跨文化传播终极版复习资料

1. The importance of learning about culture1. Understanding foreign cultures is not only important for companies that operate in more than one global area and market internationally. It is just important for organizations at home that employ workers from more thanone culture. 2.Understanding culture is also important for individuals who work in the global workplace. two important reasons forunderstanding culture are to learn how others make sense of （搞清 .的意思） environment, and to prevent mistakes andmiscommunications.2. 对待差异的态度（ Responding to Different Cultures ）：1.hostility （敌对 ） to difference 2.Curiosity difference3.Denying difference: Assumptions of superiority （ 优越）;Ethnocertrism （民族中心论 ）;Assumptions of universality4.cooperating with difference3. Minimize and prevent mistakes across cultures :1.Knowledge about one 's own culture, with this, knowledge about another culture is easier to learn.2.motivation, the drive to know and to use the knowledge.3.implementing （贯彻） knowledge, and behaving in a way that makes sense in the other culture, the one in which you want to do business.4. culture is the coherent, , shared view of a group of people about life ' s concerns, expressed in symbols and activities, that ranks what is important, furnishes （提供） attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.5.文化三特征 :1Coherent:each culture, past or present, is coherent and complete within itself —an entire view of theuniverse2.Learned:culture is not something we born with3.The view of a group of people:is shared by a society.三功能： 1.Ranks what is important: teaches values or priorities.2.Furnishes Attitudes:attitudes are based on beliefs as well as on values.3 Dictates how to behave:behavior comes directly from attitudessignificant something is - how it is valued.culture ） exists when interactants respond to cultural cues and modify their own behavior, creating -or co-creating — a new, temporary culture.（调整行为，适应对方 or 共同产生新行为 ）The amount of adjusted behavior depends onseveral factors :1 their level of knowledge about the other culture2 their willingness to experimentwith new behaviors and attitudes 3their previous experience with successful intercultural interactions.8.Culture shock: Culture shock is the sense of dislocation （转位） and the problems-psychological and even physical-that result from the stress of trying to make the hundreds of adjustments necessary for living in a foreign culture.7.Transaction culture 四 个阶段 :1. Experiencing a new culture is usually euphoria （ 欣快 ）2.Downturn as disillusionment 幻灭）and frustration 沮丧）anse3.adjustment4.integration （ 融合）Euphoria: everything about the exciting new adventure is wonderful The second stage is a downturn as disillusionment and frustration arise. It is a feeling of not being in step with the members of the culture. Adjustment .---as the sojourner （寄居者） learns more about the backstage culture and how the other culture works, he or she is able tocooperate more effectively with members of the host culture. the fourth stage, integration , occurs when a sojourner becomes fluent enough in the other culture to move easily within it and not be thrown by the different attitudes, beliefs, and values, and the behaviors they generate. Reverse culture shock: a similar adjustment period with its accompanying symptoms usually occurs when a sojourner returns3.the their aboutabout how6.Onstage and backstage: Onstageculture is the behavior we display,it is easy to change.（interchangeable ）Backstage cultureis not so visible, it is difficult to change.（the essence of people ' s7.Transaction culture :a transaction culture — no longer two weeks.a9.Self-knowledge and understanding one ' s own cultiHeving a good understanding of one s own culture is the best foundation for devel oping the ability to understand the communication behavior of people from othercultures. To achieve it ---Mental representation: use mental categories that hold information items groupedtogether.1O.Mental Representation 三个心里表征：prejudice （racism, ageism）;bias; discrimination11. Prejudice generalizations that are based on limited knowledge, and that express an evaluation -usuallynegative-are p rejudices.Bias a bias for something is really nothing more than a preference. A bias against something is a negativeattitude that ranks it lowDiscrimination when biases or prejudices are acted on, the actor is showing discrimination. Discrimination act of sifting （过滤）out and selecting according to bias toward something or someone, and treating is the themdifferently.12.Are cultures merging into one global culture? （文化定义；onstage，backstage）13.Approaches to studying cultures :1.focus on a culture as a whole （emic studies 一个文化不同层面,eticstudies 多种文化的共性）2 focus on individual（individuals may have any number of experiences, personal insights, p ersonal goals,interests and exp ectations that are part of their idetities.14. Emic studiesStudies that concentrate on one culture alone are called emic studies.Etic studiesStudies that look for factors that exist in more than one culture are called etic studies.Cultural generalizationsStudies about whole culture give us con clusi ons that are generalizations about the culture.15. Cultural dimensionsCharacteristics that could be the basis of comparisons from culture to culture is called cultural dimensions.16. Stereotypes : Stereotyping means using oversimpiified generalizations to understand people1stereot ypes are fixed, firm, inflexible mental categories2 protot ypes （原型）are the original conce pts or modelsfor something.3nor are all stereot ypes bad, some are p ositive.17.Self-identity : identity is as sth formed in part by the self and in part by group membership.Self-concept can be formed in three general ways.① Social Psychology—experience.② Communication ---core symbols, labels and norms.③Critical-social contexts （history, economics, p olities, p ublic discourse）.18.Self-construal（自我建构）is how we see ourselves in relation to others, with regard to feelings, thoughts, and behavior. Ingeneral, western culture have an independent self-construal, and eastern cultures have aninterdependent （相互依赖的）self-construal.19. Individualism values individual achievements, failures, and rights over the collective.Collectivism values the group above the individual, and individuals have a responsibility to the group thatsupersedes （取代）individual needs or rights.20.文化维度1.语境：a.高High-context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized （内在化的）social context, or both, to convey a large part or even all of a messageIt is elliptical 省略的，indirect , allusive（暗指的）.低:Low-context cultures entrust （委托）the meaning almost's meaning.entire the words.it is exp licit，direct, compi etely.2.集体个人 a.定义b集体-关系导向型，个人-结果导向型 c. A characteristic of individualist culture iscomp etitiveness ; the corres po nding value in collectivist cultures is coop eration.Collectivism: relationshi ps, old, p ermanent, p ublic, high po wer distance （hierarchical）, high -context culture, hide emotion, coop eration, harmony, dep endence.Individualism: results, youth, temporary, private, low power distance （horizontal）, low -context culture, expressEmotion, comp etitiveness, inde pendence.3.权力距离：Power distance is the degree to which less -powerful members of an organization tolerate unequal distribution of po wer, say, between managers and empio yees.cultures with a smaller power distance are more horizontal, less hierarchical, and less authoritarian than are cultures with a high po wer distance.Cultures with high power distance are inequality in power, less horizontal, more hierarchical, and more authoritarian.21.High-context cultures : value relationships, teamwork, and long -term group membership. It rely on subjective information that is internalized （ell ip tical, indirect, allusive）.Low-context cultures : value independent decisions, activity that achieves goals, and individual accountability （exp licit, direct, compi etely）.22.High culture refers to those cultural activities that are often the domain of the elite or well-to-do :ballet, sump hony, op era, greatliterature, and fine art. International; timeless; transcendent（超然的）;Low culture refers to the activities of the nonelite: music videos, game shows, professional wrestling, stock car racing, graffiti art, tv talk shows, and so on.23.Where can information about cultures be found : 1. ask people who are members of the culture you want to understand. 2. Ano ther good source may be some one who has spent considerable time in that culture but is not a native member of it.3. You can inquire（询「可）into a culture by reading fiction from that culture.4. find out what people of a culture say about themselves. rmation about cultures also comes from studies by anthropologists who research cultures in the field, going to live among the members of the culture they want to understand.24. Does Knowing Come from Concepts or Experience:1.knowing by secondhand information from a reliable source.2.in English-s peaking or Europ eancultures, abstract （提取）conce pts p hilos ophy arguments reaching back in history.3.knowing and being wise come with age 4.intuition（知觉）,meditation （冥想）25.Does Learning Come from Asking Questions or Mastering Received Wisdom :1.In the United States ,students who ask questions are rewarded.2.In many cultures in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Southern Euro pe.learning means receiving and taking in what is given by teachers.26.Does Knowledge Have Limits: the more you learn, the less you know. E.g. nonscientists who have faith in what science can achieve27.How Do People Reason:1.Western cultures primarily （首先）use a cause-and-effect pattern of thinking.（Linear Logic）; two opposite things cannot both be true. 2. Other cultures use other patterns. （SpiralLogic）a. In Asian: thinking is linkage; the opp osites co-exist28. Is Doing Important or Is Being Important :1.Doing: western cultures: activity -oriented, peace of life, crowded agendas（日程）.2.Being: stillness, collectedness, serenity （平静）,silence（members of doing cultures view silence as waste, members of cultures that value being also often value silence）.29. Are Tasks Done Sequentially or Simultaneously : 1. performing tasks one-by-one in a sequence 误解军disorganized 2. performing multiple tasks simultaneously 误解；inflexible30. Do Results or Relationships Take Priority 1.Individulism:a.cause -and-effect,goals-oriented,to make progress（进步）.b. identify goals and work toward them c. Strategy to achievement. d. measure how close you have come 2.collectivism:a.relationship -oriented b.Value the relationship as a means to an end.31.Is Uncertainty（不确定性）Avoided or Tolerated:1.uncertainty -averse:Doing : avoid uncertainty, strive toprotect themselves from the unknown 2.uncertaimty-tolerant :Being, tolerant uncertainty; be more open to acce pting the unexce pted.32. Is Luck an Essential Factor or an Irrelevance: 1. Luck is irrelevant, in cultures that think in cause -and-effect patterns and that value results, planning ——notuck ——ishe key to success. 2. In some cultures, luck or fate or destiny pl ays a large part, peoples role in achieving success has less effect than forces outside themselves.33. Are Rules to Be Followed or Bent : 1. Followed: neat ，predictable behavior, uncertain avoidance （逃避）.2.Bent: flexibility to meet human needs; uncertain （无常的） tolerance.34. Is Change Positive or Negative :1.The culture of the United States thinks of change as desirable and positive.New means better.2.Traditionally, agrarian cultures typi cally view change is negative. It means disr up tion（破坏） to the established p atterns of life.35. Is Death the End of Life or Part of Life: Some cultures view death as the end of life, a quenching （熄灭）of the light. It is dreaded （令人畏惧的）.Some cultures view death as another p hase in life, a necessary ste p in the p attern of life. Itis acce pted. 简 36. Relationship between Language and culture: 1. culture and language are intertwined （ 缠绕的）and shapeeach other. It is imp ossible to sep arate the two.2.All languages have social questions and information questions.3. Language reflects the environment in which we live; language reflects cultural values; Sometimes cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings.37.不重视语言的问题 1.Acronyms （首字母缩略词 ）2.implication of the language barrier.（字同音不同, 含义）38. Selection of the right language: 1. Linguistic Considerations 2. Business Considerations 3.Considerations 4. The Approp riate Level of Fluency39. Communication with nonnative speakers: Effective Face-to-Face Communication : a.enunciate slowly c. Avoid Slang andColloquialisms （白话） d. Be Careful about Jokes. e. Be Sincere g. Be Culturally Sensitive h. Keep a Sense of Humor40. Effective Written Communication a. Use PI enty of White Sp ace b. Use Correct Titles and Sp ellings of Names c.Understand Patterns of Organization d. Use Headings e. Be Careful with Numbers f. Be Careful with Dates g.Avoid Abbreviations h. Follow the Conventions of Written Communication41.技术对沟通的影响：1.telephone ； 2.skype 3. Email,texting and twitters 42. 非语言交流影响因素 ：1. Cultural background 2.socialeconomic background 3. Education4. Gender 5. Age 6. Personal preferences and idiosyncrasies （特质）43. Paralanguage 1.vocal qualifiers : The term vocal qualifiers refers to volume （音量）,pitch （音高）,and theoverall intonation （声调）or melody （旋律） of the spoken word. 2. vocalization: All cultures use nonword noises such as ahem, um, er, sucking in one ' s breath, and clicking one ' s tongue.44. Nonverbal business conventions : 1.eye contact （a sign of honesty/privacy ） 2. Facial expression （不同文 化频率 frequency 强度 intensity 不同 a. smiling （indicate joy, embarrassment or avoid embarrassment.）b.showing anger （milder form-frowning; hide anger ） 3.gesture （head/arm movements; posture ） 4.timing in spoken exchanges （an environment that emp hasizes equality; seniority and hierarchy;the role of men.）5.touching （ people from low-context cultures tend to be feel crowded by people from high-context cultures, and people fromhigh-context cultures feel left out and rejected by people from low-context cultures. 6. The language of space （p rivate/ office/ p ublic sp ace ）7.A pp earance （a.不同国家穿衣风格不同 b.in most cultures, dress also identifies aperson as belonging to a specific group and having a certain status. ） 8.Silence:（高语境文化更倾向于使用沉默， 低语境： silence often is inter preted as the absence of communication ） 45. Signals of respect: it can be different from culture to culture, and it may take some time to learn what isdiffere nt 异国异 P olitical b. sp eakexce pted behavior. Positions of authority Dress as a symbol of authority46 权威的象征:1.tone and nguage （indicator ）3.Family and societal structures （indicator ）Assertiveness （魄力） v.s Harmony.:1.standing up for one ' s own rights （individualism,lowpower distance ）2 .P reserving harmony （collectivism,high po wer distance ）47绩效的认可及奖励 ：1.monetary recognition 2.nonmonetary rewards 48 自我认同 1.Self-identity — A Social Psychology Approach : （experiences ） we can think about self -concept is that we build up our sense of self from childhood, based on exp eriences we have had that contribute to our sense of self. 2.Self-identity — A Communication Approach （ communication ）: Identities （身份） are communicated in core symbols, labels, and norms.49.Self-identity——ACritical Approach （social context ）: The critical approach to self-identity uses history, economics, p olitics, and public discourse. 50 Age: Is Seniority Valued or Discounted : a. In cultures that value age, the older a business person is the more credibility he or she has. b. in youth -oriented cultures being young seems to mean having more choices, more po wer, more energy, and more freedom.51 Gender: Are Women Equals or Subordinates : a.In traditional cultures, the two facts are related. Child -bearing and child-nurturing are the main roles of women. b. management role a52 Social organization :1 Group Membership: Temporary or Permanent: a. Individuals in the United States are members of many groups simultaneously; group membership is impermanent b. In other cultures, the respo nsibilities of membershi p come before rights; group membershi p is p ermanent, belonging starts with the family.53 three functions of group communication: 1.Give and Save Face 2. Display Emotion '二__3. about Shame or Guilt （a.In individualistic cultures,where individual respo nsibility, results, and p rivacy are valued, guilt is a po tent way for a culture to enforce （实施）rules of behavior. b. In collectivist cultures where group membership, relationships, and public knowledge of one ' s life are imp ortant, shame enforces the rules of conduct.）54 form: Important or Untrustworthy（靠不住的）：Behaving according to form means behaving correctly. 55 P ersonal Matters: P rivate or P ublic: a. In Euro pe,as in Britain, Canada, the United States, Australia, and NewZealand, a person ' s work life is kept fairly separate from private life.b. cultures that emphasize relationships, view group member-ship as long term, and value harmony have a blurred （模糊不清的）distinction （区另U ） between what is private and what is public （or at least what is“ group ” ）. 56 Social Organizational P atterns: Horizontal or Hierarchical: 1.monarchies （君主制）:at one extremeare rigid （严 格的） vertical levels in society,2.Democracies: movement between them is very limited; at the other extreme, society is horizontal and op erates with few levels.57 App roach to Authority: Direct or Mediated :1. in many cultures, the app roach to authority is indirect.2. In NewZealand, in which horizontality has p riority, the app roach to authority is direct.58 Communicating about problems : 1.in low-context cultures: direct 2.in high-context culture: indirect, high p riority on kee ping harmony, p reventing anyone impo rtant from losing face, and nurturing relationshi p.59 Saying no :1.it is done with delay and indirectness in low -context cultures, the rationale （基本原理）explain why first. 2.it is more difficult for high -context culture, which is often saying yes.60 Gift giving ; 1. in many cultures, it is appropriate to take small gifts when one is invited to enjoy hospitality 客） . 2.the way people from differe nt cultures ex press app reciation for hos pitality varies. 3.the timing of greetings is also imp ortant61 Managing conflicts : conflict is a clash between people or between ideas that engages （吸引） people in a struggle against each other. 1. In individualist culture （result-oriented ） people are responsible for the consequence of their own individual activities.2. in collectivist culture （relationship -onented ）:they value on relationshi p, p roblems are not an individual respo nsibility. 解决方式 1.co mp eting2.collaborating （合作）3.co mp romising4.avoiding5.accommodating （调节） 62. Popular culture refers to those systems or artifacts that most people share a nd that most people know 63 . it's p roduced by culture industries.it's differs from folk culture.it's everywhere.it's fills a social function.put a is to（好64 It differs from folk culture.Popu lar culture: mass-produced and mass-marketed cultureFolk culture: more authentic "folk" culture a65 CollectivismThink about the family's welfare ,repu tation,and honor.Marriage and birth -giving, instead of personal affairs, are taken care by all the others in your group which basically is your family.66IndividualismTakes the marriage as one's own business.Put yourself in the first pl ace thinking of your own happi ness, interests67The conce pt of face.Concern for face p robably appears in many cultures, but is seen as more salient （显著的）for the Chinese than for people from other cultures. Face in Chinese culture refers to one's moral character, a p erson's repu tation or prestige （威望）.It is the positive social value that a person claims （主张）for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a p articular.68Chinese culture has three values: face （p ublic esteem）; a recip rocal （互惠的）network of connections with others; lasting membershi p in groups.69 Encoding（编码）:the construction of textual meaning by popular culture institution —within specific social context. the p rocess of creating messages for others to understand.70 Decoding: the interpretation of the text ' nseaning by receivers —; performed by various audiences in different social contexts. Decoding is the p rocess of inter preting a message.71Sequentially（循序地）or simultaneously? Some cultures value one who works efficiently as one who accomplishes several things at once. Other cultures value a one -thing-at-a-time approach as the most efficient72Do results or relationships taking priority? Relationship-oriented cultures tend to be collectivistic. The relati on ships that connect people in networks are more sig nifica nt tha n the tasks people accomplish.Results-oriented cultures value the outcomes of actions, especially measurable outcomes, as what matters a work and in life.73Is obligation a burden or a benefit? Collectivist cultures tend to see it as a benefit to nurturing relationshi ps.Individualist cultures tend to see it as a burden to inde pendence.74Is social organization horizontal or hierarchical? The general p attern in society also is reflected in comp anies. Where hierarchy（等级制度）characterizes （具有.特质）the national or social culture, companies also will have a clearly defined corporate ladder （阶梯）.The levels are generally agreed upon by members of the collective. In horizontal （水平的）cultures, people can move from their birth level up or down as their individual achievements （业绩）and desires warrant. Mobility （移动性）depends on the accomplishments （成就）of individuals, although their families may partake of （分享）the new status.。

跨文化交际复习材料虽然有许多模型来描述交流的行为，两个在这里用来说明的过程：线性和语境模型。

The Linear Model亚里士多德包括了交流的五个基本要素;演讲者，演讲或消息，观众，场合和效果。

在这个修辞中，亚里士多德建议演讲者在不同的场合为不同的观众建立不同的效果的演讲。

这种模式实际上更适用于公开演讲，而不是人际交往。

model is not very different from that proposed by Aristotle some 2300 years agoHarold D. Lasswell在1948年另一个试图在其单独部分描述沟通过程的尝试。

这种模式试图解释沟通的基本要素以及与它们有关的研究领域。

注意Lasswell 5-W模型与亚里士多德在2300年前提出的模型没有很大的不同此模型添加了情境和/或其环境的维度。

上下文总是影响通信的行为。

上下文是指每个通信行为必须发生在其中一种环境中的想法，这意味着实际上相当复杂。

最明显的是有物理环境-无论我们是在我们的客厅或在足球比赛的露台上的人说话。

然后还有社会背景，这与涉及的场合和其中的人有关。

这可能是一个俱乐部或家庭餐中的一群朋友或一个葬礼上的一群哀悼者。

情况要求我们在与我们的老板正式晚宴的情况下沟通不同，与在厨房里与朋友一起吃鱼和薯条相比。

然后是文化背景，它指的是更广泛的情境和信仰，这将影响我们如何沟通。

It is particularly importantto see that the media is part of the cultural context in which we operate. how we talk ，What wetalk about ，and What music we listen to ，have a lot to do with the influence of the cultural context Of the media.特别重要的是，媒体是我们经营的文化背景的一部分。

跨⽂化交际复习资料U1Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration迁移；移民；移动, and the spread of technology.Global village: all the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communication, especially the internet.Melting pot: a social cultural assimilation同化作⽤of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (P8-9)The concept of culture:a learned set of shared interpretations解释about beliefs, values and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts: the material and spiritual精神的，⼼灵的products people produce.Behavior: what they doConcepts;beliefs,values,world views…what they think⽂化冰⼭（Cultural iceberg）P7Characteristics of cultural:Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.Cultural is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It drives from one?s social communication, not one?s genes. Enculturation(⽂化习得):All the activi ties of learning one?s culture are called enculturation.Culture is dynamic (P6): Culture is subject to change. It?s dynamic动态；动⼒rather than static静态的, constantly不断地；时常地changing and evolving进化；展开under the impact of events and through contract with other cultures.Acculturation(⽂化适应):The process which one adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnocentric(⽂化中⼼主义):Ethnocentric is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Communication: meaning to share with or to make commotion, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural presumptions假定推定and symbol systems distinct enough to alter the communication event. (P9-10)Components of communication:Source: the source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message: the term message identifies the encoded thoughts.Channel: the term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.Noise: the term noise technically refers to anything that distorts曲解the message the source encodes. Receiver: the receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding: the receiver is actually involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received. Receiver response: it refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback: it refers to that portion of the receiver responds of the resource has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context: Generally context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.Characters of communication:Communication is dynamic, symbolic, irreversible可逆的, systematic, transactional, and contextual. Unit 2-4 verbal communicationPragmatics⽤学；语⽤论: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics语义学；语义论: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation符号；表⽰；意义；指⽰: the literal of meaning or definition of a word—theexplicit明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述,particular特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的,defined meaning. Connotation暗⽰，隐含意义: the suggestive meaning of a word —all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion增加物of the unspoken significance意义；重要性；意思behind the literal meaning.Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism委婉语: the act of substituting取代a mild温和的, indirect间接的, or vague模糊的term for one considered harsh严厉的, blunt⽣硬的, or offensive.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (P22-23)Addressing by names Name order:Surname + given name/He Xiangu Given name + surname (AE)/Linda Smith Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.(P23)In Chinese seniority(资历) is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited by husband and wife, very closely friends, juniors by elders or superiors. Addressing by relationshipChinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to shoe politeness and respect. (P23)The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, American tends to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, professionAnother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office or profession to indi cate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24 Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.Unit 5 nonverbal communicationChronemics: The study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved in many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use to space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage: involving sounds but not words and lying verbal and nonverbal communication.Monochromic & Polychromic (P97)Monochromic time means paying attention to doing only one thing at a time.Monochromic time is structured and often rigid. Everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruption.Polychromic tim e means being involved in many things at once.People and cultures that run on polychromic time multitask well. These people focus on maintaining personal relationships more than completing tasks.Unit 6 cross-gender communicationHow is gender different from sex? (P120) Gender and sex are not synonymousSex: Biological; permanent; individual propertyGender: socially constructed; varied over time and across cultures; social and relational quality.What has influenced the gender socialization? (P121)There are two primary influences on gender socialization: Family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction between children.U 7 (P138) High-context culture Low-context culture Unit 9 P186A planetary cultur e: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with eastern science and relationlism. Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective and behavioral characteristics is not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological and parameters of his or her own culture. (P186) What are the Chinese/American cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it?s good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relationship of man to nature, they think mankind can live harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being and becoming attitude and activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefit of the group.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.Individualism vs. Collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity vs. Femininity 每单元练习ABCD(Unit 5 E.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English. )复习例题1.American parents would ask their children?s opinion in family decision-making because__C__.A.American parents like being told by their children what to do.B.American children have much power in the family.C.American parents take their children as an equal.D.American parents are unable to make decisions themselves.2. What is the best expression of the following you can use when you meet an American friend at the airport? B (P26)A.You must tired.B.Did you have a good trip.B.It is raining, isn?t it?C.Thank you for coming.3. What is a proper response of the following to “Thank you .”? D P57A.It is my duty to do so.B.It doesn?t matter at all.C.I quite understand i t.D.Don?t mention it.4. Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of culture? C P5-11A. It is shared.B. It is learned.C. It is static.D. It is ethnocentric.5. When a British friend is sick, you?d better say “___” to your friend to show your concern.BA.Drink plenty of water. B I do hope you?ll be feeling better soon.C Put on more clothes.D Take medicine on time.6. What is the Chinese equivalent of “landscaper engineer”? D P13A.导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.园林⼯⼈7. What does “call your carriage for you” mean? CA. Ask you for a favorB. Ask you to buy a carriageC. Ask you to go awayD. Ask you to join a party8. Which of the following does not have the sa me function that “副” fulfills in Chinese?D P73A. AssociateB. DeputyC. LieutenantD. Underline9. Which of the following is not included in kinesics? C P95A.PostureB. StanceC. Body distanceD. gesture10. Individualism has the following features except______. AA. strong family tiesB. Self-relianceC. FreedomD. Respect for individual rights11. M-time culture has the following features except______. D P97A. Cutting time into bitsB. Taking deadlines seriouslyC. Scheduling one thing at a timeD. More human-centered12. ____ __culture are typical P-time cultures. A P97A. Latin AmericanB. Northern AmericanC. Western EuropeanD. Northern European13. In American culture, silence may be interpreted as______.D P110A. AssertivenessB. ThoughtfulnessC. EnthusiasmD. Apathy14. Which of the following is not a feature of masculine talk?B P123A. Using talk to assert oneself and one?s ideasB. Being tentative so that others feel free to add their ideasC. Using talk to establish one?s status and powerD. Avoiding personal disclosures15. Which is the following is of the invisible part of cultural iceberg? A P7A. religious beliefsB. gesturesC. eating habitsD. Style of dress16. According to the cultural orientations put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following does not describe the Chinese cultural values? BA.Chinese culture holds that human nature is good but corruptible.B.They have a Linear time concept and are future-oriented.C.They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity.D.They are quite collective and focus on the benefits of the group.17. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greetings except______. C P25A.How are you gett ing on?B.How are things?C.Where have you been?D.How?s life?18. What is a proper topic when you are talking with an American? D P26(不确定)A.the price of an itemB. ReligionC. Marital statusD. Hobbies19. Which is the following is of the visible part of the cultural iceberg? B P7A. Religious beliefsB. LiteratureC. ValuesD. Worldviews20. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of communication? CA. It is symbolicB. It is contextualC. It is staticD. It is systematic21. Which of the following is not one of the social functions of compliments? C P50A. greeting peopleB. starting a conversationC. criticizing peopleD. overcoming embarrassment22. Which of the following is not a feature of sex? B P120A. It is biologicalB.It is dynamicC.It is permanentD.It has an individual property23. What is the Chinese equivalent of sanitation engineer? D P13A. 导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.清洁⼯24. What does the “a lady of the town mean”? C P67(不确定)A. A fashionable girlB. A graceful ladyC. A prostitudeD. An urban girl25. What is the acceptable addressing of “Tom Smith ” in American cuture?D P24A. Teacher SmithB. Mr.TomC. Director TomD.Professor Tom26. The word “dragon” is a word?A P70-71 ( 不确定)A. with different associated meanings in ChineseB. without a counterpart in ChineseC. with the same primary meaning in ChineseD. with many more terms in Chinese27. When making an appointment with an American friend, which of the following expressions is the most appropriate one?D P29A. I?m coming to see you this afternoonB. you must stay at home waiting for me this afternoonC. could you come directly to my house this afternoonD. I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime28. What is the Chinese equivalent of “reckless disregard for the truth”? DA. 躁动不安B.为⾮作⽍C.实事求是D.信⼝雌黄29. Which of the following is not one of the features of gender? C P119-120A. It?s socially-constrictedB. It?s dynamicC. It?s permanentD. It has a relational quality30. Which culture tends to envelop each other in breath when talking? A P101A. Arabian cultureB. American cultureC. British cultureD. Chinese culture31. Which of the following is not included in chronemics? C P95A. punctualityB. time orientationC. silenceD. promptness32. Collectivism emphasizes the following values except BA. strong family tiesB. self-relianceC. harmonyD. group-orientation33. in Japanese culture, silence may be interpreted as evidence of C P110A. passivityB. apathyC. wisdomD. hesitation34. According to the cultural orientations put Forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, American culture values have the following features except? CA. American culture holds that human nature evil but perfectibleB. They have a linear time concept and are future-orientedC. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activiityD. They are quite individualistic35. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greeting except They have a linear time concept and are future-oriented CA. How are you getting on?B. How are things?C. Where are you going?D. How?s life?Cultural Puzzles （3道）1. Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching and quite a few of them avoided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. One day, she came to the Director and told him that she would like to talk to him about her problem. The director looked at his timetable and asked if they could meet at ten o?clock on Thursday morning and she agreed.P87This is a typical cultural clash between the Chinese and Westerners, which was caused by their difference regarding_____C .A.Clollectivism vs. IndividualismB. Past-orientation vs. Future-orientationC.P-time vs. M-time Ｄ．High-context vs. Low-context2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.The Chinese onlooker?s laugh may convey the following meaning except____C .A. Don?t take it so seriously.B. It?s nothing.C. You are really clumsy.D. Such things can happen to any of us.3. A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sight-seeing is thirsty business, we did not trust the water, and delighted in the excellent beer which we politely offered Heping. Heping refused, we said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched.Q: Why did Heping rufuse the beer on the first offer?A：Because he was being modest and polite.Case Introduction（2道）1. Eric’s different situations in opening the shop in China:He had relatively little difficulty in locating his first shop after several weeks of paperwork, and he was open for business sonner than he had thought possible. The local bureaucrats with whom he dealt had seemed favorably impressed.As Eric began applying for the necessary permits with the local government agencies he was met with responses such as “we …ve never encountered this request”, or” this Procedure requires additional information”.2. Eric’s different attitude:Eric was optimistic about the prospect of his business. His business was quite successful in first few months. People were eager to buy his “unique” product.After several rounds of trying to understand the official rules, Eric beacame increasingly frustrated. After all he had been able to acquire the permits to open shop. Moreover, his attempts to secure additional supply channels were as yet unfruitful. It seemed that all suppliers were “already at full capacity”, or “unsure of future resources”.Case Analysis1.“Doing” orientation: seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He had heard much about the red tape involved in doing business in China but felt he could handle it.2.Collectivisim:A.great readiness to cooperation with in-group membersEg: Chinese are unsure of future resources, and local businessman was announcing the opening of several shops around town.B.collectivists tend to give a higher priority to relationshipsEg: The owners of local businessman had worked through the same government agencies.4. Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increase productivitywhile collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to chieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.5. Decision making in a collective culture may be a slower process than in an individualist culture, butthe implementation of the dicision may it be a change in policy.Eg: This procedure requires additional information.Q&A：1.How is Eric?s home culture influence his behavior and his business strategy?A.“Doing” orientatio n—seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He was optimistic./ He heard much about the red tape, but he still felt he could handle it.B.Individualism—coopertate with people who are not members of one?s group plus group membersEg: He had indicated his desire to use local workers and even train local managers.C.Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increaseproductivity while collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to achieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.2.What should Eric do to meet his business goals?●He should have an in-depth knowledge of China?s red tape and adapt it gradually.●He should increase the chance of cooperation with Chinese businessmen to coexist peace●When in Rome, do as the Romans do. He can use some Chinese etiquette to expand his network in Chinese society.。

文化传播学复习资料一、文化传播学的定义和研究范围文化传播学是研究人类文化的传承、发展、交流和演变的学科。

它关注文化如何通过各种渠道和媒介在不同的个体、群体和社会之间传播。

其研究范围广泛，包括语言、宗教、艺术、习俗、价值观等文化元素的传播；大众传媒如报纸、电视、网络等在文化传播中的作用；跨文化交流中文化差异和文化冲突的解决；以及文化传播与社会变迁的相互关系等。

二、文化传播的主要模式1、线性传播模式这种模式认为传播是从信息源通过渠道传递到接收者的单向过程。

例如，早期的广播和电视传播就具有较强的线性特征。

2、循环传播模式强调传播是一个信息在发送者和接收者之间不断循环和反馈的过程，双方在传播中都具有主动性。

3、网状传播模式随着互联网的发展，信息传播呈现出多向、复杂的网状结构，每个节点都可以是信息的发送者和接收者。

三、文化传播的媒介1、传统媒介（1）书籍和报刊书籍是传承文化知识的重要载体，报刊则能够及时传递新闻和观点。

（2）广播和电视通过声音和图像的传播，影响广泛的受众。

2、新媒介（1）互联网包括网站、社交媒体、视频平台等，具有信息传播迅速、互动性强的特点。

（2）移动终端如手机和平板电脑，使人们随时随地获取和传播文化信息。

四、文化传播中的受众1、受众的类型可以分为主动受众和被动受众。

主动受众积极参与信息的选择和解读，被动受众则相对被动地接受传播的内容。

2、受众的心理和行为受众的兴趣、需求、价值观等会影响他们对文化传播内容的接受和反应。

五、跨文化传播1、文化差异包括语言、价值观、习俗、社会规范等方面的差异。

2、跨文化传播中的障碍如语言障碍、文化误解、刻板印象等。

3、促进跨文化交流的策略培养跨文化意识、加强语言学习、增进相互理解等。

六、文化传播与社会变迁1、文化传播对社会变迁的推动作用新的思想、观念和技术通过传播促使社会发生变革。

2、社会变迁对文化传播的影响社会的发展会改变传播的方式和内容。

七、文化传播学的研究方法1、定性研究方法如访谈、观察、文本分析等，深入理解文化传播现象的内涵和意义。