Modeling, measurement and error compensation of multi-axis machine tools theory
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InternationalJournalofMachineTools&Manufacture40(2000)1535–1546Modeling,measurementanderrorcompensationofmulti-axismachinetools.PartI:theory
MahbuburRahman*,JoukoHeikkala,KaukoLappalainenProductionTechnologyLaboratory,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofOulu,P.O.Box4200,FIN-90401Oulu,Finland
Received29January1999;receivedinrevisedform6September1999;accepted26October1999
AbstractMulti-axismachinetoolsareimportantunitsinmodernproductionsystems.Thecomplexstructuresofthemachinetoolsproduceaninaccuracyatthetooltipcausedbykinematicsparameterdeviationresultingfrommanufacturingerrors,assemblyerrorsorquasi-staticerrors.Tofindouttheerrororiginsofthesemachinetoolsitisalwaysnecessarytohavegoodmathematicalmodelsofthemachinetools.Thesemodelscanbeusedformeasuringandanalyzingthemeasureddata.Thediagnosederrorscouldbetakenunderconsiderationonlybytheprecisedescriptionoftheactualkinematicsofthemachinetools.Bycountingthenewaxesvaluesbynumericaliterationtechniqueofthedefectiveaxesfromthecutterlocationdata(CL-data)orfromtheidealNCprogramitmaybepossibletopositionthetooltiptothedesiredposition.ThispaperdescribestwowaystomodifyNCprograms(implementedinapostprocessorforCL-dataorbyextraNCprogramprocessorforidealNCprogram)includingmodelingandmeasurementofrealmachinetools.Practiceandapplicationwillbedescribedinparttwo.©2000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:Multi-axismachinetools;Accuracy;Errormeasurement;Errorcompensation
1.IntroductionPositioningaccuracyofmulti-axismachinetooldependsondifferentkindsoferrororiginsdependingonthemachinetool’sstructure,controlsystemetc.Inatypicalmachinetool,therearemultipleerrororiginsincludinggeometric,staticanddynamicloading,thermaldeviations,mismatchesbetweenservo-loopparametersetc.Alltheseerrororiginsaffectpositioningaccuracyatthetooltipinacomplexway.
*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+358-8-553-2116;fax:+358-8-553-2026.E-mailaddress:mahbubur.rahman@me.oulu.fi(M.Rahman)
0890-6955/00/$-seefrontmatter©2000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:S0890-6955(99)00101-71536M.Rahmanetal./InternationalJournalofMachineTools&Manufacture40(2000)1535–1546Nomenclature⌬Rincreaseinradiusforcircularinterpolation⌬YpositioningerroralongY-axisayangularerroraroundX-axisduringfeedmotioninY-axis(pitch)
byangularerroraroundY-axisduringfeedmotioninY-axis(roll)cyangularerroraroundZ-axisduringfeedmotioninY-axis(yaw)AitransformationmatrixCL-datacutterlocationdatacx,cy,czerrorvectorforX,YandZ-axis
dlinearmovementalonganaxisDBBdoubleballbarENPPextraNCprogramprocessorkyx,kyy,kyzdirectioncosineofY-axis
l,m,ndirectioncosineforanyaxisNCnumericalcontrolOoriginPPpostprocessorPwworkpiecepoint
PstooltippointRradiusforcircularinterpolationX,Y,ZlinearmovementalongX,YandZaxisXreal,Yreal,ZrealrealcoordinateforX,YandZ-axis.
Substantialworkhasbeenperformedinthepastonthedevelopmentoferrormodelsforgeo-metric,thermaletc.errorsourcesformulti-axismachines.KimandKim[4]havedevelopedavolumetricerrormodelbasedon4×4homogenoustransformationforgeneralizedgeometricerror.EmanandWu[2]havedevelopederrormodelaccountsforerrorduetoinaccuraciesinthegeometryandmutualrelationshipsofthemachinestructuralelementsaswellaserrorresultingfromtherelativemotionbetweentheseelements.Kakinoetal.[3]havemeasuredpositioningerrorsofmulti-axismachinetoolsinavolumetricsensebyDoubleBallBar(DBB)device.Takeu-chiandWatanabe[6]haveshownfive-axiscontrolcollisionfreetoolpathandpostprocessingforNC-data.Inthispaper,three-dimensionalvolumetricerrormodelhasbeenusedforcompen-sationoferrorsoftheconsideredmachinetools.Theseparatederrorparametersobtainedbydifferentmeasurementsuchaspositional,straightness,squareness,angularerroretc.havebeencombinedtofindoutvolumetricerrorsthatcouldbecompensatedbytechniquesdescribedinthispaper.
2.Errororiginsofmulti-axismachinetoolsNumerouserrororiginsaffectthetooltipposition.Inthispaperwemainlyconsiderthegeo-metricerroroftypicalhorizontalmachinetools(Fig.1).1537M.Rahmanetal./InternationalJournalofMachineTools&Manufacture40(2000)1535–1546Fig.1.Horizontaltypethree-axismachinetool.Somecommonerrororiginsinmulti-axismachinetoolsare:țLinkgeometricerrorțResolutionandaccuracyofthelinearmeasuringsystemțElasticdeformationofdrivecomponentsțInertiaforceswhenbraking/acceleratingțFrictionandstickslipmotionțControlsystemțCuttingforcețVibration
Errorsingeometricparametersoriginatefromthemanufacturingorassemblydefectsofdifferentpartsofthemachine.Theerrorincludeslinklengtherror,angularerror,straightnesserror,square-nesserror,parallelismerror,perpendicularityerrorandzeropositionerror(offsets).Thestaticloadsofamachinetoolresultfromtheprocessforcesandthemassesofthework-pieceandmachinecomponents.Thestaticworkingloadandthemassoftheworkpiecebeingmachinedproducedistortions,whichresultinpositioningerrorsinthemachinetool.Servocontrolsystemsplaysanimportantroleintheaccuracyofmachining.Stickmotion,stickslip,inadequatepitcherror,responselagetc.errorsourcesdependontheservocontrolsystem.Amachinetoolusuallyoperatesinathermallynon-steadystateduetoheatgenerationfromvarioussources.Anychangeinthetemperaturedistributionofthemachinetoolstructurecausesthermaldeformationthataffectstheaccuracyoftheworkpiece.