医学论文摘要写作指导

中国卫生产业CHINA HEALTHINDUSTRY·编读往来·论文写作技巧———摘要1.摘要应着重反映研究中的创新内容和作者的独到观点;不要简单地重复题名中已有的信息。

2.研究性文章摘要的内容应包括研究目的、研究方法、主要发现(包括关键性或主要的数据)和主要结论,一般应写成冠以“目的(Objective)”“方法(Methods)”“结果(Results)”和“结论(Conclusion)”小标题的结构式摘要。

3.综述类文章摘要的内容应包括综述的主要目的、资料来源、综述时所选择的研究数目及这些研究是如何选择的、提炼数据的规则及这些规则是如何应用的、数据综合的最重要的结果和结论。

可以写成结构式摘要,也可写成指示性或报道-指示性摘要。

4.中文摘要一般使用第三人称撰写,不列图、表,不引用文献,不加评论和解释。

5.摘要中首次出现的缩略语、代号等,除了公知公认者外,首次出现时须注明全称或加以说明。

新术语或尚无合适汉语译名的术语,可使用原文或在译名后括号中注明原文。

6.英文摘要一般与中文摘要内容相对应,但为了对外交流的需要,可以略详。

7.中文摘要一般置于题名和作者姓名下方,英文摘要(含英文题名、汉语拼音作者姓名及工作单位)可置于中文摘要的下方。

可能还不如销售人员,有挫败感,在眼镜店就业同学的流动性较强,稳定性不强。

去医院就业的同学主要是在验光配镜部工作,但高职眼视光专业同学还不能考取执业助理医师证,因此在医院工作,职称晋升等面临比较大的困难。

综合来看,高职眼视光专业就业形势仍然严峻[5-6]。

眼视光技术专业培养的是有医学眼科知识的视光学人才,但因在我国起步较晚,人们普遍将眼视光技术专业等同于配眼镜[3]。

该专业学生存在专业思想不明确、不稳固,专业学习缺乏动力等问题。

到就业时,职业心态差,对职场及职业生涯认识不够,工作环境适应能力差及企业文化的理解不足,服务和销售的态度也比较消极。

因此对眼视光技术专业同学要加强入学教育,指导学生做好职业规划,毕业时也要积极引导,增强学生的职业认同感。

临床医学论文写作技巧讲解1 医学论文写作的基本原则一篇好的临床医学论文必须具有科学性、创新性、实用性、条理性和规范化。

这是撰写医学论文必须遵循的基本原则。

1)科学性科学性是指论文资料详实，内容先进。

报道的内容必须是客观存在事实，能经得起科学的验证和实践的考验，并具有可重复性。

做到立论客观，论据充足，论证严谨。

对临床观察和实验所得的数据和实践材料加以整理、分析和推导，不能主观臆断，更不能为达到“预期目的”而歪曲事实，伪造数据。

具体要求：①数据资料来源正确可靠。

如病例来源及其选择应有一定标准;②要有周密的临床科研设计。

对观察病例要进行随机分组，试验组与对照组要具有可比性，观察指标的选定必须客观，统计学方法运用恰当。

2)创新性创新性是指论文总结的成果有新的发现、新的理论，提出新的设想，探索新的规律;采用的是新方法或新技术;在重复模仿他人已有成果或科研课题中，补充实现该成果的新条件、新方法或新改进，即仿中有创。

3)实用性实用性是指通过基础或临床医学的科研活动，解决医学实践中存在的实际问题。

一般情况下，临床医学论文对临床医学实践具有直接的指导意义，其实用性较强。

不论其报道的是成功的经验或失败的教训，都可为他人所利用或借鉴。

虽有些暂时不能解决实际问题，但从发展来看仍有其重要意义者，也应列入有实用价值的范畴。

例如回顾性研究可为前瞻性研究提供一些有价值的参考资料。

4)条理性条理性是指思想、语言、文字达到的层次。

要求：①用客观的论据和符合逻辑的推理来论证和阐述问题，形成结构严密、论点鲜明、论据充分、论证有力、结论明确、说理性强、可信度大的文章;②文字简洁、语法正确、表达清晰、层次分明，读起来流畅易懂，避免使用华丽的辞藻和夸张性词语。

5)规范化规范化也是医学论文写作的基本原则之一。

一篇好的医学论文按规定的格式撰写，一般在内容发表上可以达到要求，但要保证论文的写作质量，还应该在名词术语、计量单位、数字用法、外文字母和规范汉字上达到规范化的要求。

医学英文摘要写作How to write a medical English abstract第一章概述一、摘要的定义、用途、和长度二、摘要的内容三、摘要的类型四、摘要的写作格式五、摘要写作的注意事项What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper.摘要是作者研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括。

Purposes for AbstractsAbstracts typically serve five main goals:Help readers decide if they should read an entire article Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topicHelp readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key pointsIndex articles for quick recovery and cross-referencing Allow supervisors to review technical work without becoming bogged down in details二、摘要的内容Contents1. Title2. Name of the author3. Unit of the author/address4. Text of the abstract5. Keywords1）目的2）方法3）结果4）结果的分析、比较、评价以及应用，提出的问题以及建议5）其他三、摘要的类型1. descriptive abstract ——描述性摘要2. informative abstract——资料性摘要3. descriptive-informative abstract——描述-资料性摘要1. Non-structured abstract （非结构式摘要）2. Structured abstract （结构式摘要）full-structuredsemi-structured1.描述性摘要Descriptive Abstract/ Indicative AbstractThe descriptive abstracts tell what topics are taken up in the paper. They contain indicative information on purpose, scope, ormethodology in the original documents, but mention little or nothing about details of results, conclusions or recommendations. The advantages of a descriptive abstract are that it is easy to write and is usually short; a serious disadvantage is that it contains little information.一般只用两三句话概括论文或报道的主题，而不涉及具体的数据和结论，通常用于综述、会议报告等。

·糖尿病与并发症·糖尿病新世界DIABETES NEW WORLD糖尿病新世界2019年7月观察组对照组t 值P 值组别 1.22±0.341.05±0.372.1118<0.05TG (mmol/L) 1.14±0.681.41±0.172.4056<0.05HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.76±0.412.15±0.344.5726<0.05LDL-C (mmol/L)0.86±0.121.24±0.258.5576<0.05CysC(mg/L)9.35±2.2411.36±3.552.9904<0.05Hcy(μmol/L)61.23±15.3867.58±15.244.2500<0.051.42±0.182.24±0.489.9893<0.05血肌酐(μmol/L)24h 尿蛋白定量(g)表1两组患者的相关指标改善对比(x±s )率正逐年增加,因此分析糖尿病肾病的特点,并对患者进行针对性治疗十分关键[4-5]。

糖尿病肾病是一种主要表现为慢性高血糖、蛋白尿的疾病,多为糖尿病的合并症状,患者若没有进行有效治疗很容易导致代谢进一步紊乱,最终发展为终末期肾病,威胁患者生命安全。

选择合理有效的方式对糖尿病肾病患者进行治疗十分关键,通过生活习惯调节、药物治疗等方式都可以比较好的纠正患者的临床症状,促进其病情好转。

糖尿病肾病患者临床治疗中降糖药物的使用能够比较好的帮助患者调整相关身体指标,促进其病情好转。

近年来在糖尿病肾病患者临床用药中联合用药正在逐渐增加,使用达格列净联合厄贝沙坦治疗糖尿病肾病具有良好的效果[6]。

厄贝沙坦是临床常用的伴有糖尿病肾病的高血压患者的治疗药物,属于血管紧张素Ⅱ受体抑制剂,能够帮助抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ的转化,从而抑制血管收缩与醛固酮分泌,达到降压的效果。

如何发表医学SCI论文写作及技巧英文医学论文（medical papers）的定义医学论文是对整理和发表医学研究成果的一种特殊文本的总称，就其内容和文体特点而言科分为以下几种：1．医学科研论文（scientific papers）2．调查报告（survey）3．综述（review）4．学位论文（theses）5．医学科研论文（scientific papers）医学科研论文定义国际生物学编辑委员会对医学科研论文的定义为：必须是首次公布的应提供足够的资料，使同行们能够进行：①评价所观察到的结果；②评价其推理过程；③重复实验。

分为以下两种：①临床研究(clinical study)；②基础研究或实验研究（experimental study)医学科研论文的格式（1）标题（title）（2）摘要（abstract）（3）引言（introduction）（4）材料和方法（materials and methods）（5）结果（results）（6）讨论（discussion）（7）致谢（acknowledgement）（8）参考文献（references）一、标题（一）要求1．简明扼要（short and concise）（1）尽量控制在一行，但不是一个句子（2）不超过25个单词或120-140个字母（3）除DNA、RNA、CT等不用缩写2．信息丰富(informative)3．便于索引（indexing）4．较长标题可采用副标题（二）标题写作中常用词组和表达方式1．用…（方法／手段）对…进行研究／分析／观察／评价：Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of (on) …(by) using 方法/with工具）2．A对B的作用Effort of A on BProtective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury3．A与B的关系Correlation (relation/relationship) between A and BCorrelation of A with B and C常用修饰词：positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly4．用…治疗…Use of …in the treatment of …(病）in …（生物）Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer in the elderly5．A是B A as B二、著录部分书写（一）姓名标准式：WANG aobang，HUANG aobang，GUO Xiao’an （二）地址800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China（三）资助A project funded by the National “863” Program三、摘要的分类与格式摘要是作者要给读者的精华，分两大类：（一）指示性摘要（二）资料性摘要1．非结构式摘要缺点：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机处理带来诸多不便2．全结构式摘要（8要素摘要）（1）目的（2）设计（3）地点（4）对象（5）处理（6）主要测定项目（7）结果（8）结论全结构式摘要的优点（1）观点更明确（2）信息量更大（3）差错更少（4）符合计算机数据库建立和使用的要求全结构式摘要的缺点：烦琐、重复、篇幅过长3．半结构式摘要（四要素摘要）（1）目的（objective/purpose/aim）（2）方法（methods）（3）结果（results）（4）结论（conclusion）目的：是作者想要介绍的关键问题一、目的格式（一）单表目的（二）背景＋目的二、目的常用时态（一）背景：现在时（一般现在时、完成时和进行时）（二）目的：一般现在时／现在完成时，或一般过去时举例：（1）To evaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusions with omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients.（2）The role of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance on treatment outcome are not established. This study investigated the role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pylori resistance on eradication and development of secondary resistance.三、介绍目的常用句型主要用动词不定式to表达1．直接用to do短语表达举例：To determine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosal injury2．The purpose/aim/objective/goal(of present study is)was to举例：The aim of this study was to determine the protective function of omeprazole on gastric mucosal injury3．The present study is /was designed/devised/intended to举例：The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a genetic predisposition to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatory cytokine produced in patients with irritable bowel syndrome4．This study was performed/conducted/carried out/undertaken to举例：An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode toelucidate …5．We aimed/sought to/attempted to举例：We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosis among individuals who work in certain industries occupations.四、介绍目的常用动词1．研究：study, investigate, examine, observe, explore举例：Our objective in this report is to examine the clinical feature, pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer.2．评价：evaluate, validate举例：To evaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency room patients with abdominal trauma.3．确定：determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize4．证实：prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify5．阐明、搞清：explain, elucidate, clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to the knowledge of6．介绍：describe, present, report7．建立：establish, develop, set out8．寻找：search for, look for, seek, find9．识别、区分：identify, differentiate, discriminate10．优选：optimize11．比较：compare12．回顾：review13．相关：correlate A with B方法部分（1）研究设计（2）研究对象的特性（3）干预或处理方法（4）测定或观察方法一、研究对象的选择、来源及标准1．纳入研究：were entered into/enrolled in/selected (randomly)举例：A total of 169 patients were included in the study, 83 of whom received……2．排除或退出研究：were excluded from participation，withdrew from the study due to/because to举例：……Patients with significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded.二、研究对象的分组1．……were divided into/classified/grouped into2．……were divided randomly/randomized into3．……were divided equally into举例：Patients were divided into three groups: Group 1……Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole, ……三、年龄1．某一年龄举例：A 50-year-old patient. Patients (age 26±3 years).2．在某年龄范围内及平均年龄举例：Patients range in age from …to…, with a mean of (50 years).3．在某一年龄以上或以下举例：Patients more than 50 years. Patients under/less than 50 years.四、性别、时间1．性别twelve patients (7 male and 5 female )The male-to-female ratio was 1:42．时间Body weight was measured weekly, and liver biopsy was obtained at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. ……五、诊断与治疗1．诊断be diagnosed as having …be diagnosed as …by …/with …®be suspected as …2．治疗be treated with…(alone or in combination with …)be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis举例：（1）Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole,…（2）50 patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to receive one of the four treatment regimens. …结果部分1．是文章结论的根据2．应记录真实的科研数据3．除指示性说明外，一般用过去时表示一、常用句型1．结果表明：The results showed / demonstrated / revealed / documented / indicated/suggested…that…®It was found that…举例：The results showed that high thigh cuff Doppler technique was 79 percent sensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate.2．与…有关：A was related / correlated /associated with B. There was a relationship /correlation between A and B. There was a relation of A with B and C举例：Insulin sensitivity index was negatively with blood velocity (r=0.530,P<0.05), body mass index (r=o.563, P<0.01) and baseline insulinemia (r=0.489,P<0.05)3．增加或减少（1）表示数值增加的动词：increase, rise, elevate（2）表示数值增加的名词：increase, increment, elevation（3）表示数值减少的动词：decrease, reduce, fall, drop, decline, lower（4）表示数值减少的名词：decrease, decrement, reduction, fall, drop, decline, lowering（5）从…增加到…，平均增加…：increase from …to …, with a mean/average (increase) of …（6）从…增加到…，总的增加…：increase from …to …, with an overall increase of …（7）增加了10％：increase by (10%)4．倍数比较（1）增加或减少3倍：increase by 3 fold (times). a 3-fold increase（2）A 是B的3倍：A is 3 fold (times) as…as B. A is 3 fold (times) B5．结果的统计学意义（1）明显不同（significant difference）（2）很明显不同（very/highly significant difference）（3）区别不明显（insignificant difference）（4）无区别（nonsignificant difference/no difference）6．统计学意义常用句型（1）There was/is significant difference in…between A and B（2）The difference in …between A and B was/is significant（3）A was/is significant difference from B in …（4）No significant difference was found / observed / noted in …between A and B“in”表示区分的性质或内容举例：①There were no significant difference between treatment groups in symptoms and lung function (P>0.05).②Significant difference were not noted in the level of HDL cholesterol, and LDL peak particle diameter before and after treatment.结论部分：是作者发表观点和见解，给读者的精髓部分1．归纳性说明研究结果或发现2．结论性说明结果的可能原因、机理或意义3．前瞻性说明未解决的问题一、结论部分时态1．过去时（1）涉及本研究的内容（2）涉及他人研究过程的内容（3）作者认为只适用于本研究环境和条件的结论2．现在时（1）指示性说明（2）普遍接受的思想、理论或结论（3）作者认为本研究结论具有普遍意义（4）前瞻性说明举例：Our findings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease [指示性说明-现在时]，but only a few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation of injection drug use [本试验过程中发生的事-过去时］. Antiviral treatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression of diseases is indicated in this group of patients [作者认为具有普遍意义的结论-现在时].二、结论部分常用句型1．结果提示…：These results suggest that…举例：These data confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria.2．结果支持或反对某种观点：These results support the idea that…；These results fail to support the idea that…举例：These results do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterol concentration cause mood disturbance.3．表示观点的确定或不确定性：There is no evidence that…；It is likely/unlikely that …举例：There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or mass.4．具有…意义：Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance in…to …举例：The detection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis.5．前瞻性说明：…remain to be further studied；It is remains to be proved that …举例：However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be further studied.6．插入语：This is the first case of pancreas divisum.举例：This is the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum.小结中文是关键符合英语习惯不用简单句注意词语的用法注意时态。