1_capital_works_program_2011_12pdf

Grandstream Networks, Inc.SIP Device Provisioning GuideT ABLE OF C ONTENTSSIP D EVICE P ROVISIONING G UIDEOVERVIEW (3)PROVISIONING FLOW (3)CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS (3)GENERATE CONFIGURATION FILES (4)TFTP OR HTTP/HTTPS FOR CONFIGURATION FILE (4)CONFIGURATION FILE ENCRYPTION (4)FIRMWARE AND CONFIGURATION FILE PREFIX AND POSTFIX (4)FIRMWARE SERVER AND CONFIGURATION FILE SERVER (5)MANAGING FIRMWARE AND CONFIGURATION FILE DOWNLOAD (5)PRE‐CONFIGURATION AND CONFIGURATION REDIRECTION (5)AUTOMATIC PROVISIONING WITHIN LAN (6)XML PROVISIONING SCHEMA AND EXAMPLE FILE (7)XML FILE ENCRYPTION (7)SECURE PROVISIONING (8)T ABLE OF F IGURESSIP D EVICE P ROVISIONING G UIDEF IGURE 1: P ROVISIONING F LOW. (3)F IGURE 2: U SING WEB UI TO DEFINE THE XML C ONFIGURATION F ILE P ASSWORD (8)O VERVIEWGrandstream SIP Devices can be configured via Web Interface as well as via Configuration File through TFTP or HTTP/HTTPS download. All Grandstream SIP devices support a proprietary binary format configuration file. New product families such as GXP21xx/14xx, GXV31xx, HT50x and GXW40xx accept configuration files in XML format in addition to the legacy proprietary binary format.When Grandstream device boots up or reboots, it issues a request for a configuration file named “cfgMAC”, where “MAC” is the MAC address of the device, for example “cfg000b820102ab”. The configuration file name should be in lower case. The file “cfgMAC” is a proprietary binary format configuration file that must be generated by Grandstream configuration tools. For devices that support XML provisioning, they will also issue a request for a XML configuration file “cfgMAC.xml”.P ROVISIONING F LOWFigure 1: Provisioning Flow.The provision program on the phone will apply and reload the settings after downloading the legacy binary cfgMAC configuration file. This means that a provision/re-direction server can redirect the device to a XML provision server without reboot. It can also be used to send theXML encryption password.C ONFIGURATION P ARAMETERSA configuration parameter is associated with each particular field in the web configuration page.A parameter consists of a Capital letter P and 2 to 3 (Could be extended to 4 in the future) digitnumeric numbers. i.e., P2 is associated with “Admin Password” in the Advanced Page. For a detailed parameter list, please refer to the corresponding firmware release configuration template.G ENERATE C ONFIGURATION F ILESGrandstream offers free Configuration File generator software in both Linux/Unix and Windows platform. Both Configuration File Generators can be downloaded from Grandstream official web site at /support/tools .Grandstream also offers GAPSLITE in Linux/Unix platform which contains, in addition to the Configuration File Generator, a NAT friendly TFTP server that when used with Grandstream Client, it can penetrate most NAT routers for TFTP. GAPSLITE requires a valid license from Grandstream to run.TFTP OR HTTP/HTTP S FOR C ONFIGURATION F ILETraditionally, TFTP is used for Configuration File download. However, it is more popular today with HTTP/HTTPS, which is more reliable and has NO NAT issue.C ONFIGURATION F ILE E NCRYPTIONGrandstream Configuration Generator allows user to ENCRYPTE the generated Configuration File with AES 128 bit encryption. Windows version allows user to choose not to encrypt the Configuration File, but it is recommended to use Encryption for security purpose.F IRMWARE AND C ONFIGURATION F ILE P REFIX AND P OSTFIXPrefix and postfix for both firmware and configuration files are supported.Parameter P232 and P233 are for Prefix and Postfix for Firmware, respectively.Parameter P234 and P235 are for Prefix and Postfix for Configuration File, respectively. Firmware Prefix and Postfix allows device to download the firmware name with the matching Prefix and Postfix.In addition, when Parameter P238 (Check New Firmware only when F/W pre/suffix changes) is set to 1, the device will only issue the Firmware Upgrade request if there are changes in the firmware Prefix or Postfix.Following are the firmware BASIC NAMES related to BT100: “boot.bin”, “bt-110.bin”, “html110.bin”, “vocbt.bin”, “vp.bin”.Service provider can use “gs_” as prefix, and “_1.0.7.5” as postfix, the above files will be changed to: “gs_boot.bin_1.0.7.5”, “gs_bt-110.bin_1.0.7.5”, “gs_html110.bin_1.0.7.5”,“gs_vocbt.bin_1.0.7.5”, “gs_vp.bin_1.0.7.5”The purpose for this is that now, ALL of the firmware with different version can be stored in one single directory, and they can be differentiated by using prefix or postfix, i.e., all files with a postfix of “_1.0.7.5” belong to the firmware version 1.0.7.5.Same rule applies to configuration files, i.e., for configuration file named “cfg000b82000001”, there can be 3 versions: “gs_cfg000b82000001_cfg001”, “gs_cfg000b82000001_cfg002”, and “gs_cfg000b82000001_cfg003”. Here, the BASIC NAME of the configuration file is“cfg000b82000001”, but there are 3 different versions, the one that will be accepted is the one with matching prefix and postfix specified in the current configuration.F IRMWARE S ERVER AND C ONFIGURATION F ILE S ERVERIn addition to the Prefix and Postfix for firmware and configuration files, different server paths for firmware upgrade or Configuration File Server can be specified in different FQDN, i.e.: Firmware Server Path: firmw /HT502/1.0.5.5Config Server Path: /HT502The parameters are P192 and P237 for Firmware and Config Server respectively.M ANAGING F IRMWARE AND C ONFIGURATION F ILE D OWNLOADWhen parameter P194 (Auto Upgrade) is set to 1, Service Provider can use P193 (Auto Check Interval) to have the devices periodically check with either Firmware Server or Config Server, whenever they are defined. This allows the device periodically check if there are any new changes need to be taken on a scheduled time. By defining different intervals in P193 for different devices, Service Provider can distribute the Firmware or Configuration File download schedule to reduce the Firmware or Provisioning Server load at any given time.PRE-CONFIGURATION AND CONFIGURATION REDIRECTIONFor mass deployment, Grandstream provides TFTP/HTTP redirection service. This service is free. Here is how redirection works. By default all Grandstream products point to our provisioning system. When a unit is powered up, it will automatically contact our provisioning server. Our provisioning server will then redirect the unit to customer’s TFTP/HTTP/HTTPS server. The unit will reboot and send further provisioning request asking for configuration file (or firmware file) from customer’s TFTP/HTTP/HTTPS server.Below is the information we need from service providers for TFTP/HTTP redirection:1.MAC address range, this should be printed on the carton box2.Your TFTP/HTTP server IP address3.Your company name and addressHere is what service providers should do:1.Create configuration files for all the devices and put them on your TFTP/HTTP server2.Download the latest official release from /support/firmwareand put them on your TFTP/HTTP server (same directory as above)3.After we inform you that the devices have been entered into our central provisioningdatabase, please take out a few devices to test. Upon powering up, they should contact our provisioning server /gs first, and then get redirected to your TFTP/HTTP server and pull out the firmware files and the configuration files. They will be upgraded to the latest firmware with your configurations.Grandstream also offers pre-configuration of our devices in factory, but this will incur an extra cost to the product ordered.A UTOMATIC PROVISIONING WITHIN LANGrandstream products support DHCP Option 66 or 43 for automatic provisioning within a Local Area Network. The provisioning server URL is embedded inside standard option 66 or 43 of DHCP responses. All Grandstream product families support DHCP Option 66 while the new product series GXP21xx/14xx support both DHCP Option 66 and 43.Grandstream SIP devices send out DHCP DISCOVER with the following information:DHCP Server can be configured to send the following information in its DHCP OFFER. Please notice that in this example, an HTTP://URL is provided in the Option 66 “TFTP Server Name” field. Device will then issue HTTP requests instead of the traditional TFTP requests to the server. This design allows more flexibility in device provisioning. While all Grandstream SIP devicessupport DHCP Option 66, only new product series GXP21xx/14xx, GXV31xx, HT50x and GXW40xx support this additional flexibility.XML P ROVISIONING S CHEMA AND EXAMPLE FILEThe general XML syntax consists of a list of name-value pairs. P-Value is the element and the value of the element is represents the value for that particular configuration that the corresponding P-Value represents. For the complete P-value list, please refer to the legacy configuration templates at/support/toolsExample XML configuration file (cfgxxxxxxxxxxxx.xml):<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><gs_provision version="1"><mac>000b82123456</mac><config version="1"><P271>0</P271><P270>Account name</P270></config></gs_provision>The mac element is not mandatory. It is designed this way because not all provision systems support MAC address. If it is present, the provision program will validate the mac element with the actual MAC address on the device.XML F ILE E NCRYPTIONThe XML configuration file may be encrypted using AES-256-CBC algorithm. The encryption password is defined in P1359 (XML Config File Password) of the configuration file. The encryption may use salt to enhance security. The algorithm to derive the key and IV from a password is the same as the one used by OpenSSL:The OpenSSL command-line to encrypt the file is as follows:Openssl enc –e –aes-256-cbc –k password –in config.xml –out cfgxxxxxxxxxxxx.xml Alternatively, users can also set the XML Config File Password in the web UI of the phone.Figure 2: Using web UI to define the XML Configuration File PasswordWhen the XML configuration file is encrypted using this method, the phone would only be able to decrypt and parse the file if user set the XML Config File Password in P1349 of binary configuration file or in the web UI.S ECURE P ROVISIONINGAlthough the XML configuration file can be encrypted and the encryption algorithm itself is regarded as safe and strong by using AES with 256-bit key length, it remains a question on how to bootstrap and provision the initial XML encryption password. There are several methods to provide solutions to this:e legacy binary configuration file to set the initial XML encryption password. Thelegacy binary file is encrypted and it generally regarded safe.e HTTPS and use client side authentication. This is the industry standard approach andhas the strongest safety.。

The Reform Trilogy: Part One Despite the sound and fury of Parliamentary and media exchanges, the Government and its political opponents differ remarkably little over the appropriate level of public expenditure. Both accept that the overwhelming bulk of the truly massive (+53%) real-terms spending increase of the last decade is a fixture. The coalition, whose plans amount to a real-terms cut of less than 4% between 2009-10 and 2015-16, aims to keep public spending very close to its current levels, and hopes that the deficit will be eliminated by tax increases and by the revenue proceeds of economic growth. The opposition differs only over the pace and extent of the very modest spending reductions planned by the Government, arguing that continued high state spending can alone deliver growth. If politeness were allowed to outweigh harsh realities, this state of affairs could be called a consensus. But the reality is that it betokens mutual self-deception, an unwillingness to look reality in the face, and an abject failure to ask tough questions about the affordability of public spending, about the real outlook for growth, and about the burden being borne by hard-pressed tax-payers. Over the past decade, two factors have put the British economy into an ex-growth stranglehold. First, individuals and government alike have borrowed to the hilt, with the recycling of asset-driven private borrowing masquerading as growth. Quite apart from creating massive personal indebtedness, this has elevated the economic prominence of debt-driven sectors to the detriment of industries which can generate genuine organic growth. Second, and expressed at constant values, public spending soared from £451bn in 1999-2000 to £688bn in 2010-11. The public are being asked to believe that this spending increase is irreversible, and that a debt-shackled economy, about 70% of which is exgrowth, can afford to let its government carry on spending at this level. This is totally delusional. Working people are now bearing the brunt of this abdication of leadership. Nominal wage growth is minimal, and incomes are being eroded by inflation which is high even in general terms, and very much worse where essentials (such as fuel and utilities) are concerned. The outlook for ordinary people is grim, and they are entitled to ask whether they can be helped by reductions in the burden of taxes and charges. So, too, are small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which are the only potential sources of jobs, of growth and of higher standards of living. This report is the first of three which, together, pose some radical questions and reach some equally radical conclusions. Public spending is at levels which Britain simply cannot afford. Working people can no longer shoulder the tax burden which excessive public spending creates. Nothing less than truly drastic tax cuts, funded by further reductions in public spending and amounting to perhaps £50bn, can realign the economy enough to deliver a return to growth.

Key points for question 1(2):
The opportunity cost of producing one good or providing one service is the sacrifice of some other desirable alternative that could have been produced by the use of the same resources.
Question 3---(a)
2) when price rises from 3p to 4p Price elasticity of demand =% change in quantity demanded / % change in price % change in quantity demanded=14.28% % change in price=33.3% Price elasticity of demand=0.43 Price elasticity of demand is inelastic.
D’ priceBiblioteka D increaseQuestion 4 (3)
p
p1 D’ Quantity demanded q1’
D q
q’
q1
Key points for question 5:
A decrease in the price of the factors of production. New technology (for example, mechanization, computerization etc) can make the production more efficient, and eventually lower the costs. Subsidies received from the government.

投资美国未来：2006―2011财年战略规划——美国国家科学基金会（NSF）编者按：2006年10月2日，NSF发布了题为《投资美国的未来：2006―2011财年战略规划》。

该战略规划首先根据其任务和核心价值观，提出了未来5年的设想和四个关系密切的战略目标，这四个战略目标是：探索、学习、研究设施与管理。

然后列出了与其战略目标密切相关的优先研究领域，这些优先研究领域是NSF已确定的在2006-2011财年投资重点或将追加资金的领域。

最后，该战略规划介绍了其实施的行动：考虑未来的投资、确定目标和加强交流。

现将该战略规划的主要内容编译如下，以供我国相关科研和管理人员参考。

目录1引言：变化背景下的战略规划 (2)1.1 加快研发的速度、扩大研发范围和影响 (2)1.2 新的资助模式 (2)1.3 促进教育和壮大劳动大军 (3)1.4 采取的行动 (3)2任务和核心价值观 (3)2.1 任务 (3)2.2 核心价值观 (3)3 设想和目标 (4)3.1 设想 (4)3.2 战略目标 (4)4 投资的优先领域 (5)4.1 发现 (5)4.2 学习 (5)4.3 研究设施 (5)4.4 管理 (5)5 实施行动 (6)5.1对未来投资的考虑 (6)5.2 目标 (7)5.3 交流 (8)精选1引言：变化背景下的战略规划美国国家科学基金会（NSF）成立于1950年，是一个专门负责资助和推动各个领域的前沿基础研究、各层次的科学与工程教育的联邦政府机构。

它在支持全美大学和其它学术机构的基础研究、教育和基础设施建设方面起到了至关重要的作用。

目前，NSF通过竞争和基于价值评议的方式选择和资助的研究已推动了许多重要的创新，刺激了经济的成长并改善了人们的生活和健康质量。

“美国竞争力计划”(the American Competitiveness Initiative, ACI)也提出了保证美国有持续竞争力的新的构想：创新、探索和发明。