语言学Linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
he study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）
The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学）
The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）
The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）
The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）Semantics: the study of meaning from the linguistic point of view （对意义的研究）
7.同义词Synonymy
8.多义词Polysemy
9.同音(形)异义Homonymy
12.上下义关系Hyponymy
13.反义词Antonymy
X is synonymous with Y.
X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never got married all his life. X: The boy killed the cat. Y: The cat was killed by the boy.
If X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false.
X entails Y.
X: Marry has been to Beijing.
Y: Marry has been to China.
X presupposes Y. (Y is prerequisite of X.)
X: His bike needs repairing.
Y: He has a bike
X is a contradiction
*My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.
X is semantically anomalous
*The table has bad intentions.
The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）featrues of human langauge
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多产性（创造性）
Duality双重性
Displacement移位性
Cultural transmission文化传递
functions of language 语言的功能
Language functions inclucle
imformative function, 信息功能
interpersonal function, 人际功能,
performative function, 施为功能
emotive function, 感情功能,
phatic communion, 寒暄功能,
recreational function and 娱乐性功能
metalingual function. 元语言功能
Phoneme音位
Morpheme is the smallest meaning-bearing unit of language.
Morphology is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
Abbreviation缩写词:
synonymy 同义关系
Antonymy 反义关系
complentary antonymy:互补反义关系
converse antonymy反向反义关系-
Hyponymy 上下义关系：
A theory of the illocutionary act 行事行为理论
locutionary act言内行为
illocutionary act言外行为
perlocutionary act后行为
The co-operative principle (CP )合作原则
the maxim of quantity 数量的准则
the maxim of quality质量的准则
the maxim of relation 关联准则
the maxim of manner 方式准则
