Dynamical mean-field theory for pairing and spin gap in the attractive Hubbard model

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mat/0101047v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 4 Jan 2001Dynamicalmean-fieldtheoryforpairingandspingap

intheattractiveHubbardmodel

M.Keller1,W.Metzner1,andU.Schollw¨ock2

1TheoretischePhysikC,TechnischeHochschuleAachen,D-52056Aachen,Germany2SektionPhysik,Universit¨atM¨unchen,D-80333M¨unchen,Germany

(February1,2008)

WesolvetheattractiveHubbardmodelforarbitraryinteractionstrengthswithindynami-

calmean-fieldtheory.Wecomputethetransitiontemperatureforsuperconductivityandana-lyzeelectronpairinginthenormalphase.ThenormalstateisaFermiliquidatweakcouplingandanon-Fermiliquidstatewithaspingapatstrongcoupling.Awayfromhalf-filling,the

quasi-particleweightvanishesdiscontinuouslyatthetransitionbetweenthetwonormalstates.PACS:71.10.Fd,71.10.-w,74.20.Mn

Fermisystemswithaweakattractiveinteractionare

Fermiliquidswhichundergoaphasetransitionintoa

superconductingstateviathecondensationofweakly

boundCooperpairsatalowcriticaltemperatureTc.

Foralongtimethisweakcouplingroutetosupercon-

ductivity,whichiswelldescribedbytheBCSmean-field

theory[1],wasdistinguishedalmostdogmaticallyfrom

Bose-Einsteincondensationofbosons,althoughinboth

casesaphasetransitioncharacterizedbythesameU(1)

symmetrybreakingoccurs.Leggett[2]wasthefirstto

pointoutthatBCSsuperconductivitycanbecontinu-

ouslyconnectedtoBose-Einsteincondensationoftightly

boundpairsbyincreasingthetwo-particleattractionbe-

tweenthefermionsfromweaktostrongcoupling.The

sizeoftheCooperpairsshrinkscontinuouslyuntilspa-

tiallywellseparatedbosonsform,whichundergoBose

condensationatasufficientlylowtemperature.Nozi`eres

andSchmitt-Rink[3]haveextendedLeggett’sanalysisto

latticeelectronsandfinitetemperatures.Basedonphys-

icalinsightgainedfromadiscussionoftheweakand

strongcouplinglimitsandanapproximate(T-matrix)

treatmentoftheintermediateregimetheyconcludedthat

theevolutionfromweakcouplingtostrongcouplingsu-

perconductivityisindeedsmooth.

Theinterestintheintermediateregimebetweenthe

BCSandBose-Einsteinlimitsincreasedconsiderablyaf-

terthediscoveryofhigh-temperaturesuperconductors,

whicharecharacterizedbyCooperpairswhosesizeis

onlyslightlybiggerthantheaverageelectrondistance

[4].Muchrecentworkhasthereforebeendedicatedto

thetheoryofFermisystemswithattractiveinteractions

ofarbitrarystrength[5].Itwasshownthatsufficiently

strongattractionorreduceddimensionalitycanleadto

energygapseveninthenormalphase,whichhavebeen

relatedtopseudogapphenomenainthecupratesuper-

conductors[6].

Inthisworkweanalyzetheformationofpairsina

Fermisystemwitharbitraryattractiveinteractionsby

solvingtheattractiveHubbardmodelwithindynamical

mean-fieldtheory(DMFT)[7].Weshowthatthenormal

stateisaFermiliquidatweakcouplingandanon-Fermi

liquidstatecharacterizedbyboundpairsandaspingapatstrongcoupling,inqualitativeagreementwithQuan-

tumMonteCarlo(QMC)studiesofthetwo-andthree-

dimensionalattractiveHubbardmodel[8–10].Atvery

lowtemperaturesthetransitionbetweentheFermiliq-

uidandthenormalpairedstateisdiscontinuous.

InstandardnotationtheHubbardmodelforlattice

fermionswithanearestneighborhoppingamplitude−t

andalocalinteractionUisgivenby

H=−t󰀁

󰀅i,j󰀆󰀁

σc†iσcjσ+U󰀁

jnj↑nj↓.(1)

Theattractive(U<0)Hubbardmodelisasupercon-

ductorbelowacertaincriticaltemperatureTc(U,n)>0

forallUatanyaveragedensityn,ifthelatticedimen-

sionalityisabovetwo[11].Athalf-filling(n=1)the

usualU(1)gaugesymmetrybecomesasubgroupofa

largerSO(3)symmetry,andthesuperconductingorder

parametermixeswithchargedensityorder.Intwodi-

mensionsoneexpectsaKosterlitz-Thoulessphaseatlow

temperaturesforallU<0andn=1[11].

IntheweakcouplinglimitU→0anddimensionsd>2

theattractiveHubbardmodelcanbetreatedbyBCS

mean-fieldtheory[3,11].Inthestrongcouplinglimit

U→−∞thelowenergysectorofthemodel(excitation

energies≪|U|)canbemappedontoaneffectivemodel

ofhardcorelatticebosonswithahoppingamplitudeof

ordert2/Uandarepulsivenearestneighborinteraction

ofthesameorder[3,11].ThesebosonsundergoBosecon-

densationind>2dimensionsandaKosterlitz-Thouless

transitionintwodimensions(forn=1)atacritical

temperatureofordert2/|U|.

Fornearestneighborhoppingonabipartitelatticethe

particle-holetransformationofspin-↑fermions

cj↑→ηjc†j↑,c†j↑→ηjcj↑,(2)

whereηj=1(−1)forjontheA-sublattice(B-

sublattice),mapstheattractiveHubbardmodelatden-

sitynontoarepulsiveHubbardmodelathalf-fillingwith

afiniteaveragemagnetizationm=1−n[11].Wewill

usethisrelationtocomparewithresultsknownforthe

repulsiveHubbardmodel.

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