Microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene-supported Pd1Pt3 nanostructures and

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ElectrochimicaActa56 (2011) 7064–7070ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectElectrochimicaActa

journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/electacta

Microwave-assistedsynthesisofgraphene-supportedPd1Pt3nanostructuresandtheirelectrocatalyticactivityformethanoloxidation

HuiZhang∗,XiaoqingXu,PiaoGu,ChunyunLi,PingWu,ChenxinCai∗JiangsuKeyLaboratoryofNewPowerBatteries,JiangsuKeyLaboratoryofBiofunctionalMaterials,LaboratoryofElectrochemistry,CollegeofChemistryandMaterialsScience,NanjingNormalUniversity,Nanjing210097,PRChina

articleinfoArticlehistory:Received21March2011Receivedinrevisedform28May2011Accepted30May2011Available online 12 June 2011Keywords:MicrowavemethodGraphenePd1Pt3nanostructuresMethanoloxidationElectrocatalyticactivityabstractThisworkreportsthedevelopmentofafacile,one-stepmicrowaveheatingmethodforthesynthesisofgraphene-supportedPd1Pt3(Pdcore/Ptshell)electrocatalysts.Thestructureandcompositionofthesynthesizednanocompositeswerecharacterizedviatransmissionelectronmicroscopyandatomicforce

microscopyaswellasenergy-dispersiveX-ray,X-raypowderdiffraction,FTIR,andRamanspectroscopies.

Usingvoltammetry,theelectrocatalyticcharacteristicsofthegraphene-supportedPd1Pt3nanostructureswereevaluatedfortheoxidationofmethanolasamodelreaction.TheresultsshowthattheintroductionofgrapheneincreasestheelectrochemicallyactivesurfaceareaofthePd1Pt3nanostructures.Ascompared

totheunsupportedPd1Pt3electrocatalyst,thegraphene-supportedPd1Pt3electrocatalystexhibited80%enhancementoftheelectrocatalyticspecificmasscurrentfortheoxidationofmethanol.Thismethodmayserveasageneral,facileapproachforthesynthesisofgraphene-supportedbimetallicPtMelectrocatalystswithincreasedutilizationofthePtmetal,whichisexpectedtohavepromisingapplicationsinfuelcells.

© 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1.IntroductionCurrently,PtorPt-basedbimetallic(PtM)catalystsarethemostwidelyusedelectrocatalystsindirectmethanolfuelcells(DMFCs)[1–5].However,purePtcatalystsusuallysufferfromcertaindisad-vantages,suchashighcostandpoisoningbyCO-likeintermediatespeciesformedduringthemethanoloxidationreaction(MOR)[3,6].CombiningPtwithanothermetalinabimetalliccatalystisoneofthemosteffectivewaystoresolvetheseproblems.TheintroductionofanothermetalcansignificantlyreducetherequiredPtloading,modifythestrengthofsurfaceadsorptionbychangingthed-bandstructureofPt,andovercomethepoisoningeffectsofadsorbedCO-likespecies[3–11].AmongthereportedbimetallicPtM(M=Ru,Pd,Ir,etc.)nanocatalysts,binaryPtRuisthemostwidelyacceptedelec-trocatalyticmaterialfortheMORattheDMFCanodebecausethepoisoningspecies(COspeciesformedonthePtsites)canbeoxi-dizedtoCO2byactiveoxygenatomsformedontheRu[4,9–11].However,PtRucatalystsexhibitpoorstabilityinacidmediumduetothefacileelectrochemicaldissolutionofRuathighpotential(above0.5Vvs.SCE)[4].Anumberofothercatalyticmaterialshavebeenstudiedincom-binationwithPt.Ofthesematerials,PtPdbimetalliccatalystshavecapturedtheinterestofmanyresearchersbecausetheyarecon-siderablylessexpensivethanpurePtcatalystsandexhibitunique∗Correspondingauthors.Tel.:+862585891780;fax:+86255891767.E-mailaddresses:zhangh@njnu.edu.cn(H.Zhang),cxcai@njnu.edu.cn(C.Cai).characteristicsthatarenotmerelythesumofthepropertiesofthetwoconstituentmetals[3,5–8,12].ThePtPdbimetallicsystemishighlyresistanttoCOpoisoningduetothelargenumberofactiveoxygen-containingspecies,suchasPdOandPdOx,andthecatalyticperformanceofthissystemissignificantlyimprovedascomparedtothepurePtcatalyst[3,5–8].Moreover,thePtPdcatalystismorestablethanthePtRucatalystathighpotentials.AlthoughPt-basedbimetalliccatalystshaveexhibitedgreatimprovementsinactivity,thelackofroutesforthecontrolled,large-scalesynthesisofhighlydispersedcatalystshaslimitedtheiruseincommercialdevices[12].Therefore,identificationofahighyieldrouteforthesynthesisofPtMcatalystswithgoodcatalyticactivityisessentialforbothfundamentalstudiesandpracticalapplications.Inapreviousstudy[8],wereportedamicrowaveheatingmethodforthesynthesisofPdPtcore–shellnanostructureswithcontrollablecompositions.TheresultsdemonstratedthattheobtainedPdPtnanostructureshavehighcatalyticactivityfortheMOR.Tofurtherenhancetheactivityofthenanocatalystsandlowertheusageofnoblemetals,loadingthenanocatalystsonthesurfaceofsuitablesupportingmaterials,i.e.,thosethatareinexpensiveandhavealargesurfaceareaandgoodelectricalconductivity,ishighlydesirable.Manytypesofcarbonmaterials,suchascarbonblack[3,13,14]andcarbonnanotubes[5,15],havebeenexploredaspotentialsupportingmaterialsforimmobilizingandstabiliz-