Dynamical mean-field theory for pairing and spin gap in the attractive Hubbard model
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mat/0101047v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 4 Jan 2001Dynamicalmean-fieldtheoryforpairingandspingap
intheattractiveHubbardmodel
M.Keller1,W.Metzner1,andU.Schollw¨ock2
1TheoretischePhysikC,TechnischeHochschuleAachen,D-52056Aachen,Germany2SektionPhysik,Universit¨atM¨unchen,D-80333M¨unchen,Germany
(February1,2008)
WesolvetheattractiveHubbardmodelforarbitraryinteractionstrengthswithindynami-
calmean-fieldtheory.Wecomputethetransitiontemperatureforsuperconductivityandana-lyzeelectronpairinginthenormalphase.ThenormalstateisaFermiliquidatweakcouplingandanon-Fermiliquidstatewithaspingapatstrongcoupling.Awayfromhalf-filling,the
quasi-particleweightvanishesdiscontinuouslyatthetransitionbetweenthetwonormalstates.PACS:71.10.Fd,71.10.-w,74.20.Mn
Fermisystemswithaweakattractiveinteractionare
Fermiliquidswhichundergoaphasetransitionintoa
superconductingstateviathecondensationofweakly
boundCooperpairsatalowcriticaltemperatureTc.
Foralongtimethisweakcouplingroutetosupercon-
ductivity,whichiswelldescribedbytheBCSmean-field
theory[1],wasdistinguishedalmostdogmaticallyfrom
Bose-Einsteincondensationofbosons,althoughinboth
casesaphasetransitioncharacterizedbythesameU(1)
symmetrybreakingoccurs.Leggett[2]wasthefirstto
pointoutthatBCSsuperconductivitycanbecontinu-
ouslyconnectedtoBose-Einsteincondensationoftightly
boundpairsbyincreasingthetwo-particleattractionbe-
tweenthefermionsfromweaktostrongcoupling.The
sizeoftheCooperpairsshrinkscontinuouslyuntilspa-
tiallywellseparatedbosonsform,whichundergoBose
condensationatasufficientlylowtemperature.Nozi`eres
andSchmitt-Rink[3]haveextendedLeggett’sanalysisto
latticeelectronsandfinitetemperatures.Basedonphys-
icalinsightgainedfromadiscussionoftheweakand
strongcouplinglimitsandanapproximate(T-matrix)
treatmentoftheintermediateregimetheyconcludedthat
theevolutionfromweakcouplingtostrongcouplingsu-
perconductivityisindeedsmooth.
Theinterestintheintermediateregimebetweenthe
BCSandBose-Einsteinlimitsincreasedconsiderablyaf-
terthediscoveryofhigh-temperaturesuperconductors,
whicharecharacterizedbyCooperpairswhosesizeis
onlyslightlybiggerthantheaverageelectrondistance
[4].Muchrecentworkhasthereforebeendedicatedto
thetheoryofFermisystemswithattractiveinteractions
ofarbitrarystrength[5].Itwasshownthatsufficiently
strongattractionorreduceddimensionalitycanleadto
energygapseveninthenormalphase,whichhavebeen
relatedtopseudogapphenomenainthecupratesuper-
conductors[6].
Inthisworkweanalyzetheformationofpairsina
Fermisystemwitharbitraryattractiveinteractionsby
solvingtheattractiveHubbardmodelwithindynamical
mean-fieldtheory(DMFT)[7].Weshowthatthenormal
stateisaFermiliquidatweakcouplingandanon-Fermi
liquidstatecharacterizedbyboundpairsandaspingapatstrongcoupling,inqualitativeagreementwithQuan-
tumMonteCarlo(QMC)studiesofthetwo-andthree-
dimensionalattractiveHubbardmodel[8–10].Atvery
lowtemperaturesthetransitionbetweentheFermiliq-
uidandthenormalpairedstateisdiscontinuous.
InstandardnotationtheHubbardmodelforlattice
fermionswithanearestneighborhoppingamplitude−t
andalocalinteractionUisgivenby
H=−t
i,j
σc†iσcjσ+U
jnj↑nj↓.(1)
Theattractive(U<0)Hubbardmodelisasupercon-
ductorbelowacertaincriticaltemperatureTc(U,n)>0
forallUatanyaveragedensityn,ifthelatticedimen-
sionalityisabovetwo[11].Athalf-filling(n=1)the
usualU(1)gaugesymmetrybecomesasubgroupofa
largerSO(3)symmetry,andthesuperconductingorder
parametermixeswithchargedensityorder.Intwodi-
mensionsoneexpectsaKosterlitz-Thoulessphaseatlow
temperaturesforallU<0andn=1[11].
IntheweakcouplinglimitU→0anddimensionsd>2
theattractiveHubbardmodelcanbetreatedbyBCS
mean-fieldtheory[3,11].Inthestrongcouplinglimit
U→−∞thelowenergysectorofthemodel(excitation
energies≪|U|)canbemappedontoaneffectivemodel
ofhardcorelatticebosonswithahoppingamplitudeof
ordert2/Uandarepulsivenearestneighborinteraction
ofthesameorder[3,11].ThesebosonsundergoBosecon-
densationind>2dimensionsandaKosterlitz-Thouless
transitionintwodimensions(forn=1)atacritical
temperatureofordert2/|U|.
Fornearestneighborhoppingonabipartitelatticethe
particle-holetransformationofspin-↑fermions
cj↑→ηjc†j↑,c†j↑→ηjcj↑,(2)
whereηj=1(−1)forjontheA-sublattice(B-
sublattice),mapstheattractiveHubbardmodelatden-
sitynontoarepulsiveHubbardmodelathalf-fillingwith
afiniteaveragemagnetizationm=1−n[11].Wewill
usethisrelationtocomparewithresultsknownforthe
repulsiveHubbardmodel.
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