(完整word版)《会议口译常用语手册》学习笔记

2.、标点符号4,、箭头符号进行英语口译时，大家可能常会用到一些缩略词做一些简单的笔记。

这里为大家总结了较全的缩略词，首先为大家介绍的是缩略词A—Cacc = account, accountantacdg = accordingacpt = acceptad = advertisementadm = administrationads = addressadv = adviceagr = agricultureagt = agentalt = altitudea.m. = ante meridiem = before noon AMAP = as much as possibleamb = ambassadoramt = amount anal = analysisanc = ancientanon = anonymousans = answerapp = appendixApr = Aprilapt = apartmentarch = architecturearr = arrive; arrivalASAP = as soon as possible ass = assistant; associationat = atmosphere; atomicatt = attorney; attentionAug = Augustaux = auxiliaryav = averageave = avenuea.w.l. = absent with leave (准假)a.w.o.l. = absent without official leave (无故缺席)B.A. = Bachelor of Artsbal = balanceB.C. = before Christbd = boardbdl = bundlebk = bank; bookbkts = basketsB/L = bill of lading (提单)BLDG = buildingbp = birthplacebr = branch; brotherB.S. = Bachelor of Sciencebu = bureau C = capacity; century; chapter; centigrade; cost; city; centercal = calendar; caliber; caloriescap = capital; captaincat = catalogcc = carbon copy (复印件；抄送) CEO = chief executive officercert = certificateCFM = confirmcncl = cancelcp. = comparecit = citizenciv = civil; civilizationclk = clerkcml = commercialco. = companyc/o = care of(转交)col = college; colorcom = commentary; common; communication; communitycomm = commissioncomp = complete; computer; competitioncon = conclusion; againstcond = conditioncont. = continent; continuedcorp = corporationcust = customer; custom; customs上文我们为大家总结了英语口译缩略词A—C的内容，这里为大家总结的英语口译笔记常用缩略词区间段D—K 的词汇。

高级口译笔记——礼仪祝词(Ceremonial Speech)第一部分基本词汇开幕/闭幕式opening/closing ceremony开幕词opening speech/address致开幕词make an opening speech友好访问goodwill visit阁下Your/His/Her Honor/Excellency贵宾distinguished guest尊敬的市长先生Respected Mr.Mayor远道而来/来自大洋彼岸的朋友friends coming from a distant land/the other side ofthe Pacific东道国host country宣布……开幕declare……open值此之际on the occasion of借此机会take this opportunity to以……名义in the name of本着……精神in the spirit of代表on the behalf of由衷的谢意heartfelt thanks友好款待gracious hospitality正式邀请official invitation回顾过去look back on展望未来look ahead/look into the future最后in closing圆满成功a complete success提议祝酒proposea toast第二部分词语扩展亚太地区Asian-Pacific region贸易额trade volume商业界business community跨国公司transnational corporation经济强国/经济大国/经济列强（视具体情况翻译）economic power第三部分例句1.我愿借此机会，代表我们代表团的全体成员，对我们东道主的诚挚邀请，表示真诚的谢意。

On the behalf of all the members of my mission, I would like to take this opportunityto express our sincere thanks to our host for their earnest invitation.2.现在，我愉快地宣布第二十二届万国邮政联盟大会开幕。

口译笔记符号大汇总一. 地名简写二. 货币简写三．时间简写四．度量衡五. 缩略词六．较长单词的处理办法七．字母、图像、符号Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form. a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm. the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form. a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm. the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples: custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects. Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible 。

英翻口译中“会议套语”总汇英翻口译中“会议套语〞总汇天津翻译学院的翻译专家们将英翻口译中与会议翻译相关的一些惯用套语做了如下总结，希望对同学们有所帮助。

尊敬的各位来宾，女士们，先生们，朋友们Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, friends,尊敬的主席Respected Mr. Chairman各位国会议员，贵宾们，同胞们：Members of Congress, distinguished guests and fellow citizens:首先，我代表中国政府，并以我个人的名义，向大家表示热烈的欢送！On behalf of the Chinese government and people as well as in my own name, Iwould like first to extend a warm welcome to you all.首先请允许我感谢东道主的精心安排与热情好客。

Permit me to first of all to thank you, our host, for your extraordinaryarrangements and hospitality.我谨代表公司的全体同仁，感谢各位从百忙之中拨冗光临我们的晚会On behalf of all my colleagues of the company, I wish to thank you all for yourtaking time off your busy schedule to come to our party.我谨代表我们一行的全体成员，感谢主席先生的盛情邀请On behalf of all the members of my gro up, I’ d like to thank you, Mr. Chairman, foryour gracious invitation.首先，请允许我代表研讨会的筹委会，向参加今天开幕式的市政府领导，社会团体的领导，社区工作者协会的代表，以及社会各界的来宾，表示热烈的欢送First of all, permit me, on behalf of the organizing committee of the symposium, toextend our warm welcome to the leaders of the Municipal Government, leaders of’ s Association social organizations, representatives of the Community Social Worker and guestsfrom various circles.我为此而深感今晚我们请到了从伦敦远道而来的贵宾与我们一起共度中秋佳节，自豪与荣幸I feel very proud and honored tonight to have the attendance of the distinguishedguests, who came here all the way from London to join us in our celebration of theMid-Autumn Festival.现在我宣布 **** 会议现在开幕May I hereby declare open *****meeting.请允许我对 **** 会议取得成功表示热烈的祝贺First of all, please allow me to offer warm congratulations on the successof the****meeting .让我们共同举杯Let ’ s raise our glasses to我提议I would like to propose a toast to我提议为我们之间的友谊干杯Allow me to raise the glass to our friendship祝愿您健康To your good health祝您幸福To your happiness愿您年年有今日，岁岁有今朝Wish every morning you wake up like this day and happiness come along to youin the following years.最后我预祝研讨会圆满成功，祝愿来自海外的专家学者和全国各地的朋友们在上海生活愉快In conclusion, I wish the symposium a complete success. I wish our overseas experts and scholars, and Chinese friends from various parts of the country apleasant stay in Shanghai.让我们为本届会议的圆满成功结束而共同努力Let ’ s work together for a successful conclusion of this meeting.我相信，在各位朋友的努力下，我们的研讨会一定能取得丰硕的成果I believe that our symposium is bound for abundant accomplishment throughyour hard work.女士们，先生们，我再次感谢各位嘉宾的光临。

口译笔记技巧笔记是听译的关键。

使用笔记，是为了补充大脑短期记忆和耐久力的不足把握关键词句中表实意的词，即名词、动词、形容词和副词是我们一般认为的关键词。

同时关键词还包括一些不能胡编乱造的重要细节，如数字。

关键词要适当做笔记，以免因为紧张回忆不起来。

但切忌没有听懂就狂记一通。

先保证听懂，再考虑笔记。

听译的要点是：1. 少写多划。

划线条比写文字快。

线条形象，相当于翻译的"半成品"，有助译员眼看笔记，口出译文。

两种情况下应该尽量用线条：表示动作和动态的词句。

比如，以上升的斜线代表"发展"，"增加"，"进步","进一步"；以下降的斜线代表"减少"，"下降"，"恶化"等等。

表示因果或前后关系的词句。

比如，用一条线代表"因为/所以"，"…之后"，"在…之前"，以体现出上下前后之间的关联关系。

2. 少字多意。

养成一个词的笔记不超过一个字的习惯。

中文里有大量的词汇是由两个，或两个以上的字组成。

只要看到其中一个，你的短期记忆就应该能够补齐其余的字。

不必多写。

比如，"中国"最多写个"中"。

"北京"最多写个"北"。

英文词也同理处理。

"politics" 最多写"poli"，"government"最多写"gov"，等等。

另外，需要培养以笔记与记忆互动；看到一个字能说出几个字，甚至一串词的能力。

在有上下文的情况下，这不难。

比如，谈中国的近况，听到"改革，开放"记一个"改"字，不难从短期记忆中说出原文。

听到"British Prime Minister Tony Blair"，记"PM"，也同样能说出原文。

口译笔记参考1. 概述口译笔记是口译过程中记录重要信息和细节的工具，它对于语言转换的准确性和口译质量的提升起到至关重要的作用。

本文将探讨口译笔记的重要性以及如何编写高质量的口译笔记。

2. 口译笔记的重要性2.1 辅助记忆口译过程中，讲话者可能会提及大量的信息，包括数据、事实、观点等。

通过编写口译笔记，口译人员可以有效地辅助记忆，避免遗漏重要信息。

2.2 准确转述口译人员需要将讲话者的信息准确地转换成另一种语言，口译笔记可以帮助他们更好地理解原文并准确转述。

通过记录重点词汇、关键句子和语法结构，口译人员可以更好地把握讲话者的意图，并在转述时保持准确性。

2.3 提供参考口译笔记可以成为后续翻译工作的参考资料。

当准备口译稿或进行翻译时，口译笔记可以提供宝贵的参考，帮助口译人员回顾主要观点和内容细节。

3. 口译笔记的编写技巧3.1 主题词汇和关键词记录主题词汇和关键词是编写口译笔记的首要任务。

这些词汇通常是讲话者讲解问题的核心内容，通过记录它们，口译人员能够快速回忆起相关信息。

3.2 难点和疑问当口译人员遇到难以理解或不清楚的内容时，可以将其记录下来。

这些难点和疑问可以帮助口译人员在后续的翻译工作中进行针对性的学习和查找，提高自己的专业素养。

3.3 重点句子和语法结构重点句子和语法结构是讲话者表达观点和论点的关键，口译人员应该将其记录下来并在转述时注意突出强调。

这些记录可以帮助口译人员更好地理解原文，并在转述时保持准确性和流畅性。

3.4 时间和数量指示词当讲话者提到具体的时间、数量或百分比时，必须准确记录。

这些指示词在转述时尤为重要，任何误差可能导致信息的不准确或误解。

4. 示例口译笔记以下是一个口译笔记的示例：•主题词汇和关键词：–主题：环境保护–关键词：气候变化、可持续发展、碳排放•难点和疑问：–难点：讲话者提到的新能源技术名称不熟悉。

–疑问：碳排放政策的具体执行方式是什么？•重点句子和语法结构：–句子：气候变化对人类生存和发展造成了重大威胁。

口译笔记速记符号归总1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:备战考试，快乐学习：2010年口译备考小组等你来参加>>Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievem entchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the sam e worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/关于缩略词备战考试，快乐学习：2010年口译备考小组等你来参加>>一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

口译笔记常用符号及含义∵因为，由于，幸亏，because, for, as, due to, thanks to∴所以，因此，于是，so, therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently, accordingly// 但是，然而，不过，相反，but, however, whereas, though, nevertheless, instead, contrast ∫如果，假设，if, once, provided that, in case (of), had I known, were this to happen+ 另外，和，并且，连同，以及，加上，and, as well as, too, plus, add, moreover, besides = 也就是，即，意味着，等同于，which means, that is, in other words, equal to, same, similar ≠不同于，不如，不相当，different, unlike, not the same, unequal≈大约，估计，大概，about, almost, nearly, estimated> 大于，多于，超过，高于，好于，more than, better than, superior to, surpass, exceed< 小于，少于，低于，次于，less than, inferior to↑增长，发展，提高，升级，increase, raise, improve, develop, grow, boost, enhance↓减少，下降，降低，decrease, decline, descend, reduce, cut, fall, drop→导致，引起，引发，到，向，去，to, lead to, cause, result in, bring about, contribute to←由，自，归因于，result from, attributed to, credited to√正确，好，妥善，真实，肯定，good, true, correct, yes, well, positive, confirm, genuine ×错误，不是，否定，无效，负面，坏，bad, wrong, not, negative, false, rather than↔属于，包括，包含，例如，belong to, including, part of, contain, such as, for example∑总和，总数，总之，一句话，结论，sum, all, conclusion, in one word, summary, in brief @ 关于，有关，相关，about, on, relevant, related, concerning, with regard to? 问题，麻烦，难题，疑惑，ask, question, problem, trouble, confused, difficulty, issue! 重要，重视，注意，警告，强调，important, focus, alert, attention, warning, stress, emphasize ：说到，表示，提出，认为，想，相信，say, speak, tell, express, think, believe, be sure that <: 看到，了解到，意识到，考虑到，表明，显示出，see, know, show, imply□国家，地区，country, state, nation, region, area,○世界，国际，全球，world, international, global, earth⊙会议，讨论，谈判，meeting, conference, discussion, negotiation, seminar, summith 主持，领导，主席，host, head, leader, chairman, president△代表，represent, on behalf of∽互相，彼此，交换，交流，替代，each other, exchange, mutual, replace 改变，变化，变形，转变，change, alter, transform﹩美元，货币，金钱，财富，dollar, money, currency, fortune﹟结束，停止，暂停，完成，stop, pause, end, finish, complete⊥基础，根本，建立，根据，通过，凭借，based on, establish, according to, through∪同意，认可，一致，协议，联合，agree, agreement, united, union☺高兴，荣幸，激动，乐观，满意，happy, pleasure, excited, privilege, honor, satisfied, luck ☹难过，抱歉，同情，哀悼，后悔，生气，sad, sorrow, grief, sorry, sympathy, regret, angry °右上角标，表示人，者，家，如：中国人中°，Economist E°s右上角标，表示复数概念，如：几年来y s，各国□s_ 放在时间周围表示之前、之中和之后，如：2年前2y ，1年来1y ，6月后6M 放在缩略词或符号下，用于强调或加强语气，如：充分认识到<: ，深表赞同U驻英国大使刘晓明在英国外交部欢迎中国青年代表团招待会上的致辞2010年3月23日尊敬的团中央第一书记陆昊先生，青年朋友们：很高兴出席今晚的招待会。

口译笔记五大技巧总结在分析的时候，不仅要有意识地选择需要用笔记下来的东西，而且还要写得快(记笔记时，根本不能考虑拼写问题)。

在翻译的时候，译员只能顺便扫一眼笔记，所以笔记必须清楚。

而一般讲话都比较快，使译员没有很多的时间记笔记。

所以笔记的特点是既要简练，又要清楚。

符号符号是译员们经常用的，有一些符号的用法经过实践考验，有的是因为哪一种语言都可以用，比如用箭头表示“连接”，“上升”，“减少”，“关系”，等等，有的是因为可以用作重复性的词汇，比如画一个椅子的符号，代替chair，用某些符号代替因果关系，比如“因为”，“所以”，等等，或者对立关系，比如“反之”，“负数”，等等。

要注意，不要试图列出一份符号的清单。

有些人想搞一份符号对照表，认为一旦掌握并严格执行对照表的使用方法，只要照着符号去读，就能够做好翻译。

这种想法是很危险的，因为凡是机械地照搬对应词汇(比如这里的文字——符号——文字的对应)，都会导致按照字面去死译，其结果必然会非常糟糕。

但是，有的人充分发挥想象力，画一张简图，以帮助记下某种意思，也不失为一种好办法。

条件是要靠译员临时的创造。

首句和尾句要知道如何在笔记中记讲话的意思，不能只限于知道几个符号和缩写的一般方法。

还有一些其他的原则也十分重要。

比如，必须小心地记下讲话的第一句话，或者某个新的意思的第一句话，这一点非常重要。

这类的句子不是在阐述某个意思的过程中所讲的话，在认识上没有上下文作为依托，所以在笔记中必须记得特别清楚。

最后一句话也要特别记清楚，这一点值得详细说明。

聪明的译员，相对于讲话人的讲话速度，记笔记总要花一些时间。

但是讲话人一停止，听众便期望译员能够立即跟上。

哪怕是最好的译员，也需要在讲话人停下来之后，记完笔记，回到笔记的开头，再开始翻译。

会议的主席不明白为什么译员总是要等几秒钟才开始翻译，有时便忍不住会催。

学生也是一样，虽然老师并没有催促，但也会在讲话人停下来之后短暂的静默中感到压抑，常常顾不上记完笔记，便急着回到笔记的开头，花几秒钟时间把笔记记完，免得翻译时漏掉讲话结尾的句子。

一、口译笔记的符号系统和缩略语语言是一个符号系统（包括文字符号）。

用各种符号作记录，概括性强、重点突出、一目了然。

学习一些常规口译笔记中经常使用的符号与缩写词是很有好处的。

在此基础上，每个人也可以形成一套自己常用的、熟悉的、有效的笔记系统。

下面归纳几种相对固定的符号和简写形式，供大家在练习和实践中参考。

（一）箭头“→”表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to, etc. 导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.“←”表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc. 追溯到：come/go back to，originate in, etc.“↑”表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc. 发射、起飞、升空：launch，ascend, skyrocket, etc.发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen，promote, etc.“↓”表示向下、下降：down/downward/drop, decrease, jump, etc. 减少、恶化：reduce, deteriorate, go down, etc.（二) 数学符号“+”表示和、还有、另外、加上、多：and, in addition to, furthermore, many, lots of, etc.“－”表示减少、除去、少：minus, lack, in short of, little, few, etc.“×”表示错误、没有、反对、冲突：wrong, something bad, negative, conflict, confrontation, etc.“＞”表示大于、超过、多于：greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, more and more, etc.“<”表示小于、不如、次于、比不上：smaller than, fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to, etc.“=”表示等于、相当于、一样：the same as，that is to say，in other words，be equal to, etc. 对手：match/rival/competitor, counterpart.“≠”表示不等于、不同：not equal to, be different from, etc.“≈”表示大约、左右：about/around，or so，approximately, etc.“∵”表示由于、因为：because, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, etc.“∴”表示所以、因此、因而、结果：so, therefore, as a result, consequently, etc.（三) 标点符号“：” 表示说：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. 意见、观点、主意：opinion, idea, viewpoint, etc.“?” 表示问题：question，issue，problem, etc.“．”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样：“．d”表示yesterday，“．y"表示last year，“．2m”表示two months ago，“y”表示this year，“y2．”表示two years later/in two years，“next week”，可以表示为“wk．”“（）” 表示在……之间：among, within, etc.（四) 其它符号“√” 表示好：right/good，famous/well-known，etc. 同意：stand up for，support，agree with somebody, certain/ affirmative, etc.“& ” 表示和、与：and，together with，along with，accompany，along with，further more，etc.“☆” 表示重要的、杰出的、优秀的、榜样：important，best，outstanding，brilliant，model, etc.“∥” 表示结束：end，stop，halt，bring something to a standstill/stop, etc.“°”表示人、者：person, people, 如经济学家可以表示为“经°”，中国人可以表示为“中°”，etc.“⊙”表示会议、讨论、谈判：meeting, seminar, discussion, negotiation, etc.“♂”表示男人：man, male, boy, etc.“♀”表示女人：woman, female, girl, etc.“□”表示国家：country, state, nation, etc.“△”表示代表：represent, on behalf of, etc.“∽”表示交流、交换、替代、相互：exchange, mutual, each other, communication, replace, etc.（五) 缩略词英语缩写词的写法一般有以下几种：∙拿掉所有元音。