可持续发展与文化遗产管理博茨瓦纳：迈向可持续发展社区(文献翻译)

Sustainable Development and Cultural Heritage Management in Botswana:

Towards Sustainable Communities

Susan O. Keitumetse University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Maun, Botswana①

ABSTRACT Strategies for the management of cultural heritage resources within a sustainable development concept framework are examined. In line with the 1992 Rio Declaration principles of sustainable development, the paper suggests sustainability principles relating to community participation as more relevant for the fi eld of cultural heritage resource management in Botswana. The article illustrates this relevance by exploring and drawing out production and consumption indicators of cultural heritage resources in both their tangible and intangible composition. It concludes that participation principles of sustainable development are more applicable as a point of departure towards integration of sustainability into cultural heritage resource management as communities are carriers and immediate custodians of cultural resources in Africa. Conservation processes that set limits of acceptable change for resource use are suggested within a modified framework that links community interaction with cultural resources at both social and resource management levels.

Keywords: sustainable development; cultural heritage resources; environmental management; sustainable communities; Botswana

Introduction: Linking Sustainable Development and the field of Cultural Heritage Resource Management THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS A BROAD POLICY FRAMEWORK (REDCLIFT, 1987; PATEL, UNPUBLISHED Ph.D. thesis) that departs from a point of view that sustainability can be achieved only when production and consumption factors and levels are monitored (WCED1, 1987; Robinson, 1993). The key aim of the concept is „. . . meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life‟ (WCED, 1987, p. 45), using natural resources in particular. The United Nations 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Quarrie, 1992) represents a global consensus, political commitment and plan of action on development and environment cooperation, which is outlined within the 27 principles contained in Annex 1 of the proceedings of the Rio conference (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992A/Conf.151/26 Vol. I (Robinson, 1993)). Agenda 21 – an action plan for implementation of the sustainable development programme – emanated from the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and currently serves as a guiding document for operational approaches to sustainable development at international, government and local authority levels. Here I argue that, although Agenda 21 principles were initially formulated specifically for management of natural resources, they are also relevant for management of resources of a cultural heritage nature (see Figure 1 above)②.

① Sustainable DevelopmentSust. Dev. 19, 49–59 (2011)Published online 11 June 2009 in Wiley Online

Library(wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/sd.419 ② Anthony, P. 1994. Managing culture. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press. To link agenda 21 principles and cultural heritage resources, an integrated management approach that provides for recognition of communities‟ archaeological heritage and local cultural values (cf. Edroma, 2004; Kopp, 2005) in environmental management is necessary. The link further creates opportunities for steps towards sustainable communities – those that are in harmony with the biophysical environment at cultural, social, economic and conservation levels. Building on this framework, the objectives of this article are to (i) highlight a neglected link between sustainable development programme and the fi eld of cultural heritage resource management, (ii) suggest management approaches that link the two programmes and (iii) demonstrate and discuss characteristics of cultural resources that render them compatible with the sustainable development programme.

Cultural Resources, Cultural Heritage and Cultural Heritage Management Cultural resources are material (tangible) and non-material (intangible) remains of societies‟ past activities on the environment, which comprise archaeological remains; monuments and sites; cultural landscapes superimposed on the natural environment; local indigenous knowledge systems; folk-life and folklore; and traditional practices and rituals attached to the biophysical environment. Cultural resources are transformed to cultural heritage when „. . . the material culture of past societies is re-evaluated and re-used in the present‟ (Skeates, 2000, pp. 9–10) by current society. Therefore, cultural heritage resources are those cultural resources that are constantly appropriated, re-constructed and re-used by living communities to suit present needs, e.g. use for tourism, national identity, ritual, traditional, activities. The field of cultural heritage resource management is responsible for conservation and management of cultural heritage resources. In most parts of the developing world, such as Botswana, resident communities are invaluable custodians of cultural heritage and cultural landscapes①– a stark contrast from the developed world, where monuments and sites