第四章 股一股ugugugu

Unit 1Text A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.3 "Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken".4 After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked.5 "Logic."6 "Cool," she said over her gum.7 "The doctrine of logic," I said, "is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter."8 "Great," she agreed.9 "Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise."10 She nodded in agreement.11 I could see she was stumped. "Polly," I explained, "it's too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people."12 "Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully:You can't speak French. Rob can't speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French."13 "Really?" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?"14 "This is also a fallacy," I said. "The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion."15 She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway.I took her home and set a date for another conversation.16 Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam."17 She nodded with delight.18 "Listen closely," I said. "A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed."19 "Oh, this is awful, awful," she whispered in a choked voice.20 "Yes, it's awful," I agreed, "but it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question. Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy — Ad Misericordiam."21 She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.22 "Next," I said carefully, "we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery."23 "I like that idea," she said.24 "Polly," I groaned, "don't derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between them."25 "I still think it's a good idea," said Polly.26 With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.27 "Polly," I said when next we sat under our oak, "tonight we won't discussfallacies."28 "Oh?" she said, a little disappointed.29 Favoring her with a grin, I said, "We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple."30 "Hasty Generalization," said Polly brightly. "Or as a normal person might say, that's a little premature, don't you think?"31 I laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. "Sweetheart," I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, "five dates is plenty. After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know it's good."32 "False Analogy," said Polly promptly. "Your premise is that dating is like eating. But you're not a cake. You're a boy."33 I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her lessons too well. A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.34 "Polly, I love you. Please say you'll go out with me. I'm nothing without you."35 "Ad Misericordiam," she said.36 "You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it," I said, my hopes starting to crumble. "But don't take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life."37 "Dicto Simpliciter," she said. "Besides, you really should practice what you preach."38 I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. "Will you or will you not go out with me?"39 "No to your proposition," she replied.40 "Why?" I demanded.41 "I'm more interested in a different petitioner — Rob and I are back together."42 With great effort, I said calmly, "How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who'll never know where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?"43 "Wow, what presumption! I'll put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand," retorted Polly, her voice dripping with sarcasm. "Full disclosure — I like Rob in leather. I told him to say yes to you so he could have your jacket!"。

2020年成都双流中学高三生物月考试卷及答案一、选择题：本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。

每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。

1. 某雌雄异株的高等植物果肉有黄色和白色两种类型，黄色（A）对白色（a）是显性，等位基因位于X染色体上，Y染色体上无此基因。

已知白色基因会使花粉致死。

下列叙述错误的是（）A. 若亲本杂交后子代雄株均为黄色，则亲本雌株是纯合子B. 黄色雌株与白色雄株杂交，子代中既有雌株又有雄株C. 白色性状只出现在雄株，雌株不可能出现D. 黄色雌株与黄色雄株杂交，子代中可能出现白色雄株2. 下列有关物质进出细胞的叙述，正确的是（）A.水分子的跨膜运输速率与细胞内外溶液浓度的差值无关B.大分子物质需要通过载体蛋白的转运才能进入细胞C.葡萄糖分子在顺浓度梯度下可以通过协助扩散进入细胞D.大多数离子在逆浓度梯度下进入细胞内不需要消耗能量3. 如图是某激素蛋白的合成与分泌过程示意图（其中物质代表氨基酸，a、b、c、d、e表示细胞结构）下列说法中，不正确的是（）A.图中a、b、c和d均具有膜结构B.在图中e结构内部，存在DNAC.b、c、d为细胞生物膜系统的组成成分D.b通过形成小泡与c融合4. 下列关于生物体内水分和无机盐的叙述，错误的是A. 干种子内结合水的相对含量较低，不能进行旺盛的生命活动B. 旱生植物比水生植物具有较强的抗旱能力，其原因之一是结合水的相对含量较高C. 镁离子是叶绿素的重要成分，缺镁会造成叶片发黄D. 生理盐水能维持人体血浆渗透压的平衡，可以防止细胞过度吸水而涨破5. 克里克以T4噬菌体为实验材料证明了遗传密码中3个碱基编码1个氨基酸。

之后，其他科学家利用合成的“UGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUG……”2碱基重复序列做模板，得到新合成的蛋白质由半胱氨酸和缬氨酸交替连接而成。

以下相关叙述错误的是（）A.据此可推断，该RNA序列中含有两种密码子B.该过程需要核糖体和RNA聚合酶等酶的参与C.该过程还需要其它RNA的参与D.该过程中有水的生成6. 细胞是绝大多数生物体结构和功能的基本单位。

1.1抄底高盛：投资绝不仅是恐惧中贪婪2018年10月的一个周日，巴菲特在奥马哈的家中接到了高盛副董事长拜伦·特洛特的电话，他跟巴菲特一样，也是老实巴交的美国中西部人。

说实话，他是那一刻巴菲特唯一真正信任的投资银行家。

他来电很简单，他希望巴菲特在大崩溃中投资高盛，他甚至向巴菲特透露，政府正在推动高盛并购美联银行。

这是在暗示巴菲特，你买了高盛，实在是捡了个大便宜。

可是巴菲特摇摇头说，拜伦，这是不可能的，美国财政部官员都曾有过这两家公司的任职经历，考虑到避嫌，政府是不可能为这两家公司的并购提供交易资金的。

你看，关键问题上，巴菲特一点儿也不含糊，他的投资从来不依靠内幕信息，事实上，这不是巴菲特第一次拒绝华尔街。

早在2008年3月28日，雷曼兄弟的CEO迪克·福尔德就给巴菲特抛来了橄榄枝，希望他能给雷曼提供救助资金。

此刻，正在享受樱桃可乐的巴菲特很快提议，他有兴趣投资红利为9%的雷曼优先股和40美元行权价的认股权证。

用这种方式来投资，就像购买了一个可转债。

平时，稳赚每年9%的高额股息，同时，如果市场大涨，涨到40美元上方，巴菲特可以把优先股转成普通股一笔卖掉，当然，涨得越多，他赚得越多，这真的是一个攻守兼备的好买卖。

可是，雷曼却认为这样干，巴菲特占了大便宜，他拒绝了巴菲特开出的条件。

经过反复的拉锯，巴菲特也毫不让步，最后，雷曼在其他金融机构那儿获得了资金。

但是，他却没有得到来自巴菲特声誉的价值。

后面的故事很快急转直下，雷曼的股价跌到只有1美元，很快这家百年投行顷刻倒塌瓦解。

华尔街开始意识到，资金并不是救援的全部。

比金子更宝贵的是信心，比信心更珍贵的是你的信誉和声誉。

巴菲特一生最为珍视的就是他的信誉，信用评级堪比美国财政部的伯克希尔·哈撒韦，这是巴菲特商业模式最强大的护城河之一。

而那些被巴菲特所投资的公司，也因为得到了这种强大的信用保证和品牌背书，也都得到了很多隐形的商业优势。

四年级上册科普版第4课单词拼读在四年级上册的科普版教材中，第四课主要介绍了一些常见的英语单词以及它们的拼读规则。

单词的拼读是英语学习中非常重要的一部分，它直接关系到学生的阅读和写作能力。

通过学习这些单词的拼读规则，学生可以更准确地拼写单词，提高阅读和写作的效率。

在本文中，我们将对四年级上册科普版第4课单词拼读进行详细的介绍和解析。

一、单音节词的拼读规则1. 单元音字母单元音字母包括a、e、i、o、u。

当它们出现在单词中间时通常由元音字母发音，例如cat（/kæt/）, bed（/bed/）, big（/bɪg/）, hot（/hɒt/）, run（/rʌn/）。

2. 辅音字母和元音字母的组合当辅音字母和元音字母组合在一起时，通常由元音字母发音。

a 后面接辅音字母m时，发音为/am/，am； e后面接辅音字母t时，发音为/et/，et； i后面接辅音字母t时，发音为/ɪt/，it； o后面接辅音字母g时，发音为/ɒg/，og； u后面接辅音字母g时，发音为/ʌg/，ug。

二、多音节词的拼读规则1. 长元音和短元音长元音和短元音在多音节词的拼读中非常重要。

长元音通常由两个字母表示，而短元音通常只由一个字母表示。

cake中的a为长元音，发音为/keɪk/； cat中的a为短元音，发音为/kæt/。

2. 辅音字母和元音字母的组合在多音节词中，辅音字母和元音字母的组合不仅要注意元音字母的发音，还要注意辅音字母的发音。

ea组合在一起的时候可以发音为/ɪə/，/eə/，/eɪ/，/æ/，具体的发音还要根据具体情况而定。

三、单词拼读的练习方法1. 阅读练习通过大量的阅读练习，学生可以熟悉单词的拼读规则，培养自己的阅读能力。

2. 拼写练习学生可以通过听音填空、单词拼写等练习来巩固单词的拼读规则，提高自己的拼写能力。

3. 语音练习学生可以通过模仿老师的发音或者录音对比的方式来训练自己的语音，提高自己的发音准确性。