NACE_Std._SP0169-2002

Joint Surface Preparation Standard SSPC-SP 6/NACE NO. 3Commercial Blast CleaningThis SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings and NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this docu-ment, its scope and provisions. Its acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone, having adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this standard is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or other-wise, to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of Letters Patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances. SSPC and NACE assume no responsibility for the interpre-tation or use of this standard by other parties and accept responsibility for only those official interpretations issued by SSPC or NACE in accordance with their respective govern-ing procedures and policies, which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers.Users of this standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, and regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in relation to this standard prior to its use. This SSPC/NACE standard may not neces-sarily address all potential health and safety problems or environmental hazards associated with the use of materi-als, equipment and/or operations detailed or referred to within this standard. Users of this standard are also respon-sible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and envi-ronmental protection practices, in consultation with appro-priate regulatory authorities, if necessary, to achieve com-pliance with any existing applicable regulatory require-ments prior to the use of this standard.CAUTIONARY NOTICE: SSPC/NACE standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised or withdrawn at any time without prior notice. SSPC and NACE require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of initial publication. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest edition. Purchasers may receive current information on all standards and other publications by contacting the organi-zations at the addresses below:©NACE InternationalP.O. Box 218340Houston, TX 77218-8340(telephone +1 281/228-6200)©SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings40 24th Street, Sixth FloorPittsburgh, PA 15222(telephone +1 412/281-2321)ForewordThis joint standard covers the use of blast cleaning abrasives to achieve a defined degree of cleaning of steel surfaces prior to the application of a protective coating or lining system. This standard is intended for use by coating or lining specifiers, applicators, inspectors, or others whose responsibility it may be to define a standard degree of surface cleanliness.The focus of this standard is commercial blast cleaning. White metal blast cleaning, near-white blast cleaning, indus-trial blast cleaning, and brush-off blast cleaning are ad-dressed in separate standards.Commercial blast cleaning provides a greater degree of cleaning than industrial blast cleaning (SSPC-SP 14/ NACE No. 8), but less than near-white blast cleaning (SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2).Commercial blast cleaning is used when the objective is to remove all visible oil, grease, dust, dirt, mill scale, rust, coating, oxides, corrosion products and other foreign mat-ter, leaving staining or shadows on no more than 33 percent of each unit area of surface as described in Section 2.2.The difference between a commercial blast and a near-white blast is in the amount of staining permitted to remain on the surface. Commercial blast allows stains or shadows on 33 percent of each unit area of surface. Near-white blast allows staining or shadows on only 5 percent of each unit area.The difference between a commercial blast and an industrial blast is that a commercial blast removes all visible oil, grease, dust, dirt, mill scale, rust, coating, oxides, corro-sion products and other foreign matter from all surfaces and allows stains to remain on 33 percent of each unit area of surface, while industrial blast allows defined mill scale, coating, and rust to remain on less than 10 percent of the surface and allows defined stains to remain on all surfaces.This joint standard was prepared by the SSPC/NACE Task Group A on Surface Preparation by Abrasive Blast Cleaning. This joint Task Group includes members of both the SSPC Surface Preparation Committee and the NACE Unit Committee T-6G on Surface Preparation.1. General1.1This joint standard covers the requirements for commercial blast cleaning of unpainted or painted steel surfaces by the use of abrasives. These requirements include the end condition of the surface and materials and procedures necessary to achieve and verify the end condi-tion.1.2 The mandatory requirements are described in Sec-tions 1 to 9 as follows:Section 1GeneralSection 2DefinitionSection 3ReferencesSection 4Procedures Before Blast CleaningSection 5Blast Cleaning Methods and OperationSection 6Blast Cleaning AbrasivesSection 7Procedures Following Blast Cleaning andImmediately Prior to CoatingSection 8InspectionSection 9Safety and Environmental RequirementsNOTE: Section 10, “Comments” and Appendix A, “Explana-tory Notes” are not mandatory requirements of this stan-dard.2. Definition2.1 A commercial blast cleaned surface, when viewed without magnification, shall be free of all visible oil, grease, dust, dirt, mill scale, rust, coating, oxides, corrosion prod-ucts, and other foreign matter, except for staining as noted in Section 2.2.2.2 Random staining shall be limited to no more than 33 percent of each unit area of surface as defined in Section 2.6, and may consist of light shadows, slight streaks, or minor discolorations caused by stains of rust, stains of mill scale, or stains of previously applied coating.2.3 Acceptable variations in appearance that do not affect surface cleanliness as defined in Section 2.1 include variations caused by type of steel, original surface condi-tion, thickness of the steel, weld metal, mill or fabrication marks, heat treating, heat affected zones, blasting abra-sives, and differences due to blasting technique.2.4 When a coating is specified, the surface shall be roughened to a degree suitable for the specified coating system.2.5 Immediately prior to coating application, the entire surface shall comply with the degree of cleaning specified herein.2.6 Unit area for determinations shall be approximately 5776 mm2 (9 in2) (i.e., a square 76 x 76 mm [3 in x 3 in]).2.7 SSPC-VIS 1-89 may be specified to supplement the written definition. In any dispute, the written standards shall take precedence over visual standards and comparators. Additional information on visual standards and comparators is available in Section A.4 of Appendix A.3. References3.1The documents referenced in this standard are listed in Section 3.4.3.2The latest issue, revision, or amendment of the referenced standards in effect on the date of invitation to bid shall govern unless otherwise specified.3.3 If there is a conflict between the requirements of any of the cited reference standards and this standard, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.3.4 SSPC: THE SOCIETY FOR PROTECTIVE COAT-INGS STANDARDS:AB 1Mineral and Slag AbrasivesAB 2Cleanliness of Recycled Ferrous MetallicAbrasivesAB 3Newly Manufactured or Re-ManufacturedSteel AbrasivesPA Guide 3A Guide to Safety in Paint ApplicationSP 1Solvent CleaningVIS 1-89Visual Standard for Abrasive BlastCleaned Steel4. Procedures Before Blast Cleaning4.1 Before blast cleaning, visible deposits of oil, grease, or other contaminants shall be removed in accordance with SSPC-SP 1 or other agreed upon methods.4.2 Before blast cleaning, surface imperfections such as sharp fins, sharp edges, weld spatter, or burning slag should be removed from the surface to the extent required by the procurement documents (project specification). Ad-ditional information on surface imperfections is available in Section A.5 of Appendix A.4.3 If a visual standard or comparator is specified to supplement the written standard, the condition of the steel prior to blast cleaning should be determined before the blasting commences. Additional information on visual stan-dards and comparators is available in Section A.4 of Appen-dix A.5. Blast Cleaning Methods and Operation5.1 Clean, dry compressed air shall be used for nozzle blasting. Moisture separators, oil separators, traps, or other equipment may be necessary to achieve this requirement.5.2 Any of the following methods of surface preparation may be used to achieve a commercial blast cleaned surface:5.2.1 Dry abrasive blasting using compressed air, blast nozzles, and abrasive.5.2.2 Dry abrasive blasting using a closed-cycle, recir-culating abrasive system with compressed air, blast nozzle, and abrasive, with or without vacuum for dust and abrasive recovery.5.2.3 Dry abrasive blasting using a closed cycle, recir-culating abrasive system with centrifugal wheels and abra-sive.5.3 Other methods of surface preparation (such as wet abrasive blasting) may be used to achieve a commercial blast cleaned surface by mutual agreement between those responsible for performing the work and those responsible for establishing the requirements. NOTE: Information on the use of inhibitors to prevent the formation of rust imme-diately after wet blast cleaning is contained in Section A.9 of Appendix A.6. Blast Cleaning Abrasives6.1 The selection of abrasive size and type shall be based on the type, grade, and surface condition of the steel to be cleaned, type of blast cleaning system employed, the finished surface to be produced (cleanliness and rough-ness), and whether the abrasive will be recycled.6.2 The cleanliness and size of recycled abrasives shall be maintained to ensure compliance with this specification.6.3 The blast cleaning abrasive shall be dry and free of oil, grease, and other contaminants as determined by the test methods found in SSPC-AB 1, AB 2 and AB 3.6.4 Any limitations on the use of specific abrasives, the quantity of contaminants, or the degree of allowable embed-ment shall be included in the procurement documents (project specification) covering the work, because abrasive embed-ment and abrasives containing contaminants may not be acceptable for some service requirements. NOTE: Addi-tional information on abrasive selection is given in Section A.2 of Appendix A.7. Procedures Following Blast Cleaning and Immediately Prior to Coating7.1 Visible deposits of oil, grease, or other contami-nants shall be removed according to SSPC-SP 1 or another method agreed upon by those parties responsible for estab-lishing the requirements and those responsible for perform-ing the work.7.2Dust and loose residues shall be removed from prepared surfaces by brushing, blowing off with clean, dry air, vacuum cleaning, or other methods agreed upon by those responsible for establishing the requirements and those responsible for performing the work. NOTE: The presence of toxic metals in the abrasives or paint being removed may place restrictions on the methods of cleaning permitted. Comply with all applicable regulations. Moisture separators, oil separators, traps, or other equipment may be necessary to achieve clean, dry air.7.3 After blast cleaning, surface imperfections that remain (e.g., sharp fins, sharp edges, weld spatter, burning slag, scabs, slivers, etc.) shall be removed to the extent required in the procurement documents (project specifica-tion). Any damage to the surface profile resulting from the removal of surface imperfections shall be corrected to meet the requirements of Section 2.4. NOTE: Additional informa-tion on surface imperfections is contained in Section A.5 of Appendix A.7.4 Any visible rust that forms on the surface of the steel after blast cleaning shall be removed by recleaning the rusted areas to meet the requirements of this standard before coating. NOTE: Information on rust-back (re-rust-ing) and surface condensation is contained in Sections A.6, A.7 and A.8 of Appendix A.8. Inspection8.1 Work and materials supplied under this standard are subject to inspection by a representative of those re-sponsible for establishing the requirements. Materials and work areas shall be accessible to the inspector. The proce-dures and times of inspection shall be as agreed upon by those responsible for establishing the requirements and those responsible for performing the work.8.2 Conditions not complying with this standard shall be corrected. In the case of a dispute, an arbitration or settle-ment procedure established in the procurement documents (project specification) shall be followed. If no arbitration or settlement procedure is established, then a procedure mu-tually agreeable to purchaser and supplier shall be used.8.3 The procurement documents (project specification) should establish the responsibility for inspection and for any required affidavit certifying compliance with the specifica-tion.9. Safety and Environmental Requirements9.1Because abrasive blast cleaning is a hazardous operation, all work shall be conducted in compliance with applicable occupational and environmental health and safety rules and regulations. NOTE: SSPC-PA Guide 3, “A Guide to Safety in Paint Application,” addresses safety concerns for coating work.10. Comments10.1Additional information and data relative to this standard are contained in Appendix A. Detailed information and data are presented in a separate document, SSPC-SP COM, “Surface Preparation Commentary.” The recommen-dations contained in Appendix A and SSPC-SP COM are believed to represent good practice, but are not to be considered requirements of the standard. The sections of SSPC-SP COM that discuss subjects related to industrial blast cleaning are listed below.Subject Commentary SectionAbrasive Selection (6)Film Thickness (10)Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning.....8.2Maintenance Repainting............4.2Rust-back (Re-rusting)...............8.3Surface Profile............................6.2Visual Standards (11)Weld Spatter............................4.4.1Appendix A. Explanatory NotesA.1 FUNCTION: Commercial blast cleaning (SSPC-SP 6/NACE No. 3) provides a greater degree of cleaning than brush-off blast cleaning (SSPC-SP 7/NACE No. 4), but less than near-white blast cleaning (SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2). It should be specified only when a compatible coating will be applied. The primary functions of blast cleaning before coating are: (a) to remove material from the surface that can cause early failure of the coating system and (b) to obtain a suitable surface roughness and to enhance the adhesion of the new coating system. The hierarchy of blasting standards is as follows: white metal blast cleaning, near-white blast cleaning, commercial blast cleaning, industrial blast clean-ing, and brush-off blast cleaning.A.2 ABRASIVE SELECTION: Types of metallic and non-metallic abrasives are discussed in the Surface Prepa-ration Commentary (SSPC-SP COM). It is important to recognize that blasting abrasives may become embedded in or leave residues on the surface of the steel during prepa-ration. While normally such embedment or residues are not detrimental, care should be taken to ensure that the abra-sive is free from detrimental amounts of water-soluble, solvent-soluble, acid-soluble, or other soluble contaminants (particularly if the prepared steel is to be used in an immer-sion environment). Criteria for selecting and evaluating abrasives are given in SSPC-AB 1, “Mineral and Slag Abrasives,” SSPC-AB 2, “Cleanliness of Recycled Ferrous Metallic Abrasives,” and SSPC-AB 3, “Newly Manufactured or Re-Manufactured Steel Abrasives.”A.3 SURFACE PROFILE: Surface profile is the rough-ness of the surface which results from abrasive blast clean-ing. The profile depth (or height) is dependent upon the size, shape, type, and hardness of the abrasive, particle velocity and angle of impact, hardness of the surface, amount of recycling, and the proper maintenance of working mixtures of grit and/or shot.The allowable minimum/maximum height of profile is usually dependent upon the thickness of the coating to be applied. Large particle sized abrasives (particularly metal-lic) can produce a profile that may be too deep to be adequately covered by a single thin film coat. Accordingly, it is recommended that the use of larger abrasives be avoided in these cases. However, larger abrasives may be needed for thick film coatings or to facilitate removal of thick coatings, heavy mill scale, or rust. If control of profile (minimum/maximum) is deemed to be significant to coating performance, it should be addressed in the procurement documents (project specification). Typical profile heights achieved with commercial abrasive media are shown in Table 5 of the Surface Preparation Commentary (SSPC-SP COM). Surface profile should be measured in accordance with NACE Standard RP0287 (latest edition), “Field Mea-surement of Surface Profile of Abrasive Blast Cleaned Steel Surfaces Using Replica Tape,”or ASTM(1)D 4417 (latest edition), “Test Method for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel.”A.4 VISUAL STANDARDS: SSPC-VIS 1-89 (Visual Standard for Abrasive Blast Cleaned Steel) provides color photographs for the various grades of surface preparation as a function of the initial condition of the steel. The A-SP 6, B-SP 6, C-SP 6 and D-SP 6 series of photographs depict surfaces cleaned to a commercial blast. Other available visual standards are described in Section 11 of SSPC-SP COM.A.5 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS: Surface imperfec-tions can cause premature failure when the service is severe. Coatings tend to pull away from sharp edges and projections, leaving little or no coating to protect the under-lying steel. Other features that are difficult to properly cover and protect include crevices, weld porosities, laminations,(1)ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken PA 19428-2959.etc. The high cost of the methods to remedy surface imperfections requires weighing the benefits of edge round-ing, weld spatter removal, etc., versus a potential coating failure.Poorly adhering contaminants, such as weld slag resi-dues, loose weld spatter, and some minor surface lamina-tions may be removed during the blast cleaning operation. Other surface defects (steel laminations, weld porosities, or deep corrosion pits) may not be evident until the surface preparation has been completed. Therefore, proper plan-ning for such surface repair work is essential because the timing of the repairs may occur before, during, or after the blast cleaning operation. Section 4.4 of SSPC-SP COM and NACE Standard RP0178 (latest edition), “Fabrication De-tails, Surface Finish Requirements, and Proper Design Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to be Lined for Im-mersion Service” contain additional information on surface imperfections.A.6 CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION: Steel contami-nated with soluble salts (e.g., chlorides and sulfates) devel-ops rust-back rapidly at intermediate and high humidities. These soluble salts can be present on the steel surface prior to blast cleaning as a result of atmospheric contamination. In addition, contaminants can be deposited on the steel surface during blast cleaning if the abrasive is contami-nated. Therefore, rust-back can be minimized by removing these salts from the steel surface and eliminating sources of recontamination during and after blast cleaning. Wet meth-ods of removal are described in SSPC-SP 12/NACE No. 5. Identification of the contaminants along with their concen-trations may be obtained from laboratory and field tests as described in SSPC-TU 4, “Technology Update on Field Methods for Retrieval and Analysis of Soluble Salts on Substrates.”A.7 RUST-BACK: Rust-back (re-rusting) occurs when freshly cleaned steel is exposed to moisture, contamination, or a corrosive atmosphere. The time interval between blast cleaning and rust-back will vary greatly from one environ-ment to another. Under mild ambient conditions, if chemical contamination is not present (see Section A.6), it is best to blast clean and coat a surface the same day. Severe conditions may require more expedient coating application to avoid contamination from fallout. Chemical contamina-tion should be removed prior to coating (see Section A.6).A.8 DEW POINT: Moisture condenses on any surface that is colder than the dew point of the surrounding air. It is, therefore, recommended that the temperature of the steel surface be at least 3 °C (5 °F) above the dew point during dry blast cleaning operations. It is advisable to visually inspect for moisture and periodically check the surface temperature and dew point during blast cleaning operations and to avoid the application of coating over a damp surface.A.9 WET ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING: Steel that is wet abrasive blast cleaned may rust rapidly. Clean water should be used for rinsing. It may be necessary that inhibitors be added to the water or applied to the surface immediately after blast cleaning to temporarily prevent rust formation. The use of inhibitors or the application of coating over slight discoloration should be in accordance with the requirements of the coating manufacturer. CAUTION: Some inhibitive treatments may interfere with the performance of certain coating systems.A.10 FILM THICKNESS:It is essential that ample coating be applied after blast cleaning to adequately cover the peaks of the surface profile. The dry film thickness of the coating above the peaks of the profile should equal the thickness known to be needed for the desired protection. If the dry film thickness over the peaks is inadequate, prema-ture rust-through or failure will occur. To assure that coating thicknesses are properly measured the procedures in SSPC-PA 2 (latest edition), “Measurement of Dry Coating Thick-ness with Magnetic Gauges” should be used.A.11 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PAINTING: When this standard is used in maintenance painting, specific instructions should be given on the extent of surface to be blast cleaned or spot blast cleaned to this degree of clean-liness. In these cases, the cleaning shall be performed across the entire area specified. For example, if all weld seams are to be cleaned in a maintenance operation, this degree of cleaning shall be applied 100% to all weld seams. If the entire structure is to be prepared, this degree of cleaning shall be applied to 100% of the entire structure. SSPC-PA Guide 4 (latest edition), “Guide to Maintenance Repainting with Oil Base or Alkyd Painting Systems,” pro-vides a description of accepted practices for retaining old sound coating, removing unsound coating, feathering, and spot cleaning.。

•ASTM=the American Society for Testing and Materials美国试验与材料学会
Abrasive Blast Cleaning磨料喷射清理
ISO
SSPC
NACE
JSRA
Blast cleaning to visually clean steel
--white metal blast cleaning
喷射清理至真正清洁钢质(金属)
--出白金属喷射清理
Sa 3
SP 5
No. 1
Sd 3
彻底的喷射清理--商业级喷射清理
Sa 2
SP 6
No. 3
Sd 1
Light blast cleaning—brush-off blast cleaning
轻喷射清理--扫砂级喷射清理
Sa 1
SP 7
No. 4
(None)
Hand and Power Tool Cleaning
手工和动力工具清理
ISO
SSPC
NACE
JSRA
Power tool cleaning to bare metal
动力工具清理至裸露金属
St 3
SP 11
(none)
Pt 3
thorough hand and power tool cleaning
彻底的手工和动力工具清理
St 2
SP3/SP2
(none)
Pt2/Pt1
ISO
Very thorough blast cleaning
--near white metal blast cleaning
非常彻底的喷射清理--近似出白喷射清理
Sa 2.5

Standard Test MethodLaboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H 2SEnvironmentsThis NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE International standard is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for infringement of Letters Patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in specific instances. NACE International assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this standard by other parties and accepts responsibility for only those official NACE International interpretations issued by NACE International in accordance with its governing procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers.Users of this NACE International standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, environmental, and regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in relation to this standard prior to its use. This NACE International standard may not necessarily address all potential health and safety problems or environmental hazards associated with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or referred to within this standard. Users of this NACE International standard are also responsible for establishing appropriate health, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consultation with appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of this standard.CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE International standards are subject to periodic review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time in accordance with NACE technical committee procedures. NACE International requires that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of initial publication. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest edition. Purchasers of NACE International standards may receive current information on all standards and other NACE International publications by contacting the NACE International FirstService Department, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084-4906 (telephone +1 [281] 228-6200).Revised 2005-12-03 Revised 1996 Revised 1990 Revised 1986 Approved in 1977 NACE International 1440 South Creek Dr. Houston, Texas 77084-4906+1 281/228-6200NACE Standard TM0177-2005Item No. 21212TM0177-2005 ________________________________________________________________________ForewordThis standard addresses the testing of metals for resistance to cracking failure under thecombined action of tensile stress and corrosion in aqueous environments containing hydrogensulfide (H2S). This phenomenon is generally termed sulfide stress cracking (SSC) when operatingat room temperature and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) when operating at higher temperatures.In recognition of the variation with temperature and with different materials this phenomenon isherein called environmental cracking (EC). For the purposes of this standard, EC includes onlySSC, SCC, and hydrogen stress cracking (HSC).The primary purpose of this standard is to facilitate conformity in testing so that data from differentsources can be compared on a common basis. Consequently, this standard aids the evaluationand selection of all types of metals and alloys, regardless of their form or application, for service inH2S environments. This standard contains methods for testing metals using tensile, bent-beam,C-ring, and double-cantilever-beam (DCB) test specimens. Certain ASTM(1) standard testmethods have been listed as references for supplementary tests, creating a comprehensive testmethod standard. In addition, the four-point bent-beam test method is also referenced as asupplementary test.1,2 This standard is intended for use by laboratory and materials personnel tofacilitate conformity in testing.SSC of metals exposed to oilfield environments containing H2S was recognized as a materialsfailure problem by 1952. Laboratory data and field experience have demonstrated that evenextremely low concentrations of H2S may be sufficient to lead to SSC failure of susceptiblematerials. In some cases H2S can act synergistically with chlorides to produce corrosion andcracking (SSC and other mode) failures. However, laboratory and operating experiences havealso indicated to materials engineers the optimum selection and specification of materials havingminimum susceptibility to SSC. This standard covers test methods for SSC (at room temperature)and SCC (at elevated temperature), but other failure modes (e.g., hydrogen blistering, hydrogen-induced cracking [HIC], chloride stress corrosion cracking [SCC], pitting corrosion, and mass-losscorrosion) must also be considered when selecting materials for use in sour (H2S-containing)environments.The need for better understanding of the variables involved in EC of metals in oilfield environmentsand better correlation of data has become apparent for several reasons. New design requirementsby the oil and gas production industries call for higher-strength materials that, in general, are moresusceptible to EC than lower-strength alloys. These design requirements have resulted inextensive development programs to obtain more resistant alloys and/or better heat treatments. Atthe same time, users in the petroleum refining and synthetic fuels industries are pushing presentmaterials much closer to their mechanical limits.Room-temperature (SSC) failures in some alloys generally are believed to result from hydrogenembrittlement (HE). When hydrogen is cathodically evolved on the surface of a metal (as bycorrosion or cathodic charging), the presence of H2S (and other compounds, such as thosecontaining cyanides and arsenic) tends to cause hydrogen atoms to enter the metal rather than toform hydrogen molecules that cannot enter the metal. In the metal, hydrogen atoms diffuse toregions of high triaxial tensile stress or to some microstructural configurations where they becometrapped and decrease the ductility of the metal. Although there are several kinds of crackingdamage that can occur in metals, delayed brittle fracture of metals resulting from the combinedaction of corrosion in an aqueous sulfide environment and tensile stresses (failure may occur atstresses far below the yield stress) is the phenomenon known as SSC.In some cases, however, failure may be the result of localized anodic corrosion processes thatmay or may not involve hydrogen. In such instances failure is the result of anodic stress corrosioncracking (SCC). Such failures have historically been termed SSC even though their cause maynot be hydrogen._________________(1) ASTM International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.TM0177-2005This standard was originally published in 1977 by NACE International Task Group T-1F-9, acomponent of Unit Committee T-1F on Metallurgy of Oilfield Equipment. The standard was revisedin 1986, 1990, and 1996 by Task Group T-1F-9. It was revised in 2005 by Task Group (TG) 085on Sulfide Corrosion Cracking: Metallic Materials Testing Techniques. TG 085 is administered bySpecific Technology Group (STG) 32 on Oil and Gas Production—Metallurgy and is sponsored bySTG 62 on Corrosion Monitoring and Measurement—Science and Engineering Applications. Thestandard is issued by NACE under the auspices of STG 32.In NACE standards, the terms shall, must, should, and may are used in accordance with thedefinitions of these terms in the NACE Publications Style Manual, 4th ed., Paragraph 7.4.1.9. Shalland must are used to state mandatory requirements. The term should is used to state somethingconsidered good and is recommended but is not mandatory. The term may is used to statesomething considered optional.________________________________________________________________________NACE InternationalStandardTest MethodLaboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H2S EnvironmentsContents1. General (1)2. EC Testing Variability (1)3. Reagents (2)4. Test Specimens and Material Properties (2)5. Test Vessels and Fixtures (3)6. Test Solutions (3)7. Testing at Elevated Temperature/Pressure (4)8. Method A—NACE Standard Tensile Test (7)9. Method B—NACE Standard Bent-Beam Test (13)10. Method C—NACE Standard C-Ring Test (20)11. Method D—NACE Standard DCB Test (26)References (37)Appendix A—Safety Considerations in Handling H2S Toxicity (37)Appendix B—Explanatory Notes on EC Test Method (38)FIGURE 1:Schematic Arrangement of Test Equipment for Method A—NACE Standard Tensile Test (5)FIGURE 2: Schematic Arrangement of Test Equipment for Method B—NACE Standard Bent-Beam Test, Method C—NACE Standard C-Ring Test, and Method D—NACEStandard Double-Cantilever Beam Test (6)TM0177-2005 FIGURE 3: Tensile Test Specimens (8)FIGURE 4: Constant-Load (Dead-Weight) Device (10)FIGURE 5: Sustained-Load Devices (11)FIGURE 6: Applied Stress vs. Log (Time-to-Failure) (16)FIGURE 7: Dimensional Drawing of the Standard Bent-Beam Test Specimen (17)FIGURE 8: Typical Stressing Fixture for Bent-Beam Test Specimen (18)FIGURE 9: Dimensional Drawing of the C-Ring Test Specimen (24)FIGURE 10: DCB Specimen (30)Table 1—NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 1): Testing in Accordancewith NACE Standard TM0177 Method A—NACE Standard Tensile Test (14)Table 1—NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 2): Testing in Accordancewith NACE Standard TM0177 Method A—NACE Standard Tensile Test (15)Table 2—NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 1): Testing in Accordancewith NACE Standard TM0177 Method B—NACE Standard Bent-Beam Test (22)Table 2—NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 2): Testing in Accordancewith NACE Standard TM0177 Method B—NACE Standard Bent-Beam Test (23)Table 3—NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 1): Testing in Accordancewith NACE Standard TM0177 Method C—NACE Standard C-Ring Test (27)Table 3—NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 2): Testing in Accordancewith NACE Standard TM0177 Method C—NACE Standard C-RingTest (28)Table 4—Arm Displacements for API and Other Grade Oilfield Tubular Steels (31)Table 5—Suggested Arm Displacements for Selected Alloys and Strength Levels (32)Table 6—NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 1): Testing in Accordancewith NACE Standard TM0177 Method D—NACE Standard DCB Test (35)Table 6—NACE Uniform Material Testing Report Form (Part 2): Testing in Accordancewith NACE Standard TM0177 Method D—NACE Standard DCB Test (36)________________________________________________________________________TM0177-2005 ________________________________________________________________________Section 1: General1.1 This standard covers the testing of metals subjected to tensile stresses for resistance to cracking failure in low-pH aqueous environments containing H2S. Carbon and low-alloy steels are commonly tested for EC resistance at room temperature where SSC susceptibility is typically high. For other types of alloys the correlation of EC susceptibility with temperature is more complicated.1.2 This standard describes the reagents, test specimens, and equipment to use, discusses base material and test specimen properties, and specifies the test procedures to follow. This standard describes four test methods:Method A—Standard Tensile TestMethod B—Standard Bent-Beam TestMethod C—Standard C-Ring TestMethod D—Standard Double-Cantilever-Beam (DCB) Test Sections 1 through 7 of this standard give general comments that apply to all four test methods. Sections 8 through 11 indicate the test method to follow for each type of test specimen. General guidelines to help to determine the aptness of each test method are given at the beginning of each test method description (Sections 8 through 11). Reporting of the test results is also discussed.1.3 Metals can be tested for resistance to EC at temperatures and pressures that are either ambient (atmospheric) or elevated.1.3.1 For testing at ambient conditions, the testprocedures can be summarized as follows: Stressedtest specimens are immersed in acidified aqueousenvironments containing H2S. Applied loads atconvenient increments can be used to obtain EC data.1.3.2 For testing at temperatures higher than 27°C(80°F), at either atmospher ic or elevated pressure,Section 7 describes an alternative test technique. All methods (A, B, C, and D) are adaptable to thistechnique.1.4 This standard may be used for release or acceptance testing to ensure that the product meets a certain minimum level of EC resistance as prescribed in API(2) Specification5CT,3 ISO(3) 11960,4 or as prescribed by the user or purchaser. This standard may also provide a quantitative measure of the product’s EC resistance for research or informational purposes. This rating may be based on:Method A The highest no-failure stress in 720 hours. Method B The statistically based critical stress factor (S c)for a 50% probability of failure in 720 hours. Method C The highest no-failure stress in 720 hours. Method D The average K ISSC (threshold stress intensity factor for SSC) for valid tests of replicate testspecimens.1.5 Safety Precautions: H2S is an extremely toxic gas that must be handled with care. (See Appendix A.)________________________________________________________________________Section 2: EC Testing Variability2.1 Interpretation of stress corrosion test results is a difficult task. The test methods contained in this standard are severe, with accelerated tests making the evaluation of the data extremely difficult. In testing the reproducibility of the test methods among different laboratories, several undesirable side effects (frequent with many accelerated tests) that must be noted include:2.1.1 The test environment may cause failure by HICand hydrogen blistering. This is especially true for lower-strength steels not usually subject to SSC. HIC may be detected by visual and metallographic observations. Blistering is normally visible on the test specimen surface. (For further information regarding this phenomenon, see NACE Standard TM0284.5)2.1.2 The test environment may corrode some alloysthat normally do not corrode in actual field service andthereby induce EC failures in alloys that ordinarily donot fail by EC. This problem is especially acute withthe martensitic and precipitation-hardened stainlesssteels.2.2 Furthermore, other aspects to be considered in the selection of test method(s) include:2.2.1 Material anisotropy affecting mechanicalproperties and EC susceptibility can be an importantparameter. The fracture path in the test specimenshould match what is anticipated in the actual component.___________________________(2) American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20005.(3) International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.TM0177-20052.2.2 Galvanic effects between dissimilar metals can either accelerate or suppress cracking susceptibility. Examples of this behavior are accelerated EC in some nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) and reduced EC in some duplex stainless steels when these materials are coupled to electrochemically less-noble materials such as carbon and low-alloy steels. 2.2.3 Test temperature affects cracking susceptibility. Test temperatures above 24°C (75°F) can reduce SSC severity in steels, whereas test temperatures below 24°C (75°F) can increase SSC severity.2.2.4 Different test methods may not necessarily provide the same rankings of like materials.2.2.5 Material inhomogeneity, such as weldments and segregation, can affect test results. This is particularly true when comparing results from tests that evaluate a large volume of material (tensile test) versus a small volume of material (bent-beam test). 2.2.6 Maximum no-failure stresses for a specified exposure period should be considered apparent threshold stresses. Longer exposure times or larger numbers of test specimens may result in lower threshold values.2.2.7 EC test results can show statistical variability. Replicate testing may be needed to obtain a representative value characterizing resistance to EC.2.2.8 Some test specimens are better suited than others for measuring EC resistance in localized areas (e.g., near surfaces or other features, and in weld zones).2.2.9 Some types of EC tests require considerably more time than others for determination of EC resistance.________________________________________________________________________Section 3: Reagents3.1 Reagent Purity3.1.1 The test gases, sodium chloride (NaCl), aceticacid (CH3COOH), sodium acetate (CH3COONa), and solvents shall be reagent grade or chemically pure(99.5% minimum purity) chemicals. (See Appendix B.)3.1.2 The test water shall be distilled or deionized andof quality equal to or greater than ASTM Type IV (ASTM D 11936). Tap water shall not be used.3.2 Inert gas shall be used for removal of oxygen. Inert gas shall mean high-purity nitrogen, argon, or other suitable nonreactive gas.________________________________________________________________________Section 4: Test Specimens and Material Properties4.1 The location and orientation of the test specimens to be removed from the product should be carefully considered so that test results provide the most meaningful indication of the performance to be expected from that product when placed in service. All test specimens in a set should be taken from metallurgically equivalent positions (i.e., all test specimens should have the same orientation with similar or nearly the same microstructure and mechanical properties).4.2 Tensile testing in accordance with standard test methods such as ASTM A 3707 shall be used to determine base material properties. Two or more test specimens shall be pulled, and the individual test results shall be averaged to determine the yield and ultimate strengths, percent elongation, and percent reduction in area for the material. Machining a tensile test specimen from material adjacent to and in the same position and orientation as the EC test specimen to be tested can minimize material property variations that normally occur from test specimen to test specimen.4.3 A number of fundamental material properties correlate with EC susceptibility. Consequently, all pertinent data on chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment, and mechanical histories (such as percent cold reduction or prestrain) shall be determined and reported with the tensile test data. Each different heat treatment and microstructure of a material of a fixed chemical composition shall be tested as though it were a different material.4.4 Hardness may be measured on the test specimen before or after exposure to the test environment. However, these measurements shall not be made on the stressed evaluation portion of the test specimen.TM0177-2005 ________________________________________________________________________Section 5: Test Vessels and Fixtures5.1 The size, shape, and entry ports of the test vessel shall be determined by the actual test specimens and test fixtures used to stress the test specimens.5.2 Test vessels shall be capable of being purged to remove oxygen before beginning the test and of keeping air out during the test. Using a small outlet trap on the H2S effluent line to maintain 250 Pa (1.0 in H2O) back pressure on the test vessel prevents oxygen entry through small leaks or by diffusion up the vent line. (See Appendix B, section titled “Reasons for Exclusion of Oxygen.”)5.3 Test vessels shall be sized to maintain the test solution volume within the specified limits relative to the test specimen surface area to standardize the drift of pH with time. (See each test method for specified limits.)5.4 Test vessels shall be constructed from materials that are inert to the test environment. While some plastic test vessels give satisfactory service, others may cause varying test results from the time they are new until after they have been in continuous use. Glass test vessels have not exhibited this tendency.5.5 Test specimens shall be electrically isolated from test vessels and test fixtures made from dissimilar metals if the dissimilar metal is in contact with the test environment.5.6 Rigid electrical insulating materials not exhibiting relaxation or flow under load should be selected for loading or deflecting the test specimen.5.7 Galvanic Coupling5.7.1 It may be necessary to evaluate the effects ofgalvanic coupling on EC resistance, such as in the case of coupling stainless alloys or CRAs to steel (see Paragraph 2.2.2).5.7.1.1 To evaluate this, galvanic couples of ironor steel having a surface area between 0.5 and 1times the exposed area of the test specimenshould be bolted securely to the test specimen.5.7.2 Particles of iron sulfide can be electricallyconductive. If deposited on insulating materials, they can provide electrical connection between materials and affect the results of the tests.________________________________________________________________________Section 6: Test Solutions6.1 Test Solution A6.1.1 Test Solution A is an acidified and buffered, H2S-saturated aqueous brine solution.6.1.2 Test Solution A shall consist of 5.0 wt% sodiumchloride and 0.5 wt% glacial acetic acid dissolved in distilled or deionized water (e.g., 50.0 g of NaCl and 5.0g of CH3COOH dissolved in 945 g of distilled ordeionized water).6.1.3 Test solution pH before or after H2S saturationbut before contact with a test specimen is expected to range between 2.6 and 2.8. Each laboratory shall havea demonstrated and documented procedure forpurging to verify that the pH has not exceeded 3.0 for Test Solution A after purging. During the test, pH may increase but shall not exceed 4.0. If the pH exceeds4.0, the test is invalid. If the test-solution-volume totest-specimen-surface-area ratio is maintained and steps are taken to exclude oxygen from the test vessel as specified in this standard, the pH will not exceed this value.6.1.4 Test Solution A shall be used in Methods A, C,and D unless the use of Test Solution B or Test Solution C is specified by the user or purchaser. 6.2 Test Solution B6.2.1 Test Solution B is an acidified and buffered, H2S-saturated aqueous brine solution.6.2.2 Test Solution B shall consist of 5.0 wt% sodiumchloride, 2.5 wt% glacial acetic acid, and 0.41 wt% sodium acetate dissolved in distilled or deionized water(e.g., 50.0 g of NaCl, 25 g of CH3COOH, and 4.1 g ofCH3COONa dissolved in 921 g of distilled or deionized water).6.2.3 Test solution pH before or after H2S saturationbut before contact with a test specimen is expected to range between 3.4 and 3.6. During the test, pH may increase but shall not exceed 4.0. If the pH exceeds4.0, the test is invalid. If the test-solution-volume totest-specimen-surface-area ratio is maintained and steps are taken to exclude oxygen from the test vessel as specified in this standard, the pH will not exceed this value.6.2.4 Test Solution B is intended for use with carbonand low-alloy steels.6.2.5 Test Solution B is allowed in Methods A, C, andD.TM0177-20056.3 Test Solution C6.3.1 Test Solution C is a buffered aqueous brinesolution with a chloride content, H2S partial pressure,and pH specified by the user or purchaser to simulatethe intended service environment.6.3.2 Test Solution C shall consist of distilled ordeionized water containing 0.4 g/L sodium acetate (5mM CH3COONa) and chloride (added as NaCl) at thesame concentration as the intended service environment.6.3.3 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sodium hydroxide(NaOH) shall be added to achieve the specified pH.The test solution pH shall be measured at the start ofthe test and at the end of the test. The test solution pHshall be maintained within 0.2 pH units of the specifiedpH.6.3.4 Test gas shall consist of a mixture of H2S andcarbon dioxide (CO2), with H2S content sufficient toproduce the specified H2S partial pressure of the intended service environment. The test gas shall becontinuously bubbled through the test solution. Thegas bubbling rate shall be optimized to maintain saturation of the test solution.6.3.5 Test Solution C is intended for use withmartensitic stainless steels.6.3.6 Test Solution C is allowed in Methods A, C, andD.Note: The combination of a lower acetate concentration(0.4 g/L) and acidification with HCl rather than aceticacid leads to a significantly reduced concentration ofacetic acid in Test Solution C when compared with TestSolution B. Although this may be adequate formaintaining the bulk solution pH constant when testingcorrosion-resistant alloys, the ability to resist an increase in pH at the metal-solution interface bydissociation of the acetic acid is lowered. As the testsare conducted with little convective flow, it is possiblethat the pH at the surface increases slightly, and forconditions on the borderline between active and passive behavior, this may lead to passivity, giving anonconservative result. Bulk solution pH measurements do not necessarily indicate any limitation in the buffer capacity as the pH change ishighly localized.6.4 The test solution required for use in Method B is specified in Paragraph 9.3.6.5 All reagents added to the test solutions shall be measured to ±1.0% of the quantities specified for the specific test solution.6.6 The test solution shall be maintained at 24 ±3°C (75 ±5°F), except for Method D (the DCB test) in which the test temperature range is 24 ±1.7°C (75 ±3.0°F). Also, the test temperature range shall be specified in accordance with testing at elevated temperature (see Section 7). Any variations beyond this range shall be reported.6.7 The test solution used for each test method shall be indicated on the material testing report.________________________________________________________________________Section 7: Testing at Elevated Temperature/Pressure7.1 The dominant cracking mechanisms for most classes of materials in the presence of H2S vary with temperature. Ferritic steels and ferritic and martensitic stainless steels crack primarily by a hydrogen (i.e., cathodic) mechanism and have maximum susceptibility near room temperature. For austenitic stainless steels, as temperature increases, cracking susceptibility increases due to the major contribution from anodic processes. Duplex stainless steels exhibit mixed behavior, with maximum susceptibility to cracking in a mid-range of temperatures. To facilitate testing in simulated service conditions or to predict worst-case conditions, and to facilitate testing with H2S partial pressure exceeding 100 kPa (absolute) (14.5 psia), the following modified techniques are available.7.2 Testing at elevated temperatures and pressures involves additional safety considerations compared with room temperature and atmospheric pressure testing. While some general guidance is given herein, it may not address all aspects and should be supplemented to accord with local safety requirements. Because H2S may be consumed during the test, gas replenishment and continuous gas bubbling techniques are described. The H2S loss rate and its effect on the corrosiveness of the test environment are functions of several factors, including the corrosion rate of the test material and the partial pressure of H2S in the test environment. Guidance is given on measures that experience has shown to be appropriate for maintaining the required H2S partial pressure, but in all cases it is necessary to demonstrate, by measuring H2S concentration in either the test solution or gas phase, that the required test conditions have been maintained. This information must be reported with the test data.7.3 Test EquipmentThe test equipment shall consist of a test vessel and accessory equipment rated to withstand corrosion and pressure commensurate with the test conditions and with an appropriate safety margin.7.3.1 The test vessel shall be equipped with athermocouple well or other means of measuring the temperature of the test solution, inlet and outlet ports。

NACE TM0103—2003湿H2S用钢板耐SOHIC性能评估的实验室试验程序标准试验方法（中文翻译版）本NACE国际标准代表了已审查本文件、其范围和条款的个别成员的共识。

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批准日期：2003—01—17美国腐蚀工程师协会South Creek路1440号德克萨斯州休斯顿77084—4906+1（281）228—6200ISBN 1—57590—161—7@2003年，NACE国际前言焊接压力容器中使用的碳钢板在暴露于湿H2S环境中可能会受到一种或多种形式环境开裂的影响。