Chronic Inflammation Links Cancer and Parkinson’s Disease

关系仍需要进一步探究。

综上所述，TLR4介导的炎症反应在帕金森病发病机制中的作用被广泛关注，本研究证实，MPTP 诱导的帕金森病小鼠模型同样存在TLR4活化的现象，并可能通过“肠-脑”轴双向作用加剧炎症级联反应。

而白藜芦醇可能通过抑制LPS 诱导的TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB 信号通路的激活缓解炎症反应，修复肠道屏障，并减少α-syn 在肠道的累积，进而发挥保护多巴胺能神经元的效应。

参考文献：［1］Pajares M,I Rojo A,Manda G,et al.Inflammation in Parkinson'sdisease:mechanisms and therapeutic implications ［J ］.Cells,2020,9(7):1687-93.［2］Wang R,Shih LC.Parkinson's disease-current treatment ［J ］.CurrOpin Neurol,2023,36(4):302-8.［3］Bashir Y ,Khan AU.The interplay between the gut-brain axis and themicrobiome:a perspective on psychiatric and neurodegenerative dis-orders ［J ］.Front Neurosci,2022,16:1030694-9.［4］Su M,Tang T,Tang WW,et al.Astragalus improves intestinal barrierfunction and immunity by acting on intestinal microbiota to treat T2DM:a research review ［J ］.Front Immunol,2023,14:1243834-42.［5］Wasiak J,Gawlik-Kotelnicka O.Intestinal permeability and itssignificance in psychiatric disorders-A narrative review and future perspectives ［J ］.Behav Brain Res,2023,448:114459-63.［6］Su Y ,Shi CH,Wang T,et al.Dysregulation of peripheral monocytesand pro-inflammation of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease ［J ］.J Neurol,2022,269(12):6386-94.［7］Li JP,Liu X,Wu YZ,et al.Aerobic exercise improves intestinalmucosalbarrierdysfunctionthroughTLR4/MyD88/NF-κBsignaling pathway in diabetic rats ［J ］.Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2022,634:75-82.［8］郭野,陈美霓,李家萱.白藜芦醇的临床应用研究进展［J ］.新乡医学院学报,2023,40(3):290-4.［9］Jiang H,Ni J,Hu LS,et al.Resveratrol may reduce the degree ofperiodontitis by regulating ERK pathway in gingival-derived MSCs ［J ］.Int J Mol Sci,2023,24(14):11294-9.［10］Mannino D,Scuderi SA,Casili G,et al.Neuroprotective effects ofGSK-343in an in vivo model of MPTP-induced nigrostriatal degeneration ［J ］.J Neuroinflammation,2023,20(1):155-63.［11］Li JY ,Zhao JW,Chen LM,et al.α-Synuclein induces Th17differentiation and impairs the function and stability of Tregs by promoting RORC transcription in Parkinson's disease ［J ］.Brain Behav Immun,2023,108:32-44.［12］安云英.白藜芦醇改善帕金森病小鼠相关症状及其对肠道菌群的影响［D ］.新乡:新乡医学院,.［13］李琪,陈碾,罗金定,等.二氢杨梅素经激活AMPK/ULK1通路改善2型糖尿病大鼠帕金森病样病变［J ］.生理学报,2023,9(1):59-68.［14］Yan YQ,Zheng R,Liu Y ,et al.Parkin regulates microglial NLRP3and represses neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease ［J ］.Aging Cell,2023,22(6):e13834-40.［15］Su CF,Jiang L,Zhang XW,et al.Resveratrol in rodent models ofParkinsons disease:a systematic review of experimental studies ［J ］.图6RES 下调脑黑质区TLR4的表达，上调TH 的表达Fig.6RES downregulates the expression of TLR4and upregulates the expression of TH in the substantia nigra of the mice.A:Immunofluorescence double-stained image of TLR4-positive neurons (red fluorescence)and TH-positive neurons (green fluorescence)in the substantia nigra of the mice.The fluorescence intensity represents the level of expression (Scale bar:100μm).B:Expression of TLR4.C:Expression of TH.*P <0.05,**P <0.01.M P T P +R E S 30M P T PC o n t r o lT L R 4e x p r e s s i o n500450400350300250200150100500ControlMPTP MPTP+RES30Control MPTP MPTP+RES30T H e x p r e s s i o n40003500300025002000150010005000ABC MERGETLR4TH*****J South Med Univ,2024,44(2):270-279··278Front Pharmacol,2021,12:644219-25.［16］Shahcheraghi SH,Salemi F,Small S,et al.Resveratrol regulates inflammation and improves oxidative stress via Nrf2signaling pathway:therapeutic and biotechnological prospects［J］.Phytother Res,2023,37(4):1590-605.［17］Gao YN,Meng QW,Qin JW,et al.Resveratrol alleviates oxidative stress induced by oxidized soybean oil and improves gut function via changing gut microbiota in weaned piglets［J］.J Anim Sci Biotechnol,2023,14(1):54-63.［18］Shaito A,Al-Mansoob M,Ahmad SMS,et al.Resveratrol-mediated regulation of mitochondria biogenesis-associated pathways in neurodegenerative diseases:molecular insights and potential therapeutic applications［J］.Curr Neuropharmacol,2023,21(5): 1184-201.［19］Zhang L,Kang QZ,Kang MX,et al.Regulation of main ncRNAs by polyphenols:a novel anticancer therapeutic approach［J］.Phytomedicine,2023,120:155072-83.［20］Tao J,An YY,Xu LY,et al.The protective role of microbiota in the prevention of MPTP/P-induced Parkinson's disease by resveratrol ［J］.Food Funct,2023,14(10):4647-61.［21］Yang LC,Wang YB,Li ZW,et al.Brain targeted peptide-functionalized chitosan nanoparticles for resveratrol delivery: impact on insulin resistance and gut microbiota in obesity-related Alzheimer's disease［J］.Carbohydr Polym,2023,310:120714-21.［22］Cannon T,Gruenheid S.Microbes and Parkinson's disease:from associations to mechanisms［J］.Trends Microbiol,2022,30(8):749-60.［23］Goya ME,Xue F,Sampedro-Torres-Quevedo C,et al.Probiotic Bacillus subtilis protects againstα-synuclein aggregation in C.elegans［J］.Cell Rep,2020,30(2):367-80.e7.［24］Ramezani M,Wagenknecht-Wiesner A,Wang T,et al.Alpha synuclein modulates mitochondrial Ca2+uptake from ER during cell stimulation and under stress conditions［J］.bioRxiv,2023: 2023.04.23.537965.［25］Duan YN,Wang YX,Liu YH,et al.Circular RNAs in Parkinson's disease:reliable biological markers and targets for rehabilitation［J］.Mol Neurobiol,2023,60(6):3261-76.［26］Aho VTE,Houser MC,Pereira PAB,et al.Relationships of gut microbiota,short-chain fatty acids,inflammation,and the gut barrier in Parkinson's disease［J］.Mol Neurodegener,2021,16(1):6-12.［27］Kumari S,Taliyan R,Dubey prehensive review on potential signaling pathways involving the transfer ofα-synuclein from the gut to the brain that leads to Parkinson's disease［J］.ACS Chem Neurosci,2023,14(4):590-602.［28］Roe K.An alternative explanation for Alzheimer's disease and Par-kinson's disease initiation from specific antibiotics,gut microbiotadysbiosis and neurotoxins［J］.Neurochem Res,2022,47(3):517-30.［29］Kleine Bardenhorst S,Cereda E,Severgnini M,et al.Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Parkinson disease:a systematic review and pooledanalysis［J］.Eur J Neurol,2023,30(11):3581-94.［30］Zhao Z,Ning JW,Bao XQ,et al.Fecal microbiota transplantation protects rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mice via suppressinginflammation mediated by the lipopolysaccharide-TLR4signalingpathway through the microbiota-gut-brain axis［J］.Microbiome,2021,9(1):226-35.［31］Wang WX,Bale S,Yalavarthi B,et al.Deficiency of inhibitory TLR4 homolog RP105exacerbates fibrosis［J］.JCI Insight,2022,7(21):e160684-90.［32］De Ciucis CG,Fruscione F,De Paolis L,et al.Toll-like receptors and cytokine modulation by goat milk extracellular vesicles in a modelof intestinal inflammation［J］.Int J Mol Sci,2023,24(13):11096-105.［33］Wang QH,Botchway BOA,Zhang Y,et al.Ellagic acid activates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway in improving Parkinson'sdisease:a review［J］.Biomed Pharmacother,2022,156:113848-55.［34］da Costa RO,Gadelha-Filho CVJ,de Aquino PEA,et al.Vitamin D (VD3)intensifies the effects of exercise and prevents alterations ofbehavior,brain oxidative stress,and neuroinflammation,inhemiparkinsonian rats［J］.Neurochem Res,2023,48(1):142-60.［35］Sarkar S.Microglial ion channels:key players in non-cell autono-mous neurodegeneration［J］.Neurobiol Dis,2022,174:105861-8.［36］Chen MT,Hou PF,Zhou M,et al.Resveratrol attenuates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by maintaining gut barrierintegrity and inhibiting gut inflammation through regulation of theendocannabinoid system［J］.Clin Nutr,2020,39(4):1264-75.［37］Lei JR,Tu XK,Wang Y,et al.Resveratrol downregulates the TLR4 signaling pathway to reduce brain damage in a rat model of focalcerebral ischemia［J］.Exp Ther Med,2019,17(4):3215-21.［38］Wang P,Chen Q,Tang ZQ,et al.Uncovering ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease via bioinformatics and machine learning,andreversed deducing potential therapeutic natural products［J］.FrontGenet,2023,14:1231707-18.［39］黄庆洋,纪东东,田绣云,等.小檗碱通过激活Nrf2-HO-1/GPX4通路抑制小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞的铁死亡［J］.南方医科大学学报,2022,42(6):937-43.［40］Mirzaei H,Sedighi S,Kouchaki E,et al.Probiotics and the treatment of Parkinson's disease:an update［J］.Cell Mol Neurobiol,2022,42(8):2449-57.（编辑：林萍） J South Med Univ,2024,44(2):270-279··279肺癌是全球最常诊断的癌症之一，也是癌症相关死亡的主要原因，其中非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC ）是肺癌最常见的一种亚型，占比达80%［1,2］。

cough 咳嗽asthma 哮喘pneumonia 肺炎heart disease 心脏arrhythmia 心律不齐indigestion 消化不良gastritis 胃炎appendicitis 盲肠炎hepatitis 肝炎dermatitis皮炎freckle/ephelis 痣，雀斑acne 粉刺flu 流感diarrhoea 痢疾quarantine 检疫vaccinate 打疫苗endemic 水土不服relapse 复发症casualty急症stupor 昏迷sprain 扭伤scaldinggraze 擦伤scratch 搔挠trauma 外伤bruise 淤伤fracture骨折dislocation 脱臼tinnitus 耳鸣trachoma 沙眼colour blindness 色盲nearsightedness/myopia近视astigmatism 散光gingivitis 牙龈炎cavity 龋齿fever 发烧discomfort/disorder 不适malnutrition 营养不良incubation 潜伏期asthenia 虚弱poisoning 中毒fatigue 疲劳heat stroke 中暑itching 发痒ache/pain 痛tetanus 破伤风night sweat 盗汗chill 打冷颤pale 脸色发白shuddering 发抖inflammation 炎症acute 急症chronic 慢性病congenital 先天性病nausea恶心vomit 呕吐哮喘asthma扁桃体tonsil扁桃体炎tonsillitis糖尿病diabetes头痛headache感冒cold咳嗽cough肺炎pneumonia肝炎hepatitis脑膜炎brain fever/meningitis膀胱炎cystitis急性胃炎acute gastritis胃炎gastritis气管炎trachitis支气管炎bronchitis阑尾炎appendicitis胃肠炎gastroenteritis乳腺炎mastitis肿瘤tumor癌症cancer禽流感bird flu/avian influenza非典SARS(Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome)疯牛病mad cow disease黑死病black death白血病leukemia爱滋病AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 流感influenza白内障cataract狂犬病rabies中风stroke冠心病coronary heart disease糖尿病diabetes肺癌lung cancer肝癌liver cancer肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis肝硬化hepatocirrhosis慢性病chronic肺气肿emphysema胃癌cancer of stomach胃病stomach trouble心脏病heart disease发烧fever心脏病heart disease糖尿病sugar diabetes心脑血管疾病cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease 小儿麻痹症infantile paralysis癌症cancer狂犬病hydrophobia肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis艾滋病AIDS=Acquired Immure Deficiency Syndrome乙型肝炎hepatitis B白内障cataractInternal Medicine 内科Acidosis 酸中毒Adams-Stokes syndrome 亚－斯氏综合症alcoholism, alcoholic intoxication 酒精中毒alkalosis 碱中毒anaphylaxis 过敏症anemia 贫血iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血megaloblastic anemia 巨幼红细胞性贫血aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血angiitis 脉管炎angina pectoris 心绞痛arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化apoplexy 中风auricular fibrillation 心房纤颤auriculo-ventricular block 房室传导阻滞bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘bronchitis 支气管炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张bronchopneumonia 支气管肺炎carcinoma 癌cardiac arrhythmia 心律紊乱cardiac failure 心力衰竭cardiomyopathy 心肌病cirrhosis 肝硬化coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉硬化性心脏病Crohn disease 克罗恩病Cushing's syndrome 库欣综合症diabetes 糖尿病diffuse intravascular coagulation 弥散性血管凝血dysentery 痢疾enteritis 肠炎gastric ulcer 胃溃疡gastritis 胃炎gout 痛风hepatitis 肝炎Hodgkin's disease 霍奇金病hyperlipemia 高脂血症，血脂过多hyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺功能亢进hypersplenism 脾功能亢进hypertension 高血压hyperthyroidism 甲状腺功能亢进hypoglycemia 低血糖hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退infective endocarditis 感染性心内膜炎influenza 流感leukemia 白血病lobar pneumonia 大叶性肺炎lymphadenitis 淋巴结炎lymphoma 淋巴瘤malaria 疟疾malnutrition 营养不良measles 麻疹myeloma 骨髓瘤myocardial infarction 心肌梗死myocarditis 心肌炎nephritis 肾炎nephritic syndrome 肾综合症obstructive pulmonary emphysema 阻塞性肺气肿pancreatitis 胰腺炎peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡peritonitis 腹膜炎pleuritis 胸膜炎pneumonia 肺炎pneumothorax 气胸purpura 紫癜allergic purpura 过敏性紫癜thrombocytolytic purpura 血小板减少性紫癜pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎renal failure 肾功能衰竭rheumatic fever 风湿病rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎scarlet fever 猩红热septicemia 败血症syphilis 梅毒tachycardia 心动过速tumour 肿瘤typhoid 伤寒ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage 上消化道血Neurology 神经科brain abscess 脑脓肿cerebral embolism 脑栓塞cerebral infarction 脑梗死cerebral thrombosis 脑血栓cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血concussion of brain 脑震荡craniocerebral injury 颅脑损伤epilepsy 癫痫intracranial tumour 颅内肿瘤intracranial hematoma 颅内血肿meningitis 脑膜炎migraine 偏头痛neurasthenia 神经衰弱neurosis 神经官能症paranoid psychosis 偏执性精神病Parkinson's disease 帕金森综合症psychosis 精神病schizophrenia 精神分裂症Surgery 外科abdominal external hernia 腹外疝acute diffuse peritonitis 急性弥漫性腹膜炎acute mastitis 急性乳腺炎acute pancreatitis 急性胰腺炎acute perforation of gastro-duodenal ulcer急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔acute pyelonephritis 急性肾盂肾炎anal fissure 肛裂anal fistula 肛瘘anesthesia 麻醉angioma 血管瘤appendicitis 阑尾炎bleeding of gastro-duodenal ulcer 胃十二指肠溃疡出血bone tumour 骨肿瘤breast adenoma 乳房腺瘤burn 烧伤cancer of breast 乳腺癌carbuncle 痈carcinoma of colon 结肠炎carcinoma of esophagus 食管癌carcinoma of gallbladder 胆囊癌carcinoma of rectum 直肠癌carcinoma of stomach 胃癌cholecystitis 胆囊炎cervical spondylosis 颈椎病choledochitis 胆管炎cholelithiasis 胆石症chondroma 软骨瘤dislocation of joint 关节脱位erysipelas 丹毒fracture 骨折furuncle 疖hemorrhoid 痔hemothorax 血胸hypertrophy of prostate 前列腺肥大intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻intestinal tuberculosis 肠结核lipoma 脂肪瘤lithangiuria 尿路结石liver abscess 肝脓肿melanoma 黑色素瘤osseous tuberculosis 骨结核osteoclastoma 骨巨细胞瘤osteoporosis 骨质疏松症osteosarcoma 骨质疏松症osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤Paget's disease 佩吉特病perianorecrtal abscess 肛管直肠周围脓肿phlegmon 蜂窝织炎portal hypertension 门静脉高压prostatitis 前列腺炎protrusion of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出purulent arthritis 化脓性关节炎pyogenic ostcomyclitis 化脓性骨髓炎pyothorax 脓胸rectal polyp 直肠息肉rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎rupture of spleen 脾破裂scapulohumeral periarthritis 肩周炎tenosynovitis 腱鞘炎tetanus 破伤风thromboangiitis 血栓性脉管炎thyroid adenocarcinoma 甲状腺腺癌thyroid adenoma 甲状腺腺瘤trauma 创伤urinary infection 泌尿系感染varicose vein of lower limb 下肢静脉曲张Paediatrics 儿科acute military tuberculosis of the lung 急性粟粒性肺结核acute necrotic enteritis 急性坏死性结肠炎anaphylactic purpura 过敏性紫癜ancylostomiasis 钩虫病ascariasis 蛔虫病asphyxia of the newborn 新生儿窒息atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损birth injury 产伤cephalhematoma 头颅血肿cerebral palsy 脑性瘫痪congenital torticollis 先天性斜颈convulsion 惊厥Down's syndrome 唐氏综合症glomerulonephritis 肾小球肾炎hemophilia 血友病infantile diarrhea 婴儿腹泻intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn 新生儿颅内出血intussusception 肠套叠necrotic enterocolitis of newborn 新生儿坏死性小肠结膜炎neonatal jaundice 新生儿黄疸nutritional iron deficiency anemia 营养性缺铁性贫血nutritional megaloblastic anemia 营养性巨幼细胞性贫血patent ductus arteriosis 动脉导管未闭poliomyelitis 骨髓灰质炎premature infant 早产儿primary tuberculosis 原发性肺结核progressive muscular dystrophy 进行性肌肉营养不良pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉狭窄purulent meningitis 化脓性脑膜炎rickets 佝偻病sepsis of the newborn 新生儿败血症tetanus of the newborn 新生儿破伤风tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症thrush 鹅口疮，真菌性口炎varicella 水痘ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损viral encephalitis 病毒性脑炎viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎Gynecology and Obstetrics 妇，产科abortion 流产adenomyosis 子宫内膜异位症amniotic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞Bartholin's cyst 巴氏腺囊肿carcinoma of cervix 子宫颈癌carcinoma of endometrium 子宫内膜癌carcinoma of ovary 卵巢癌cervicitis 宫颈炎chorio-epithelioma 绒毛膜上皮癌corpora luteum cyst 黄体囊肿dystocia 难产eclampsia 子痫edema-proteinuria-hypertension syndrome水肿蛋白尿高血压综合征（妊娠高血压综合征）endometriosis 子宫内膜异位症extrauterine pregnancy 子宫外孕hydatidiform mole 葡萄胎hyperemesis gravidarum 妊娠剧吐infertility 不育症irregular menstruation 月经失调lochia 恶露monilial vaginitis 念珠菌性阴道炎multiple pregnancy 多胎妊娠myoma of uterus 子宫肿瘤oligohydramnios 羊水过少ovarian tumour 卵巢肿瘤pelvic inflammatory disease 盆腔炎placenta previa 前置胎盘placental abruption 胎盘早期剥离pregnancy-hypertension syndrome 妊娠高血压综合症premature birth 早产premature rupture of membrane 胎膜早破postpartum hemorrhage 产后出血puerperal infection 产褥感染rupture of uterus 子宫破裂trichomonas vaginitis 滴虫性阴道炎uteroplacental apoplexy 子宫胎盘卒中vulvitis 外阴炎Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology 五官科amblyopia 弱视amygdalitis, tonsillitis 扁桃体炎astigmatism 散光carcinoma of nasopharynx鼻咽癌carcinoma of larynx 喉癌cataract 白内障tinnitus 耳鸣chalazion 霰粒肿，脸板腺囊肿colour blindness 色盲deflection of nasal septum 鼻中隔偏曲deafness 聋furuncle of nasalvestibule 鼻前庭疖glaucoma 青光眼heterotropia 斜视hyperopia 远视injury of cornea 角膜损伤ceruminal impaction 耵聍嵌塞iritis 虹膜炎keratitis 角膜炎labyrinthitis 迷路炎，内耳炎laryngitis 喉炎mastoiditis 乳突炎myopia 近视nasal sinusitis 鼻窦炎otitis media 中耳炎obstruction of larynx 喉梗阻peritonsillar abscess 扁桃体中脓肿pharyngitis 咽炎rhinitis 鼻炎Dermatoloty 皮科acne 痤疮carcinoma of skin 皮肤癌bed sore 褥疮decubitus ulcer 褥疮性溃疡drug eruption 药皮疹eczema 湿疹herpes simplex 单纯疱疹herpes zoster 带状疱疹lupus erythematosis 红斑狼疮psoriasis 牛皮癣urticaria 荨麻疹wart 疣neuralgia 神经痛neurasthenia 神经衰弱paralysis 麻痹peritonitis 腹膜炎pharyngitis 咽炎phtisis 痨病,肺结核pneumonia 肺炎poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎rabies 狂犬病rheumatism 风湿病rickets, rachitis 佝偻病scabies, itch 疥疮scarlet fever 猩红热sciatica 坐骨神经痛sclerosis 硬化septicemia, septicaemia 败血病sinusitis 窦炎smallpox 天花anemia, anaemia 贫血angina pectoris 心绞痛appendicitis 阑尾炎arthritis 关节炎bronchitis 支气管炎cancer 癌catarrh 卡他,粘膜炎chicken pox, varicella 水痘cholera 霍乱cold 感冒,伤风,着凉(head) cold 患感冒diabetes 糖尿病diphtheria 白喉eczema 湿疹epilepsy 癫痫erysipelas 丹毒gangrene 坏疽German measles, rubella 风疹gout 痛风headache 头痛hemiplegy, hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂interus, jaundice 黄疸indigestion 消化不良influenza, flu 流感insanity 精神病leukemia 白血病malaria 疟疾malnutrition 营养不良Malta fever 马耳他热,波状热measles 麻疹migraine, splitting headache 偏头痛miocardial infarction 心肌梗塞mumps 流行性腮腺炎swamp fever 沼地热syncope 晕厥syphilis 梅毒tetanus 破伤风thrombosis 血栓形成torticollis, stiff neck 斜颈tuberculosis 结核病tumour 瘤(美作:tumor)typhus 斑疹伤寒urticaria, hives 荨麻疹whooping cough 百日咳yellow fever 黄热病zona, shingles 带状疮疹cough 咳嗽asthma 哮喘pneumonia 肺炎heart disease 心脏病arrhythmia 心律不齐indigestion 消化不良gastritis 胃炎appendicitis 盲肠炎hepatitis 肝炎dermatitis皮炎freckle/ephelis 痣，雀斑acne 粉刺flu 流感diarrhoea 痢疾quarantine 检疫vaccinate 打疫苗endemic 水土不服relapse 复发症casualty急症stupor 昏迷sprain 扭伤scalding烫伤graze 擦伤scratch 搔挠trauma 外伤bruise 淤伤fracture骨折dislocation 脱臼tinnitus 耳鸣trachoma 沙眼colour blindness 色盲nearsightedness/myopia 近视astigmatism 散光gingivitis 牙龈炎cavity 龋齿fever 发烧discomfort/disorder 不适malnutrition 营养不良incubation 潜伏期asthenia 虚弱poisoning 中毒fatigue 疲劳heat stroke 中暑itching 发痒ache/pain 痛tetanus 破伤风night sweat 盗汗chill 打冷颤pale 脸色发白shuddering 发抖inflammation 炎症acute 急症chronic 慢性病congenital 先天性病nausea恶心vomit 呕吐。

用英语介绍咖啡好处作文标题，The Benefits of Coffee。

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages enjoyed by people all over the world. Its rich aroma and bold flavor have made it a staple in many cultures. Beyond its delicious taste, coffee offers numerous health benefits that make it even more appealing. In this essay, we will explore the various advantages of drinking coffee.Firstly, coffee is known for its ability to boost energy levels and improve mental alertness. The caffeine content in coffee acts as a stimulant, helping to increase focus and concentration. Many people rely on a cup of coffee in the morning to kick-start their day and stay productive throughout. Studies have shown that moderate coffee consumption can enhance cognitive function and reduce the risk of cognitive decline in older adults.Moreover, coffee is a rich source of antioxidants,which are compounds that help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. Antioxidants play a crucial rolein reducing inflammation and preventing chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Regular coffee drinkers may experience lower rates of these conditions compared to non-coffee drinkers.Additionally, coffee has been linked to improved physical performance and fat metabolism. Caffeine stimulates the nervous system, signaling fat cells to break down body fat and release them into the bloodstream as free fatty acids. This process can enhance athletic performance and aid in weight loss when combined with regular exercise and a healthy diet.Furthermore, coffee has been associated with a reduced risk of certain diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The caffeine and antioxidants in coffee have neuroprotective effects, helping to prevent the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, which is characteristic of Parkinson's disease. Similarly, coffee consumption has been shown to lower the risk of Alzheimer'sdisease and dementia by preserving cognitive function and reducing the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain.In addition to its physical health benefits, coffee has also been found to have positive effects on mental well-being. The ritual of enjoying a cup of coffee can provide comfort and relaxation, reducing stress and anxiety levels. Moreover, coffee contains compounds such as chlorogenic acids and trigonelline, which have been shown to have antidepressant effects by increasing the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.Furthermore, coffee has social benefits as well, serving as a catalyst for social interactions and bonding among friends, family, and colleagues. Whether it's catching up over coffee with a friend or networking at a business meeting, coffee often acts as a social lubricant, fostering communication and connection between individuals.Despite its many benefits, it's important to consume coffee in moderation. Excessive caffeine intake can lead to side effects such as insomnia, nervousness, and increasedheart rate. Moreover, some individuals may be more sensitive to caffeine than others, experiencing adverse reactions even with small amounts.In conclusion, coffee is much more than just a delicious beverage—it offers a wide array of health benefits that contribute to overall well-being. From increased energy and mental alertness to reduced risk of chronic diseases, coffee has earned its reputation as one of the world's favorite drinks. So the next time you reach for a cup of coffee, remember that you're not just indulging in a tasty treat—you're also giving your body and mind a healthy boost.。

d, Vit B12
• hyperoxide dismutase • microcirculation disturbance ： lip,
nail, apex linguae
• systemic factor ： ulceration of stoma
ch 、 hepatitis 、 colonitis 、 diarrhoea
NEXT
3. Clinical features
minor aphthous ulcer major aphthous ulcer herpetiform ulcer
NEXT
feature
MiAU yellow red concave painful small (24mm)
MjAU
big (1-3cm) deep scar
口腔粘膜溃疡类疾病
Oral Ulcerative diseases
NEXT
Introduction
Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer BehÇet’s disease Traumatic Ulcer & Traumatic Bulla Reiter’s Syndrome
Summary
BACK
II. Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer
1.Preface
• Name
recurrent aphthous ulcer RAU recurrent aphthous stomatitis RAS recurrent oral ulcer ROU
NEXT
• Typing Lehner’s classification
NEXT
Comparison
age depth self-healing systemic condition pathology recurrence