言学考前练习二(简答 论述)

2012语言学复习题

Ⅴ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.

1. Explain “arbitrariness” as one of the design features of human language. (P8)

Arbitrariness, as one of the design features of human language, means that there is no logical

(intrinsic, motivated) connection between meaning and sounds (3分). A good example is the fact

that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages (2分).

2. Explain “displacement” as one of the design features of human language. (P9)

Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined

matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places(2‟). In other words, language can be

used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what

"displacement" means(2‟). This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a

天文学词汇

天文学词汇

1 分享到搜狐微博托福阅读--天文学词汇

orb 星球,天体

cosmos 宇宙

cosmography 宇宙结构学

cosmogony 宇宙起源学

cosmology 宇宙论

heliocentric 日心说

geocentric 地心说

earth 地球

sphere 天体,球面

celestial body 天体

globe 球

space 空间

planet 行星

galaxy 星系,银河

milky way 银河

comet 彗星

tail 彗尾

orbit 轨道，绕轨道运行

vault of heaven, celestial vault 天穹

2 heavenly body 天体

equator 赤道

tropical zone 热带

sub-tropical zone 亚热带

temperate zone 温带

frigid zone 寒带

polar region 极地

polar day 极昼

polar night 极夜

solar system 太阳系

planetary 行星的

interplanetary 行星间的,太阳系内的

shooting star 流星

polestar Polaris 北极星

asteroid 小行星

aerolite 陨石

satellite 卫星

meteor 流星

gravity重力，引力

3

core 地心

electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射

solar viewing太阳观测

planetarium shows天象仪展示；天文馆参观

telescope sessions 望远镜观测

constellation 星座

nebula 星云

limb 边缘

eclipse 食

eclipse of the moon\sun 月食、日食

lunar\solar eclipse月食、日食

语用学教案Part 1

语用学教案Part 1

Part 1 Background and definitions

Lead-in:

Richard Feynman 美国物理学家，1965年获诺贝尔物理学奖。

“我很早以前就知道了解事物名称和了解事物的区别。”

何伟，彭漪，于晖

何伟，北京科技大学外国语学院副院长，教授，博士，博士生导师，外国语言文学一级学科带头人，功能语言学研究中心主任，校学术委员会委员，Journal of World Languages联合主编，Functional Linguistics副主编，北京科技大学学报（社科版）》语言学栏目的主编，中山大学功能语言学研究所客座教授，香港城市大学兼职教授，中国功能语言学协会副秘书长，中国英汉语篇分析协会副秘书长，北京市优秀教师，教育部新世纪优秀人才。

彭漪，主持完成了北京科技大学《大学英语》优质课程建设及第二批校级教学研究项目，“博士生外语教学改革理论与实践研究”。主持一项教育部大学英语教改项目，“北京科技大学大学英语教学改革理论与实践研究”。参加四项北京科技大学教学改革项目。曾获北京科技大学优秀教学成果二等奖，获 “北京市青年骨干教师”、“北京科技大学先进工作者”、“宝钢优秀教师”等称号或奖励。发表论文4篇，主编教材5部，主讲课程：大学英语、学术论文写作。

北京师范大学

主要研究方向：系统功能语言学、语篇分析 代表作：《语篇体裁分析》、“语篇体裁结构潜势及其应用”、“会话结构探微”、“语篇题材复合体”、“语篇题材的理论鎙源”、“伯恩斯坦知识结构理论的系统的功能语言学解读”等

1.1 Background of pragmatics

1930s

Morris, Carnap, and Pierce Pragmatics was advocated as a sub-field of linguistics

语用学研究的是依靠语境的意义，而不是语义学所研究的字面意义。