Chapter Four From Word to Text
Qs:
1.What is language?
2.Can dog’s barking /bee’s dancing be
considered as a language?
3./i:/vs./i/ / /vs. / /
4.stand/sport/skirt
5.Tom eats a bread. Bread a eats Tom.
6.Human Young Male
7.It is cold here.
8.What is the golden time for learning a
second language?
1.Tom eats a bread.
Bread A eats Tom. 2.Tom eats _____.
an apple.
a piece of cake
3. ____ eats _____.
N. N.
N. Pron.
Pron. N.
Pron. Pron.Word order 位置关系Substitutability 替代关系Co-occurrence 同现关系
I. What is syntax?
Ancient Greek sýntaxis:
-“arrangement”or“setting out together”
Tom eats a bread. Bread a eats Tom.
SYNTAX is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
1.Tom eats a bread.
Bread A eats Tom. 2.Tom eats _____.
an apple.
a piece of cake
3. ____ eats _____.
N. N.
N. Pron.
Pron. N.
Pron. Pron.Word order 位置关系Positional relations Substitutability 替代关系
Co-occurrence 同现关系
1. Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds:
①positional relations
②relations of substitutability
③relations of co-occurrence
1.1 Positional Relation
communicative function
a way →mark →grammatical roles of the various phrases →occur in a clause. The boy kicked the ball
NP1 NP2
Subject Object
Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language,one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.
For example,
The boy kicked the ball. *Boy the ball kicked the. *The ball kicked the boy.
The teacher saw the students.
↑↓
The students saw the teacher.
Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONS
横组合关系observed by F.de Saussure. They are also called HORIZONTAL RELATIONS or simply CHAIN RELATIONS.
横向关系/链状关系
Three basic ways
to classify languages in the world:
1.word order
2.genetic classification
亲缘划分
3.areal classification
区域划分
Word order –
1.SVO,
2.VSO,
3.SOV,
4.OVS,
5.OSV,
6.VOS.
English -SVO type,
*does not mean that SVO is the only
