Driving Forces of Private Equity Investment in China: Case Studies of Private Entrepreneurship
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Journal of Modem Accounting and Auditing,ISSN 1 548-6583 June 2012,Vo1.8,No.6,862-879
Driving Forces of Private Equity Investment in China:
Case Studies of Private Entrepreneurship
Pang Yanmin
Fudan University,China Geng Jing
Harvard University,USA at-I暑HlN塌
Zhang Guibin
Monash University,Australia
In search of private equity investment opportunities in China,one would be astonished by the rise of raw private entrepreneurship in this largest emerging market economy in the world.The country is experiencing a transition from a planned,socialist economy to a market or mixed economy.The emergence of a significant private sector is
one of the most important developments of the market—oriented reforms in China over the last quarter of a century. It is true that the transformation of public ownership into private ownership indeed gave a rise to the new private enterprises.Nevertheless,there is also an origination process of genuine private enterprises parallel to this privatization approach.In this paper,the concept of raw entrepreneurship is introduced to distinguish new,
green-field private firms from the rest of the private sector that has emerged from older firms that have been converted from SOEs(state—owned enterprises)or COEs(collectively-owned enterprises).It is also a concept that
stresses the highly innovative manner in which private firms have emerged in China.This paper will explore deeply the concept of raw entrepreneurship through three case studies as well as theoretical analysis based on traditional
wisdom
Keywords:private equity,raw entrepreneurship,ease studies
Introduction
Many have heavily attributed to the origin of private enterprises in China to the privatized SOEs
(state.owned enterprises)or COEs(collectively—owned enterprises),which led to a great deal of privatization literature within the Chinese context(e.g.,Liu&Garino,2001;Gamaut,Song,Tenev,&Yao,2005;Chen,
2005;Liu,Sun.&Woo,2006).It is true that the transformation of public ownership into private ownership indeed gave rise to the new private enterprises.Nevertheless,there is also an origination process of genuine private enterprises parallel to this privatization approach.In this paper,the concept of raw entrepreneurship is
introduced to distinguish new,green.field private finns from the rest of the private sector that has emerged from older firms that have been converted from SCIEs or COEs.It is also a concept that stresses the highly
innovative manner in which private firms have emerged in China.This paper will explore deeply the concept of
raw entrepreneurship through three case studies.The case study approach is especially appropriate as it provides a detailed account of the chronological evolution of private sector firms and the role of
micro.activities in the rise of entrepreneurial talents in China.
Pang Yanmin,Ph.D.candidate,School of Economics,Fudan University. Geng Jing,Ph.D.,Lee Kuan Yew fellow,Harvard Kennedy School,Harvard University Zhang Guibin,Ph.D.,research fellow,Monash Asia Institute,Monash University.
DRIVING FORCES OF PRIVATE EQUITY INVESTMENT IN CHINA 863
In describing the process by which private entrepreneurship grew in China after 1 978,this paper has
focused on the factors that made it possible in Chengdu,one of China’s most important inland cities.During the Maoist period,Chengdu had formed the very core of China’s“Third Front Construction”strategy,designed
as part of the CCP’s(Chinese Communist Party)response to Western and Soviet hostility.Paradoxically,the reform of the state—owned industrial sector,which was characterized by privatization,also started in Sichuan,
the home province of Chengdu.With the end of Maoism,economic development focused on the Eastern
seaboard---4o the detriment of the central and western regions of China.However,private entrepreneurship was not to be held back in Chengdu and quickly rose up to meet the challenges offered by Deng Xiaoping’s reform
policies.In this way,this paper seeks to redress the current bias in favor of research about the economic reform
process on the eastern seaboard. The three green—field companies included in this paper have had no state encouragement and have had
nothing to do with the conversion of state—owned enterprises into new,non—state,collective enterprises.They all started from scratch,often as a self-employed small business,and then grew into larger firms called private
enterprise in a very short period of time.The first two began as agri-businesses based on family capital and
labor and the other one was urban businesses developed on the basis of professional contacts.The Chengdu・based companies selected for this research were: