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8、What drives environmental practices of SMEs_

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WhatdrivesenvironmentalpracticesofSMEs?

BrigitteHoogendoorn•DanielaGuerra•PetervanderZwan

Accepted:11November2014/Publishedonline:22November2014ÓSpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2014

AbstractTheobjectiveofthispaperistodevelopa

betterunderstandingofwhatdrivessmalland

medium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)toengageinenvi-

ronmentalpractices,andwhetherthedriversdiffer

acrosstypesofpractices.Twotypesofenvironmental

practicesaredistinguished:practicesrelatedtopro-

ductionprocesses(greeningprocesses)andpractices

relatedtoproductsandservices(greeningproductand

serviceofferings).Despiteagrowingliteratureon

sociallyresponsiblebehavioroflargefirms,theroleof

SMEsremainsunderexposed.Thisneglectisremark-

ablegiventhesubstantialimpactofSMEsonthe

economyandthenaturalenvironment.Byusing

uniquedataforalmost8,000SMEsacross12sectors

in36countries,westudytheinfluenceoffirm

characteristicsonSMEs’environmentalbehavior.

Ourresultssuggestthatdifferentcharacteristicshave

dissimilarinfluencesonbothtypesofenvironmental

practicessuchasthetypeofcustomersserved.

Stringentenvironmentallegislationencouragesfirms

toactivelytakeonenvironmentalactivities,butonlyincaseofgreenproductsandservices.Moreover,the

dominantideathatsmallfirmsarereluctanttoinvestin

environmentalpracticesisclearlymorenuanced:firm

sizemattersmostforengagementingreeningpro-

cesses.Finally,SMEsactiveintangiblesectorsand

thatreceivefinancialsupportaremoreinvolvedin

eithertypeofenvironmentalpractices.

KeywordsSMEÁEnvironmentalpracticeÁ

StakeholdertheoryÁCorporatesocialresponsibilityÁ

Eurobarometer

JELClassificationsL26ÁM13ÁO31ÁQ56

1Introduction

Therehasbeenagrowingfocusontherolethat

businessesplaypreservingtheenvironmentsincethe

sixties(BansalandHoffman2012;VanMarrewijk

2003).Despiteanemergingliteratureontheroleof

largefirms,theroleofsmallandmedium-sized

enterprises(SMEs)remainsunderexposed(Bansal

andHoffman2012;Arago´n-Correaetal.2008;

Pachecoetal.2010).Thisneglectisremarkablegiven

thesubstantialimpactofSMEsonthenaturalenvi-

ronmentwithestimatesof60–70%oftotalpollution

beingproducedbySMEs(Arago´n-Correaetal.2008;

EuropeanCommission2010).Addressingtheenvi-

ronmentalimpactofSMEsrequiresasolidunder-

standingofwhatdrivesindividualSMEstoengage

inB.Hoogendoorn(&)ÁP.vanderZwanErasmusSchoolofEconomics,ErasmusUniversityRotterdam,P.O.Box1738,3000DRRotterdam,TheNetherlandse-mail:bhoogendoorn@ese.eur.nl

D.GuerraCenterforInnovation,TechnologyandPolicyResearch,InstitutoSuperiorTe´cnico,UniversidadedeLisboa,AvenidaRoviscoPais,1,Lisbon1049-001,Portugal

123SmallBusEcon(2015)44:759–781DOI10.1007/s11187-014-9618-9environmentalpractices.Toooften,policiesarebased

oninsightsfromlargefirmsassumingthatSMEsare

miniaturizedversionsofcorporatefirms(Arago´n-

Correaetal.2008;Perrinietal.2007).

Theobjectiveofthispaperwastodevelopabetter

understandingofwhatdrivesSMEstoengagein

environmentalpractices,andwhetherthedrivers

differacrosstypesofenvironmentalpractices.Two

typesofenvironmentalpracticesaredistinguished:

engagementingreeningprocessesandingreening

productandserviceofferings.

Weaddresstwoimportantgapsintheliterature.

Fromapracticalperspective,weaddressthecallfrom

themarketandpolicymakersonSMEstolowerthe

environmentalimpactoftheirproductsandprocesses

(EuropeanCommission2010).Fromaresearchper-

spective,wemovebeyondthepredominantfocuson

largecorporatefirmsfocusingonsmallfirmsin

‘‘dirty’’industries(BansalandHoffman2012)and

addressthelackofdifferentiationbetweentypesof

environmentallyfriendlyactivities(HalmeandLaur-

ila2009;Uhlaneretal.2012).

WeinvestigatedifferencesacrossSMEsregarding

theirengagementinenvironmentalbehavior.Large-

scaleharmonizeddataforalmost8,000SMEsacross

12sectorsin36countriesareusedtotestthe

hypotheses.Thesedataareretrievedfromthe2012

FlashEurobarometersurveyon‘‘SMEs,resource

efficiency,andgreenmarkets’’(no.342)thatwas

conductedonbehalfoftheEuropeanCommission.

Thisstudymakesseveralcontributions.First,our

multi-countryandmulti-sectorsetupisanextensionof

existingstudiesthatarelimitedtoasinglecountry

(Perrinietal.2007;Uhlaneretal.2012)and/orasingle

industry(LepoutreandValente2012;SineandLee

2009).WeinvestigatehowdifferencesbetweenSMEs

regardingtheirenvironmentalbehaviordependon

severalfirm-levelcharacteristics,thetangibilityofthe

businesssector,andthestringencyofenvironmental

legislationatthecountrylevel.Ourresearchdesign,

hence,allowsfortakingnovelfactorsintoconsider-

ationsuchasenvironmentallegislation.Inaddition,

ourresultsarelesshamperedbysamplespecificity

comparedtoexistingempiricalstudies.

Second,bytakingtwotypesofenvironmental

behaviorintoaccount,weinvestigatewhetherthe

conditionsunderwhichSMEsengageinenvironmen-

talpracticesdifferacrosstypesofenvironmental

practices.Weaddressthecalltoconsidermultipleenvironmentalpracticeswhenassessingfirmbehavior

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2020高考英语新创新一轮复习选修8Unit22EnvironmentalProtection课下作业一_三含解析北师大版

2020高考英语新创新一轮复习选修8Unit22EnvironmentalProtection课下作业一_三含解析北师大版

1 选修8 Unit 22 课下作业（一~三）

课下作业（一） 考点过关针对练

Ⅰ.单词拼写

1．If you don't pay your debt, your property will be seized (没收)．

2．For most people, the car is still their main means (方式) of transport.

3．We became trapped (使困住) by the rising floodwater.

4．What a coincidence (巧合) that we were in New York at the same time!

5．All children should be encouraged to develop their full potential (潜能)．

6．It is not worth sacrificing (牺牲) your health for your career.

7．We will condemn (谴责) those people for their mistreating pets, such as

dogs or cats.

8．The report advocated (提倡) that all buildings should be fitted with smoke

detectors in yesterday's newspaper.

9．He was substituted (替代) for another midfielder because of his injury.

10．Sometimes I wonder if my teaching is relevant (有关的) to the future of

the students.

高三环保行动英语阅读理解30题

高三环保行动英语阅读理解30题

高三环保行动英语阅读理解30题

1

Environmental issues have become one of the most pressing concerns

in the world today. Climate change is a major threat, with rising

temperatures leading to melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and more

extreme weather events. Pollution is also a significant problem, affecting

the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land we live on.

Air pollution is caused by a variety of factors, including industrial

emissions, vehicle exhaust, and burning of fossil fuels. This can lead to

respiratory problems, heart disease, and even cancer. Water pollution

comes from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage. It can

contaminate drinking water sources and harm aquatic life. Land pollution

is caused by improper disposal of waste, such as plastic, and can damage

soil quality and wildlife habitats.

湘教版八年级下册英语第六单元2b原文

湘教版八年级下册英语第六单元2b原文

湘教版八年级下册英语第六单元2b原文

原文内容。

In our daily life, we can do a lot of things to protect the environment.

First, we should reduce the use of plastic bags. Plastic bags are very

harmful to the environment. They are difficult to decompose and can cause

pollution to the soil and water. Instead, we can use cloth bags or paper

bags when shopping.

Second, we should save water. Water is a precious resource. We can turn

off the tap when we brush our teeth or wash our hands. We can also reuse

the water, for example, use the water used for washing vegetables to water

the flowers.

Third, we should plant more trees. Trees can absorb carbon dioxide and

release oxygen, which is good for our health and the environment. We can

participate in tree-planting activities and encourage others to do the same.

Finally, we should try our best to reduce waste. We can classify the

高中英语时文阅读附词汇答案环保的二手时尚

高中英语时文阅读附词汇答案环保的二手时尚

环保的二手时尚

There you

are in your favorite

clothing store.

You don’t really need to buy anything,

but

everything is so cheap and stylish (时髦的)! Before you know it, you leave the store with bags and

bags of new clothes.

On the surface, this doesn’t seem so bad. However, there are a lot of hidden costs behind the

cheap price tags (标牌) put forward by fast fashion brands.

To put it plainly, the fashion industry is terrible for the planet. Not only does it use up a lot of

resources, but it also heavily pollutes the environment with chemicals, microplastics and unwanted

waste.

Fashion is one of the least sustainable (可持续发展的) industries on the planet, commented

Michael Stanley-Jones, a program management officer with the United Nations Environment

Program. “We’ve all become our own waste managers, hoarding fashion waste in our closets,” he