颗粒流理论模拟砂土的力学性质

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第14卷第3期 2002年8月 岩土工程师 

Geotecnmical Engineer Vo1.14 No.3 

Aug.,2002 

Simulation of Sand Properties by Particle Flow Code ZHOU JIAN&CHI Yong (Department of geotechnical engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai。P.R.C。200092) 

Abstract:Based on the theory of Particle Flow Code(PFC),the biaxial test and shear—band evolution of sand are simulated in the paper.The macro stress—strain relation of sand is reproduced by PFC mode1. The variation rules of macro properties of the sand sample with meso—parameters,such as particle size and friction coefficient of particle,are studied in the paper.Comparing the results of sand shear—band in lab test with PFC model,and studying the formation and extension process of the shear—band as meso parameters,such as particle size,stiffness and coefficient,are varied.It is shown that the mechanism of sand shear—band can be simulated perfectly by PFC mode1. Keywords:Particle Flow Code;sand;stress—strain relation;shear—band 

颗粒流理论模拟砂土的力学性质 

周健池永 摘 要:文中采用颗粒流理论模拟了砂土双轴试验和砂土剪切带的形成与发展机理。通过颗粒流数值 模拟试验再现了砂土应力~应变关系曲线,同时研究了砂土细观参数变化时其宏观力学性质的反应。 对比研究了室内试验与颗粒流试验砂土剪切带的形成与发展机理,同时研究了当细观参数如颗粒大小、 刚度、摩擦系数变化时,砂土剪切带的变化规律。 关键词:颗粒流 砂土 应力一应变关系 剪切带 

1 Introduction The shear—band can be observed both in the shear test of sample and in the process of foundation slip. The formation of shear—band is induced by localization of distortion fields in sand,so the study on the mecha. nism of shear—band in sand should be started from me. somechanical leve1. The former study results show that the thickness of shear—band in sand depend on the particle size of sand.Roscoe(1 9 70)and Muhlhaus&Vardoulakis (1987)reported that the width of shear—band is about 8~10 times the mean grain diameter.Hill(1962), Mandel(1963),Rudnicki&Rice(1975)analysed the emergence and inclination of shear—band as a bifurca. tion problem in continuum mechanics.However,they didn't consider the thickness of shear—band since their constitutive equations depended only on the first gra— dient of displacement.Zbib&Aifantis(1989)analyzed the evolution of the deformation within the shear— band of metals.Their theory was supported by ex— perimental observations which are more abundant in metallurgy,than in soil mechanics.They intended to examine the structure of shear—band in soil but did not proceed due to lack of experimental data.Bardet& Proubet(1 9 9 1)investigated the structure of persistent shear—・band in granular materials by numerically simu・・ lating an idealized assembly of two— dimensional parti・・ cles.The displacement,volumetric strain,void ratio, rotation of the particles,are examined within the shear—band.Although the numerical method can t re— place lab test to simulate shear—band,it can be taken as a selected numerical method to simulate the struc. ture of shear—band.Cundall(1989),(1990),and (1991)modeled shear—band formation by FLAC.One aspect that is not treated well by FLAC is the thick— ness of a shear band.In reality,the thickness of a 

维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 2 岩土工程师 第3期 band is determined by internal features of the materi— 

al,such as grain size.These features are not built in— 

to FLAC constitutive models.Although the overaII 

physics of band formation is modeled correctlv bv 

FLAC,band thickness and band spacing are grid—de— pendent. Furthermore,if the strain—softening mode1 is used with a weakening material,the load/displace. ment relation generated by FLAC for a simu1ated test is strongly grid—dependent.This difficulty is not a 

major concern in PFC,because the program is used to model behavior at the particle IeveI. 

The theory of particle flow is introduced and the 

biaxial test and the formation of shear—band in sand are simulated in the paper,and the relation of meso structure and macro mechanical response of sand is obtained. 

2 Theory Background 2.1 Assumptions PFC2D provides a particle—flow model containing the following assumptions. (1)The particles are trea ted as rigid bodies. 

(2)The contacts occur over a vanishingly small 

area(i.e.,at a point). (3)Behavior at the contacts uses a soft—contact approach wherein the rigid particles are allowed to o— verlap one another at contact points. (4)The magnitude of the overlap is related to the contact force via the force displacement law,and all overlaps are small in relation to particle sizes. (5)Bonds can exist at contacts between particles. (6)A1l particles are circular;however,the clump logic supports the creation of super—particles of arbi. trary shape.Each clump consists of a set of overlap.. ping particles that act as a rigid body with a deform. able boundary. 2.2 Theory of PFC The calculation cycle in PFC2D requires the re. peated application of the law of motion to each parti— cle,a force—displacement law to each contact.and a constant updating of wall positions.Contacts,which may exist between two bails or between a ball and a wal1,are formed and broken automatically during the course of a simulation.The calculation cycle is illus. trated in Figure 1. 一Update panicle+waI posit OnS一 and set of contacts 1 Law ofMot Oil Force—Displaceme (applied to each particle) (applied to each c relative motion resuhanl tbi’ce J—moment constitutive law Contact force Ftgure 1 Calculation cycle in PFC2D 2.2.1 Force—Displacement Law The force—displacement law relates the relative displacement between two entities at a contact to the contact force acting on the entities.There are two types of contact in PFC model that is ball—ball and ball—walI contacts. The contact force vector F can be resolved into normal and shear components with respect to the contact plane as Fi—F7+F; (1) where F and F denote the normal and shear component vectors,respectively. The normal contact force vector is calcuIated bv F7一K U n (2) where K is the normal stiffness at the contact. The value of K”is determined by the current contact— stiffness mode1. The shear contact force is computed in an incre— mental fashion.When the contact is formed,the to— tal shear contact force is initialized to zero.Each sub—