BEC公式
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Total Factor Productivity Ratios (TFPs)=Out put (Q)Total costs ($)
Partial Productivity Ratios (PPRs)=Out put (Q)Specific quantity (Q)
Prime Cost=DM+DL
Conversion Cost=DL+OH
Manufacturing Cost=Product Cost=DM+DL+OH
Nonmanufacturing Cost=Periodic Cost
OH=Factory OH=Manufacturing OH=OH Cost=IM+IL+Other Indirect
Job-Order Costing/Traditional Costing System
OH Rate=Budgeted OH Cost
Estimated Cost Driver
Applied OH=Actual Cost Drivet×OH Rate
Process Costing
EU(FIFO)= pletion %+Unit Started & Completed (Unit completed−Beg.WIP)+ End.WIP
EU(WA)= Unit completed (Beg.WIP+Unit Started & Completed)+ End.WIP
Cost per EU(FIFO)=Curren CostEU
Cost per EU (WA)=Beg.Cost+Current CostEU
Absorption Approach Contribution Approach
(variable costing)
Revenue−COGS=Gross Margin−Operating Expense=Net Income Revenue−Variable Costs=Contrivution Margin−Fixed Costs=Net Income
Breakeven Point (Unit)=Total Fixed costsCM unit
Breakeven Point ($)=Unit Price×Breakeven point unit= Total Fixed CostCM %
Sales (Unit)=(FC+Pretax Profit)CM (unit)
Sales ($)=VC+FC+Pretax Profit=FC+Pretax ProfitCM %
Margin of Safety ($)=Total Sales−Breakeven sales
Margin of Sagety %=Margin of Safety $Total Sales
Selling Price VC (unit) FC Selling
Volume
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual
Flexible budgets Budget Budget Budget Actual
Master Budgets Budget Budget Budget Budget
Standard Direct Cost=Standard Price×Standard Q
Standard Indirect Cost=Standard (predetermined) application rate×Standard Q
DM Price Variance=Actual Q purchased×(Actual $−Standard $)
DM Quantity Usage Variance=Standard $×(Actual Q used−Sandard Q)
DL Rate Varience=Actual HR×(Actual rate−Standard rate)
DL Efficienecy Variance=Standard rate×(Actual HR used−Standard HR)
VOH Rate (Spending)Variance=Actual HR×(Actual rate−Standard rate)
CPA3845 VOH spending=Actual VOH−Budget VOH(Actual Q×Standard$)
VOH Effcicency Variance=Standard $×(Actual HR−Standard HR unit×Actual unit)
=Standard rate×(Actual HR−Standard HR allowed for actual production volume)
FOH Budget (Spending) Variance=Actual FOH−Budget FOH
=Actual FOH−(Standard $×Budget Unit)
FOH Volume Variance=Budget FOH−Standard FOH allocated to production
=(Standard $×Budget Unit)−(Standard $×Actual Unit)
=Standard $×(Budget Unit−Actual Unit)
CPA03831 Standard $=Budget FOH/Buget Unit
Sales Price Variance (Sales revenue flexible budget variance)=ActualQ×(Actual $−Budget $)
Sales Volume Variance=Budget CM×(Actual Q−Budget Q)
price
volume Cash Flow Related to Capital Budget
Inception of the project Operations Disposal of the project
Purchase Price+Additional (Reduced) WC−Net Proceed sale Old=Net Outflow Cash flow from Sales (1−T)
+ Cost Saving (1−T)
+ Der.×T (Dep.tax shield)
=Net Inflow Terminal Price of New
+ Salvage Value (1−T)+Recovery of WC
Net Proceed sale Old (Inflow)=Cash from disposal old
− Gain×T
+ Loss×T
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) :NPV/IRR
NPV=PV(Cash inflow×(1−T)+Dep.×T+Salvage×(1−T))−Initial investment
NPV>0→Make investment
NPV<0→Not make investment
Capital Rational: Use Profitability Index
=PV of net future cash inflow (after tax)PV of net initial investment
IRR(time adjusted rate of return):NPV=CF0+CF1(1+r)1
→NPV=0,CF0=Initial investment=CF×(1(1+r)+1(1+r)1⋯)
CF↑or Factor↑, IRR↓, Investment↑
IRR>Hurdle rate→Accept (內部收益率vs 最低預期回報率)
IRR
Pay pack period method=Net initial invetementIncrease in annual net after tax cash flow
Uniform cash inflows/ Non-uniform cash flows/ Discounted payback period
Operating Leverage=%∆EBIT%∆Sales=FCVC
Financial Leverage=%∆EPS%∆EBIT=DebtEquity=AssetEquity
WACC=Cost of equity×Equity %+Cost of Debt (after tax)×Debt %
Weighted average interest rate=Effective annual interest payments
Debt cash available= 利息加總本金加總
Cost of Debt (after tax)=Pretax cost of debt×(1−T)
Cost of Preferred Stock=PS DIPrice−FC
r=IRR PV factor Cost of Retained Earnings
=Capital Asset Pricing Model(CAPM)=Risk free rate+Risk Premium=Risk free rate+β(Market Risk premium)=Risk free rate+β(Market return−Risk free premium)
=Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)=D1P0+g //(D1=D0×(1+g)
=Bond Yild Plus Risk Premium (BYRP)=Pretax cost of LTD×Market Risk Premium
ROI=Income
Investment Capital =Profit margin(ROS)×Asset turnover=NISales×SalesAssets
ROA=NIAeests
ROE=NIEquity
(Extendded) DuPont ROE=Net profit margin×asset turnover×financial leverge=ROA×Financal leverage =NISales×SalesAssets×AssetsEquity=NIPretax income×Pretax incomeEBIT×EBITSales ×SalesAssets×AssetsEquity
Residual income(RI)=NI−Required return=NI−NBV(E)×hurdle rate
Economic value added (EVA)=NOPAT−Investment×WACC
Debt – to – total – capital ratio=DebtEquity(D+E)
Debt – to –asset ratio=DebtAsset
Debt – to –equity ratio=DebtEquity
