Unit1 international trade
1、Definition and importance国际贸易的定义和重要性
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.
国际贸易是指跨越各国国境或领土的资本、货物和服务的交换活动。
注释：exchange: 交换，汇兑 (另外常用的一个短语：foreign exchange: 外汇)border: 边(界, 缘, 境); 界线 territory: 领土, 领地, 版图, 地区, 活动范围
In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
在大多数国家，国际贸易占国内生产总值很大的比重。
注释：represent: 表现, 表示, 描绘, 讲述, 代表, 象征 significant: 重要的, 重大的, 值得注意的 share: 份额 gross domestic product: 国内生产总值
While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
国际贸易在整个历史发展过程中也得到了体现，国际贸易在经济、社会、政治等方面的重要性在近几个世纪的发展中不断增长。
注释：throughout: 遍及，贯穿economic: 经济(上)的，经济学的 social: 社会的，社会上的 political: 政治上的，政治的 importance: 重要(性)，重要方面(意义)on the rise: 在上涨，在增长 recent: 近来的 century: 世纪Industrialization，advanced transportation,globalization,multinational corporations,and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system
产业化，先进的交通，全球化，跨国公司和外包都具有对国际贸易体系产生重大影响
Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization.
越来越多的国际贸易对于全球化的持续是至关重要的。
International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power.
国际贸易是经济收入的任何被认为是一个世界大国的国家的主要来源。
Without international trade,nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders
如果没有国际贸易，国家将限制于在他们自己的边界生产商品和服务。
2.Differences between international trade and domestic trade
国际贸易与国内贸易之间的差异
International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade
国际贸易成本通常比国内贸易成本高
The reason is that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays ,and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a different culture
其原因是跨越一个国家边境通常需要额外的费用，如关税，延迟时间成本，由于边境国家的相关成本差异，如语言，法律制度或不同的文化。
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders
另一个国内与国际贸易不同的是生产要素。如资金和劳动力在国内通常比跨越国界多。
Thus,international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.
因此,国际贸易主要局限于商品和服务贸易。
Then,trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production.
然后,在货物和服务贸易可以作为一种替代品的生产要素贸易。
Instead of importing the factor of production ,a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of prodution and are thus embodying the respective factor
而不是引进生产要素的进口货物,一个国家能够使集约利用生产的因素,也包含了各自的因素
An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the united states from china
一个例子是，从美国进口劳动密集型货物到中国
Instead of importing chinese labor,the united states is importing goods from china that were produced with chinese labor
代替进口中国劳动力，美国从中国进口的货物由中国劳动力制造
International trade is also a branch of economics, which ,together with international finance, forms the large branch of international economics 国际贸易也是经济的一个分支,结合国际金融,形成大树枝国际经济学
3．Risks in International Trade国际贸易的风险
There are some risks in multilateral trade.
多边贸易有一些风险
They mainly include economic risks and political risks.
主要包括经济风险和政治风险
Economic risks include the risks of insolvency of the buyer;the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date;the risk of non-acceptance;the risks of exchange rate,and so on.
经济风险包括买方破产的风险，在买方未支付到期日之后的六个月内到期数额的风险;对不接受的风险;汇率风险，等等。
Political risks include the risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences;war risks;risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer’s company;risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods;transfer risk—imposition of exchange controls by the importer’s country or foreign currency shortages;and influence of political parties on an importer’s company.
