(完整word版)土木工程专业英语复习资料

Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineeringdevelopment organization 建设单位design organization 设计单位construction organization 施工单位reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土pile 桩steel structure 钢结构aluminium alloy 铝合金masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板retaining wall 挡土墙finish 装修finishing material装修材料ventilation 通风natural ~ 自然通风mechanical ~ 机械通风diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙villa 别墅moment of inertia 惯性矩torque 扭矩stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力strain 应变age hardening 时效硬化air-conditioning system空调系统(air) void ration（土）空隙比albery壁厨，壁龛a l mery壁厨，贮藏室anchorage length锚固长度antiseismic joint 防震缝architectural appearance 建筑外观architectural area 建筑面积architectural design 建筑设计fiashing 泛水workability (placeability) 和易性safety glass安全玻璃tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃asphalt沥青felt (malthoid) 油毡riveted connection 铆接welding焊接screwed connection 螺栓连接oakum 麻刀，麻丝tee三通管tap存水弯esthetics美学formwork 模板（工程）shoring 支撑batching 配料slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工lfit-slab construction 升板法施工mass concrete 大体积混凝土terrazzo水磨石construction joint 施工缝honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面piled foundation桩基deep foundation 深基础shallow foundation浅基础foundation depth基础埋深pad foundation独立基础strip foundation 条形基础raft foundation筏基box foundation箱形基础BSMT=basement 地下室lift 电梯electric elevatorlift well电梯井escalator 自动扶梯Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μYoung’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量Esafety coefficient 安全系数fatigue failure 疲劳破坏bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板single way slab单向板window blind 窗帘sun blindwind load 风荷载curing 养护watertight concrete 防水混凝土white cement白水泥separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concretemortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝pilaster 壁柱fire rating耐火等级fire brick 耐火砖standard brick标准砖terra cotta 琉璃瓦mosaic 马赛克ceramic mosaic陶瓷锦砖，马赛克，ceramic mosaic tileceramic tile 瓷砖rubble wall毛石墙marble 大理石,大理岩granite 花岗石,花岗岩ready-mixed concrete 商品混凝土，预拌混凝土real estate房地产reinforcement bar 钢筋veinforcement meal, reinforcing bar, reinforcing steel reinforcement cover混凝土保护层reinforcement mat 钢筋网, reinforcing mesh reinforcing ratio 配筋率reinforcement percentagereinforcing work钢筋工程residential building居住建筑rigid foundation刚性基础roof 屋顶，屋盖，屋面; roof board 屋面板; roof garden屋顶花园roof live load 屋面活荷载rustic terrazzo粗面水磨石，水刷石sand cushion砂垫层saw-tooth skylight锯齿形天窗scaffold 脚手架sill窗台silty soil粉质土single door单扇门double door双扇门single reinforcemen单筋tsliding door推拉门sliding window水平推拉窗staircase楼梯间stair rail(ing) 楼梯栏杆，楼梯扶手stair step楼梯踏步stair string (er)楼梯梁stair clearance 楼梯净空高度stair headroom steel forms钢模板store room贮藏室structural drawings结构图soft substratum软弱下卧层sun louver 遮阳板supporting block 支座supporting layer持力层tensile reinforcement 受拉钢筋tensile steel, tension reinforcementterrace roof 平屋顶thermal insulation隔热through ventilation穿堂风timber structure 木结构wood structuretoilet 盥洗间，浴室，厕所，便池tracing paper描图纸lawn 草坪treatment of elevation立面处理drawing board 绘图板triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验tubular steel scaffolding钢管脚手架uniformly distributed load均布荷载unnotched bar 光面钢; threadbar螺纹钢筋urinal 小便池，小便斗，小便槽valley天沟ventilating skylight 通风天窗waterproof barrier 防水层aquatardTerzaghi bearing capacity theory太沙基承载力理论Terzaghi consolidation theory 太沙基固结理论foundation treatment 地基处理foundation pressure 基底压力span 跨度specific gravity比重quicklime生石灰,氧化钙hydrated lime 熟石灰,消石灰hydration 水化作用plaster of Paris熟石膏portland cement 波特兰水泥,硅酸盐水泥,普通水泥portland blastfurnace slag cement矿渣水泥portland fly-ash cement粉煤灰(硅酸盐)水泥portland-pozzolana cement火山灰质硅酸盐水泥gas-foaming admixture发泡剂retarding admixture缓凝剂water-reducing agent减水剂air-entrained agent 加气剂slump坍落度water-cement ratio水灰比w/carchitectural lighting 建筑采光,建筑照明architectural perspective建筑透视图architectural section 建筑剖面图architectural specifications建筑规范architectural working drawing 建筑施工图architecture sketch建筑草图arc welding 电弧焊stress concentration 应力集中multi storied building 多层建筑settlement of foundation 地基沉降tensile strength抗拉强度compressive strength抗压强度bending strength抗弯强度construction material 建筑材料building material continuous beam连续梁tower crane 塔式起重机,塔吊SPT=standard penetration test 标准贯入度试验wall between two windows窗间墙stability稳定性stress-strain curve应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram应力-应变图damp-proof coating防潮层osmosis渗透osmotic co-efficient渗透系数osmotic pressure渗透压力finite element method 有限单无法finite-difference method有限差分法finite slice method 条分法deformation 变形displacement位移allowable bearing capacity 容许承载力total and differential settlement 总沉降量和沉降差Mohr’s circle of stress 摩尔应力圆snow laod雪(荷)载bent reinforcement bar 弯起钢筋bent steel 弯起钢筋bent-up bar 弯起钢筋bid 投标，标书bid call招标bid opening开标bidding sheet 标价单bid price 出价，投标价格binding reinforcement 绑扎钢筋blocking course檐口墙，女儿墙parapet (wall) bloodwood 红木redwoodbrick lintel 砖砌过梁brick masonry structure 砖石结构BRKT =bracket 牛腿building height 建筑高度building industrialization建筑工业化building-in fitting 预埋件building law 建筑法building line 建筑红线building module 建筑模数building orientation 建筑物朝向building permits for construction建筑施工执照building equipment 建筑设备building physics建筑物理building rubble 建筑垃圾building storm sewer 房屋雨水管built –in cupboard 壁厨cable structure 悬索结构cable-supported construction悬索结构canopy雨篷cast-in-place concrete 现浇混凝土cast-in-situ concrete 现浇混凝土caterpillar crane 履带式起重机cavity brick空心砖cavity wall空心墙ceiling 顶棚，吊顶，天花板cement floor水泥地面cement mortar水泥砂浆center-to-center中心距(中到中间距)chain-pull switch拉线开关cromatics色彩学city planning城市规划civil architecture民用建筑civil building民用建筑civil engineering土木工程clay brick粘土砖clerestory天窗clerestory windows高侧窗closet 盥洗室，厕所，卫生间coated glass 玻璃幕墙glass curtain wall collapsible loess 湿陷性黄土slumping loess collar tie beam 圈梁combination beam 组合梁combination construction 混合结构shear wall 剪力墙shear strength 抗剪强度transom （门上的）亮子bar 棒，条，杆件，（粗）钢筋beam 梁framework 框架truss桁架statically determinate ~ 静定桁架statically indeterminate ~ 超静定桁架elasticity弹性plasticity塑性stiffness刚度fiexibility挠度bending moment弯矩~ diagram 弯矩图~ envelope弯矩包络线influence line 影响线aggregate 骨料coarse ~ 粗骨料fine ~ 细骨料admixture外加剂concrete mixer混凝土搅拌机paint 油漆density密度viscosity粘度，粘滞性geology地质earth pressure 土压力active ~ 主动土压力coarse sand 粗砂; medium sand中砂; fine sand细砂artificial daylight人工采光artificial illumination人工照明art of architecture建筑艺术seismatic design 抗震设计back view 背立面balcony阳台balustrade 栏杆，扶手bamboo scaffolding竹脚手架band iron扁铁，扁钢bar cutter钢筋切断机bar list钢筋表bar spacing钢筋间距base board踢脚板basic module基本模数BC=building code建筑法规beam-and-column construction梁柱结构（框架结构）beam-and-girder construction主次梁梁格结构beam-and-slab construction梁板结构beam with one overhanging end 悬臂梁cantilever beam, overhanging beambeam with simply supported ends 简支梁simple beam, simple-supported beam, simply supported beambeam with fixed ends 固端梁bending stiffness弯曲刚度bending strength抗弯强度bending stress弯曲应力bend bar 弯起钢筋，弯筋commemorative architecture 纪念性建筑commercial buildings商业建筑物,商业房屋compacted fill 压实填土,夯实填土compacted soil压实土compaction by layers分层填土夯实compaction by rolling 碾压compaction by vibration振动压实compartmentation隔断completion acceptance竣工验收completion date 竣工日期compression bar 受压钢筋compression steel受压钢筋concealed work 隐蔽工程conductor 水落管construction administration 施工管理constructional drawing 施工图,构造图construction and installation work 建筑安装工程construction company 建筑公司construction economics建筑经济construction industry建筑(工)业construction in process 在建工程construction management plan 施工组织设计construction period施工工期construction site 施工现场creep 徐变,蠕变cross wall横墙dark room暗室design development phase 技术设计阶段design scheme设计方案detail drawing 详图,大样图,细部图development area 开发区digestion tank 化粪池septic tank, sewage tank distributed load分布荷载distributing bars 分布钢筋distribution reinforcement分布钢筋BL=dead load 恒载,自重dogleg stair 双折楼梯half turndomestic building居住房屋,住宅door window落地窗dormitory宿舍downspout 雨水管,落水管drain spout, fall pipe, leader pipe, rain conductor, rain leader, rain-water leaderdrip line 滴水线dunny厕所,盥洗室earthquake intensity地震烈度earthquake load 地震荷载earthquake resistant design抗震设计earthwork土石方工程earthwork quantity土方工程量eave 屋檐effective depth 有效高度,有效深度,有效厚度enameled tile 琉璃瓦,釉面砖engineering geological prospecting工程地质勘探expanded joint 伸缩缝,温度缝shrinkage joint, temperature jointfactory building厂房figured glass 图案玻璃,压花玻璃patterned glass fixed window固定窗flat skylight平天窗flexible foundation 柔性基础floor load楼面荷载floor plan楼屋平面图floor-to-ceiling height楼面至顶棚高度,室内净高floor-to-floor height楼面至楼面高度story height层高farmed steel 型钢shape(d) steelfoundation beam 基础梁foundation bed 基础垫层gable 出墙~ wallgalvanized iron 镀锌铁皮,白铁皮general arrangement drawing总体布置图,总平面图general layout 总平面图,总体布置glass fiber reinforced plastics玻璃纤维增强塑料,玻璃钢glued board 胶合板gravel 砾石; ~ cobble 卵石pebble gravel, pebble stoneground engineering地基工程ground floor plan底层平面图groundwater surface 地下水位phreatic (water ) surfacegutter明沟,天沟rain-gutter檐沟,天沟hair 麻刀hempmixed sand 混合砂mechanics of materials 材料力学theoretical mechanics 理论力学elastic mechanics弹性力学structural mechanics结构力学architectural mechanics建筑力学fracture mechanics断裂力学soil mechanics土力学rock mechanics岩石力学fluid mechanics流体力学abrasive floor防滑地板accelerated cement 快凝水泥accelerator促凝剂，速凝剂acceptance of hidden subsurface work 隐蔽工程验收acceptance of tender得标acceptance of work subelements分项工程验收access eye 清扫孔，检查孔access hole 检修孔access plate 检修孔盖板accordion shades 折叠式活动隔断，屏风acid 酸alkali碱acoustical insulation 隔声red cray 红粘土adamic earthadhesive bitumen primer冷底子油administration of the construction contract 施工合同管理aerial ledder消防梯non-bearing wall 非承重墙non-load bearing wall norm for detailed estimates 预算定额norm for preliminary estimates 概算定额norm for estimating labor requirements劳动定额norm for estimating material requirements材料定额open ditch 明沟open trenchoutside finish 外装修partion 隔壁, ~ screen 隔断pea shingle 豆砾石，绿豆砂pipeline gas 管道煤气plastic hinge 塑性铰plinth (wall)勒脚pointing (joints)勾缝pointing masonry勾缝砌体,清水墙porch 门廊,走廊pore water 孔隙水post-tensioning method后张法precast concrete lintel 预制混凝土过梁precast reinforced concrete building预制钢筋混凝土房屋monolithic reinforced concrete building整体式钢筋混凝土房屋prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土pretensioning method先张法protecting cap 安全帽protective cap, safety helmet protecting net 安全网public building公共建筑public comfort station 公共厕所public conveniencepump concrete 泵送混凝土pumping concrete halfpace landing楼梯平台landing platform, stair landing, stair platformhallway门厅,过道hemp thread麻丝high-rise hotel高层旅馆,高层饭店hip 屋脊线hoop reinforcement环筋,箍筋hull core structure筒体结构inside finish内装修jalousie window 百叶窗, louver windowjunior beam 次梁secondary beam, secondary girder main beam 主梁primary beam, primary girder kick strip 踢脚step踏步L & CM=lime and cement mortar石灰水泥砂浆lintol (门窗)过梁lintellongitudinal bar纵向钢筋low-rise building低层建筑LR = living room 起居室,客厅sitting room, parlo(u)rmastic 玛碲脂,树脂,嵌缝料membrane curing薄膜养护metallic tape钢卷尺metal window钢窗mid-span moment跨中弯矩mix(ing) proportion 配合比,混合比mix(ing) ratio mopboard踢脚板mosquito screen 纱窗, screen window。

复习资料一．单选1.Will you see to ____ that my birds are looked after well while I’m away?A themB yourselfC itD me2. Many teens don’t get enough sleep because they have too much homework, which ____ them up at night.A makesB breaksC turnsD keeps3. ——Ms Lin looks rather a kind lady.——But in fact she is cold and hard on us. You ____ believe it!A shouldn’tB wouldn’tC mustn’tD needn’t4. The program is like a window on the world ____ you sit by it and fix your attention on what it shows.A ifB asC whileD unless5. ____ the search engine just gave me some brief introductions rather than the whole content of the book to read.A LuckilyB MostlyC FunnilyD Disappointingly6. ——Did you know any French before you arrived in Washington?——Never ____ it, actually.A had I learnedB have I learnedC I learnedD was I learning7. In fact, more and more people ____ to live a greener, healthier and more environmentally “green life”.A choseB chooseC are choosingD have chosen8. A special dinner there might include Chinese pork dish, British roast beef and French-style vegetables. Boiled rice ____ just about everything.A is served withB will serveC serves withD is served9. The professor walked onto the platform and seated himself in a chair, ____ for answering questions.A had preparedB being preparedC preparingD prepared10. In Scandinavian countries it is common ____ for the husband to stay at home tolook after the baby.A useB senseC practiceD idea11. ——Why was our foreign teacher unhappy yesterday?——News about the tsunami striking her country ____ an attack of homesickness.A set forB set outC set aboutD set off12. ——We are informed that the Weifang International Kite Festival starts at 7:00.——Oh, I didn’t expect it was so early! I ____ to go out for dinner with my friends first.A was planningB am planningC have been planningD have planned13. ____ abroad for a tour can be a great honor for an ordinary person like me.A TakenB TakingC Being takenD Having been taken14. ——Did your classmate accept your invitation?——No, he ____ refused.A as far asB as well asC as soon asD as good as15. I spent the whole day repairing the motorbike. The work was ____ simple.A nothing butB anything butC something ofD all except16. ——Not getting that job was a big let-down.——Don’t worry. Something better will ____.A come alongB take onC go byD fall behind17. ____ the help of experienced career instructors, this type of job-hunting training____ to be very efficient.A By; has provedB With; has provedC Under; is provingD With; is proved18. To get as much firsthand information as possible, inspectors will hold workshops and distribute questionnaires, ____?A isn’t itB won’t itC aren’t theyD won’t they19. It’s a bad practice to ____ children much money as a New Year gift.A promiseB permitC admitD allow20. By the time you arrive home, I ____, so please don’t make any noise when you come in.A shall have been sleepingB shall have sleptC shall sleepD shall be sleeping二．完型We have quite a bit of information about ancient Egyptian medicine. Doctors' instructions have been found to tell us 21 they did for the sick and the injured. 22 many of the treatments included magic, ancient Egyptians used plant leaves and other methods to treat many 23 .Religion, magic and medicine were 24 related in ancient Egypt. Some priests (牧师) were specially 25 as doctors to 26 the sick and the injured. Doctors were held to a high moral standard. Patients was treated with 27 and their 28 information was highly secret. The highest-ranking doctors were priests of the goddess Sekhmet, 29 controlled illnesses. Doctors spent a part of each year 30 the goddess. Doctors were thought to be 31 to the gods and able to ask them for healing.Temples were centers for healing. 32 a person was ill, he or she would come to the temple or 33 a doctor for a diagnosis (诊断). A(n) 34 problem was treated with medicine, prayer and magic. If a clear cause was not 35 , the diagnosis would be that the illness was caused by an evil spirit or curse. The doctor would use magic spells to 36 a cure. 37 , a diagnosis could not be reached. 38 this case, a patient would be told to rest for a period of time 39 another examination could be 40 .21. A. what B. why C. that D. which22. A. When B. Since C. Although D. After23. A. damages B. diseases C. disasters D. destructions24. A. hardly B. closely C. mainly D. shortly25. A. trained B. designed C. planned D. studied26. A. look to B. come to C. care for D. search for27. A. reputation B. inspection C. fame D. respect28. A. ill B. own C. hidden D. personal29. A. that B. which C. who D. what30. A. serving B. reading C. learning D. following31. A. careful B. generous C. mean D. close32. A. Before B. When C. Until D. Since33. A. think over B. apply to C. call for D. make up34. A. serious B. internal C. odd D. obvious35. A. treated B. discovered C. cured D. aroused36. A. bring about B. set out C. insist on D. make up37. A. Subsequently B. Consequently C. Occasionally D. Hopefully38. A. With B. In C. For D. On39. A. until B. when C. although D. because40. A. decided B. performed C. carried D. discussed三．阅读Passage 1In the past, operations were difficult. Until the middle of the eighteen fifties, surgery was very dangerous. Many patients died after even the smallest operations. This was because bacteria entered the cuts in the patients’ bodied and started infection. In some countries, up to 90 percent of patients died from infection after operations. In 1865, however, Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, found an answer to the problem. He used an “antiseptic” during and after operations. This killed the dangerous bacteria and most of his patients lived. Since then, surgeons have used antiseptics in all operations.Surgery has developed in many important ways since the day of Joseph Lister. Today, when patients go to hospital for an operation, they can expect the best treatment, in clean and hygienic conditions.41. Operations were difficult and dangerous until_______.A.1850B. the middle of 1850C. the middle of the fifties of the eighteenth centuryD. the middle of the fifties of the nineteenth century42. In the passage, surgery means__________.A. The performing of an operationB. cureC. treatmentD. medicine43. In the past, up to 90 percent of patients died after operations mainlybecause__________.A. bacteria entered the cuts in the patients’ bodies and infection took placeB. the conditions in hospitals were badC. the skill of surgeons was not so goodD. there were no good medicine at that time44. Which topic of the following best suits the passage?A. Operations were difficult in the pastB. The devotion of Joseph Lister to medical scienceC. Surgery has become saferD. Developments in surgery45. Joseph Lister was________.A. a FrenchmanB. a GermanC. an EnglishmanD. an AmericanPassage 2Some 4000 Americans ambitions to become physicians are studying for their M. D. s abroad. Many were rejected by U.S. medical schools simply because there was no room. Last year, for example, some 13,000 of 35,000 would-be physicians who applied to U.S. schools were accepted. Of those who were turned down, well over 600 are trying the foreign route.But gaining admittance to a good foreign school may be a problem. British medical schools give priority to Britons , and Canada’s world-renowned McGill University School of Medicine takes only a handful of well qualified Americans annually. But several schools do welcome U.S. medical students---if they can master the local language. More than 500 Americans are enrolled in the Belgian universities at Brussels and Louvain , for example. Some 800 attend the Italian University at Bologna; 175 at Rome. Mexico’s Autonomou s University of Guadalajara numbers1,300 gringos among its 4,000 students.Despite difficulties abroad, many Americans complete their medical educations, and manage to win the respect of their professors and classmates. One second-year student at Louvain has a simple explanation for those successes: “ Anyone who comes here to be motivated. You have to learn a new language, the school is constant hard work, and it’s difficult to get back into the States to practice”.Before they can intern or practice in the United States, graduates of foreign schools must pass a special examination required by medical-education authorities. The tough test is designed primarily to weed out those who are unable to speak English or whose medical education is not up to U.S. standards.46. Which of the following is true about U.S. would-be physicians?A. America medical schools have superfluous applicantsB. language is a big problem all the American students applying to foreign medical schools have to face.C. Graduates from both American and foreign medical schools should take the same test before practiceD. As many as one-third of last year’s applicants of medical schools are now applying to foreign schools47. Which is following is true about foreign medical education ?A. A lot of foreign medical schools do not welcome U.S. students simply because they have to consider the applicants form their own countries first.B. To enter foreign medical schools is much easier than to gain admittance into American medical schools if the problem of language is not regarded.C. There are not many good foreign medical schools according to American studentsD. There are so many difficulties in studying abroad that not many American students become successful in foreign medical schools48. Which of the following is one of the difficulties the American students at foreign, medical schools have to face.A. Living and medical conditions in foreign countries are not so good as those in America.B. There is racial discrimination against them.C. They are given no opportunities to practice at local places.D. They are treated the same as foreign physicians and medical school graduates when trying to go back to America to practice.49. What does the word “gringos” mean?A. Americans.B. ForeignersC. Americans in MexicoD. Mexicans50. Which of the following can be the title of this passage?A. Foreign Medical Schools.B. Life at Foreign Medical SchoolsC. The tough Foreign RouteD. American Would-be Physicians at Foreign Schools.Passage 3Summers with father were always enjoyable. Swimming , hiking , boating , fishing—the days were not long enough to contain all of our activities. There never seemed to be enough time to go to church, which disturbed some friends and relations. Accused of neglecting this part of our education, my father instituted a summer school for my brother and me . However, his summer course included ancient history, which Papa felt our schools neglected ,and navigation, in which we first had a formal examination in the dining room, part of which consisted of tying several knots in a given time limit. Then we were each separately sent on what was grandly referred to as a cruise in my father’s 18-foot knockabout, spending the night on board, and loaded down, according to my mother, with enough food for a week. I remember that on my cruise I was required to formally plot our course, using the tide table, even though our goal was an island I could see quite clearly across the water in the distance.51. What was the original reasons for holding the summer school?A. Friends and relatives thought the children should learn religionB The father wanted the children to learn more about religionC. The children got poor grades in their regular schoolD. The regular school teachers neglected the children52. The purpose of the cruise mentioned in the passage was to ________.A. have funB. reward the author for completing summer schoolC. test the author’s sailing abilityD. get to the island53. Why did the author have to plot the course of her cruise ?A. She had to demonstrate her ability to do so.B. The coast was dangerous.C. She was afraid of getting lost.D. The tides were strong54. How long did the author’s cruise last?A. all summerB. overnightC. a weekD. one day, morning till night55. Apparently a knockabout is _______.A. an islandB. a boatC. a cruiseD. a seaman’s knot四．翻译61.在房子前面的大树下放着一张桌子。

《专业英语》复习题一、选择题1.civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for (civilian) use,whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military use2.attention must (be paid to) the working temperature of the machine.3.diplomatic relations (have been established) between china and theunited states of America4.a direct current is a current (flowing) always in the same direction.5.it’s our duty to (comply with) the specification.6.dose your shop (supply) rebar ?7.neither I nor he (is) fond of music.8.the (above-mentioned)cements(水泥) are widely used on theconstruction site.9.the production of steel has been increased (by) 70%.10.i f the garden is big, some floodlights can be (installed).11.(wherever) you go, you can see many buildings.12.d ams, (bridge), water supply systems, and other large projectsordinarily employ several engineers to work together.13.the bigger quantity you order,(the lower until cost you will beoffered).14.i n modern road constructions, powerful modern machines areemployed to move mountains and fill valleys to make the (surfaces) as direct as possible.15.b esides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be(durable).16.t ensile failure of (reinforced) concrete happens easily and involvesprogressive micro-cracking.17.c oncrete is (inherently) a porous material (多孔材料)18.–may I use your bike for a moment?--(by all means)(一定，务必)19.conclusions can be (drawn) from the above discussion.20.it’s a small country, yet has a lot of (potential) resources.21.a person’s calorie requirements vary (throughout)22.there is a computer syetem (with which) the company is experiencing problems.23. usually there is (less) traffic in the streets on weekday than on Sundays.24. The thief tried to open the locked door but (in vain)25. cracks would not only be unsightly but would (expose) the steel bars to corrosion by moisture and other chemical action.26.(having packed) their luggage, the tourists hurried to the airport.27.generous public funding of basic science would (lead to) considerable benefits for the country’s health,wealth and security.28.”you are very selfish,it’s high time you (realized) that you are not the most important person in the world,” edgar said to his boss angrily.29.(even if) the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have include all variables and modeled accurately.30.remember that customers don’t (bargain) about prices in the city.二、词组互译1.tensile strength 抗拉强度：pressive strength 抗压强度3.construction engineering 建筑工程4.reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土5.raw material 原材料6.civil engineers 土木工程师7.assemblage technology 装配技术8.simply supported beam 简支梁9.continuous beam 连续梁10.f raming member 框架构件11.b ending strength 抗弯强度12.s hearing strength 抗剪强度13.b ill of quantities 工程量清单14.e stimated cost 预算成本15.t he column-diagonal truss tube 对顶柱桁架筒体16.c ash flow 现金流动17.t hree-dimensional 三维的18.E nglish for specialized science and technology 专业外语19.g eotechnical engineering 岩土工程20.f oundation settlement 地基沉降21.f undamental assumption 基本假设22.b ending moment 弯曲力矩23.s hear stress 剪应力，剪切应力24.n ormal stress 正应力，法向应力25.o n schedule 按时26.b e in equilibrium with 与···平衡27.h orizontal plane 水平面28.v ertical plane 垂直面29.s oil mechanics 土力学30.a erial photographs 航空摄影31.s anitary engineering 卫生工程32.d etrimental agents 有害因素33.j oint action 联合作用34.d eformed bars 变形钢筋35.c urrent situation(present situation) 现状36.p ositive sequence 正序37.n egative sequence 逆序（负序）38.f abrication plant 加工厂（加工设备）39.f inancial budget 财政预算40.d ivide by 除以41.i n charge of 负责（主管）42.t ake account of 考虑到，顾及43.s pectacular achievements 惊人的成就44.u ltrahigh-rise buildings 超高层建筑45.t erminate contract 解除合同（终止合同）46.s pandrel beams 外墙托梁47.e ncroach on 侵占，蚕食48.i ntersect surfaces 相交曲面49.b undled-tube structures 束筒结构50.t ake delivery of 取货，提货三、翻译句子1.The term civil engineering originally came into use to distinguish itfrom military engineering .土木工程这个术语起初是用来与军事工程相区别的，土木工程处理的是民用的永久性建筑结构，而军事工程则是主要负责处理临时性的军用建筑。

土木专业英语复习一、英语单词Feasibility study 可行性确定locomotive 机车，火车头Wearing course磨损层Mass transportation公共交通Drainage system排水系统Packing density夯实密度Construction crew施工队Bulldozer推土机Power roller电动压路机Bituminous含沥青Geological stratum地质层Contractor承包人Consulting engineer顾问工程师Hydraulic excavator水力冲泥机Caterpillar tractor履带式拖拉机Face shovel正铲挖土机Inevitable不可避免Earth settlement土方沉降Sight distance视距Alignment线性Maneuver 机动动作In the face 面对Vertical curve 竖曲线Geometric design线型设计Cross section横断面Topography地形，地形学Design vehicle设计车辆Level of service服务水平Elevation高程Climbing lane爬坡车道Freeway高速公路Cutback挖坡，边坡Gravel砾石，卵石Converge集中，汇合Jurisdiction司法权，审判权Frontage road前沿道路Plain concrete 素混泥土Gypsum石膏Specification规格，规范Time of set凝结时间Fine aggregate 细集料compressive strength抗压强度Tensile strength抗压强度Massive structure大体积结构Reinforced concrete钢筋混泥土Formability可塑性，可成型的Toughness韧性Bending moment弯矩力Permeability渗透性Air-entrained concrete加气混泥土Carbonation碳化作用Hydraulic structure水工建筑物Segregation离析Conveyor belt传送带Membrane膜Rigid pavement刚性路面Portland cement concrete 波特兰水泥混泥土Modulus of elasticity弹性模型Consistency稠度，粘度Penetration针入度Cutback asphalt轻制沥青Medium-curing中凝Durability耐久性二、句子翻译1、except for local streets where speed controls are frequently included intentionally ,even effort should be made to use as high a design speed as practicable to attain a desire degree of safety,mobility and efficiency within the constraints of environmentalquality ,economics,aesthetics and social or political impacts （32页第三行）除了速度控制经常被包括在当地的街道，即使是努力，应该使用尽可能高的设计速度，以达到一个愿望的安全性，流动性和效率，在环境质量，经济，美学和社会或政治影响的限制2、in spite of the heavy emphasis on technical subjects in the engineering curriculum,a current trend is to require student to take courses in the social science and the language arts（第一页倒数第四行）尽管在重技术学科在工程课程中，现在的趋势是要求学生参加社会科学课程和语言的战神3、many engineers,usually working as a team that include surveyors,specialists in soil mechanics,and experts in design and construction,are involved in working these feasibility studies 许多工程师，通常作为一个团队工作，包括测量、土力学专家，专家们在设计和施工中，参与工作的可行性研究4、when we speed along modern highway,we rarely stop to think what it is we are riding on当我们沿着现代高速公路的速度，我们很少停下来想想我们是骑着什么5、there were strong demands not only from farmers but from bicyclists though the league of American Wheelmen for rural road improvement,largely for road a few miles in length connecting outlying farms with towns and railroad stations ,this development has been aptly described as getting the farmer out of the mud有很强的需求不仅来自农民从农村公路自行车虽然提高美国Wheelmen联盟，主要用于长连接边远农场西路几英里随着城镇和铁路站，这种发展被恰当地描述为让农民走出泥泞6、the properties expected in the different types of cements are carefully set out in the specifications of the various transportation agencies.frequently this is done by reference to those prescribed by AASHTO. To meet these specifications,samples must pass a number of chemical and physical tests which can only be conducted in a well-equipped laboratory在不同的运输机构的规格中，在不同类型的水泥中所期望的性能是不同的。

第九课海港和海上工程海港和海上的建筑工作比城市设计有更多不平常的问题和富有挑战性，连续宽广的大海是自然界最不知疲劳，最有气势和具有强大的自然力，为工程师提供一个对手去发现在海洋中的建筑的任何弱点或缺点，而却防止它们。

海事工程的目的。

这些广泛进行的工程主要目的有两类：水面运输，围海造陆或河道管理。

在第一批进行的工程直接用于为水陆交通工具中的货物和乘客转移提安全而经济的设施。

渔港的出现分配着大海的资源。

为轮船和水型飞机提供了安全岛，是船舶的停泊处或是私人水飞机的降落处。

围海造陆与河道管理是致力于防止海洋对陆地侵蚀恢复和改造海洋所占用土地以及维护江河入海口以作为内陆径流排放的有效措施这样的工程。

在很多地方，由于没有连续维护，大浪和暴雨一起将导致居民区的洪灾时常发生。

土木工程技术所有的工程都有很多广泛的相同。

实际上要认出在同一时期经常出现相似的工程的不同特征。

例如：主要河道清淤至足够的深度的工作即有利于通航，同时也能增加上游洪水的泄洪能力。

水力模型。

海边土建工程的计划取决于运输，围海造陆，河道管理是否促进发展技术模型的研究，曾经认为科技是不必要的，这些研究表明必不可少的第一步是对任何港口或沿海地区进行再开发，去做有用的即使是非常小的更改或增加地区，海港，河口被做成缩尺模型。

所以水不以被引导如同潮汐和其他的潮流一样，在同一方向以相同速率处在同一个地方。

各种设备一般都是电子控制，被发展以海浪和潮汐为动力用来生产。

这个试验的可贵之处在于引出了在比例上减少被发现相当于鲜少模型尺寸的比例。

这样以来，苏格兰的Clyde Estuary工程的巨大模型在14分钟的潮汐循环中或大约50次的实际潮汐次数。

三年潮汐的影响使海港的数据图表也随着更改，如果在时间为三周的试验中对模型的研究，那么任何其他的潮流在非预期内的冲刷或淤泥可能被查出来。

这种价值关系对改变位置的防堤提供保护同样可以被研究。

利用波浪生成设备，发现次要的或不利的影响。

As already discussed前已讨论 as described above如前所述as indicated in fig 1如图一所示as shown in table1如表一所示if possible如果可能的话when(if)necessary必要时where possible在可能的情况下reduce speed减慢车速reduce to powder粉碎reduce the temperature降低温度reduce the time缩短时间reduce construction expense削减工程支出reduce the number of traffic accidents减少交通事故teens of...十几tens of...几十decades of...几十scores of...几十（多于40）dozens of...几打soil mechanics土力学geological engineering 地质工程a building project of tall apartment houses高层公寓大楼的建筑项目one of the common defects in concrete maintenance混凝土维护中普遍存在的问题之一(1)civil engineering offers a particular challenge,because almost every structure or system that is designed and built by civil engineers is unique.one structure rarely duplicates another exactly 土木工程提出了特殊的挑战，因为由土木工程师设计建造的每个结构或系统几乎都是唯一的。

一个结构几乎不能完全复制另一个。

(2)if the structure is returned to its original state,additional foundation support must be provided假如建筑物要加以补救或恢复原貌，对基础做支护加固则是非常必要的。