【模拟试卷】上海市上海中学2020届高三英语模拟试卷及答案
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2020年上海中学高三英语模拟练习Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Today the Statue of Liberty is a beloved landmark. It ___1___(tower) above of the harbor of New York and is lovingly cared for by the National Park Service. Many thousands of visitors who visit Liberty Island each year might never suspect that getting the statue ___2___(build) was a long slow struggle. More than a century ago, it___3___ (be) the celebration of freedom and the commemoration of the friendship between America and France that inspired sculptor Auguste Bartholdi and finally he went forward with designing the potential statue and promoting the idea of building it. However, money was so big a problem ___4___was haunting the two governments from the beginning to the end.Donations for the building of the statue first began coming in throughout France in 1875.Numerous people gave donations. A copper company donated the copper sheets that would be used to fashion the skin of the statue. Various donations were helpful,___5___ the cost of the statue kept rising. ___6___(face) with a shortfall of money, the French-American Union held a lottery. Merchants in Paris donated prizes, and tickets were sold. The lottery was a success, but more money was still needed. The sculptorBartholdi eventually sold miniature versions of the statue, ___7___ the name of the buyer engraved on them.Finally, in July 1880 the French-American Union announced that enough money had been raised to complete the building of the statue.While the French had announced that the funds for the statues were in place in 1880, by late 1882 the American donations, which would be needed to build the pedestal,were sadly lagging. The sculptor Bartholdi had travelled to America in 1871 to promote the idea of the statue. Despite B artholdi’s efforts, the idea of the statue was difficult___8___(sell). some newspapers, most notably the New York Times, often criticized the statue as folly, and vehemently opposed ___9___(spend) any money on it. The newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer, who had purchased a New York City daily, The World, in the early1880s, took us the cause of the statue’s pedestal. He mounted an energetic fund drive, promising to print the name of each donor, ___10___ small the donation, Pulitzer’s audacious plan worked, and millions of people around the country began donating whatever they could.In August1885, that final $100,000 for the statue;s pedestal had beenraised.Construction work on the stone structure continued, and the next year the Statue of Liberty, which had arrived from France packed in crated, was erected on top. Section BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can beused only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let’s say you’ve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don’t have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food ___11___ at the supermarket. Since you really___12___ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn’t it? This is where a “choice architect” can help___13___some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket — including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up — is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to ___14___ healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect — one that encourages us to choose what is best — we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with ___15___ hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to ___16___ foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains ___17___ by looking at the lights on the package. A green light ___18___ that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be ___19___; and red means thatthe food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in ___20___. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: Fore ach blank in the following passage are four words or phrases marked A. B. C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just watched or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple___21___.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we ___22___ do with it? We gossip. About others’ behaviour and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out —— and why; how to deal with difficult ___23___ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural ___24___, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really___25___issues.Dunbar ___26___ the traditional view that language was developed by the men atthe early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar —___27___, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the ___28___ of the higher primates like monkeys. By means of grooming —— cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or ___29___ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar ___30___that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the ___31___ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to ___32___ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be ___33___ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more___34___ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one ___35___ contact.21. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language22. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally23. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural24. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters25. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult26. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens27. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result28. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behavior29. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance30. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses31. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection32. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease33. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained34. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful35. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection B（每题2分，共40分）Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AThe teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happens, my aunt.She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught me in secondgrade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre-not just children's theatre but adult comedies and dramas-and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me.I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humour, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen,was supposed to cover teenage social activities-and it did-but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favourite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.36. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood and youth?A. She lent her some serious classics.B. She cultivated her taste for music.C. She discovered her talent for dancing.D. She introduced her to adult plays.37. What does Archy & Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. A book of great fun.B. A writer of high fame.C. A serious masterpiece.D. A heartbreaking play.38. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ________.A. develop her capabilities for writingB. give her a chance to collect materialC. involve her in teenage social activitiesD. offer her a series of writing jobs39. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who________.A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupilsD. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learning(B)Humpback WhalesHumpback whales are sometimes called performers of the ocean.This is because they can make impressive movements when they dive.The name “humpback”, which is the common name for this whale, refers to the typical curve shape the whale’s back forms as it dives.Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantastic movement known as a breach. During breaching the whale uses its powerful tail flukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the water in a giant leap. A breach might also include a sideways twist with fins stretched out like wings, as the whale reaches the height of the breach.A humpback whale breathes air at the surface of the water through two blowholes which are located near the top of the head. It blows a double stream of water that can rise up to 4 metres above the water.The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towards the tail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back. Other distinguishing features include large pectoral fins, which may be up to a third of the body length, and unique black and white spots on the underside of the tail flukes.These markings are like finger prints: no two are the same.Humpback whales live in large groups.They communicate with each other through complex “songs”.40. According to Quick Facts, a humpback whale _____.A. cannot survive in waters near the shoreB. Doesn’t live in the same waters all the timeC. lives mainly on underwater plantsD. prefers to work alone when hunting food41. To make a breach, a humpback whale must _____.A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the waterB. twist its body sideways to jump highC. blow two streams of waterD. communicate with a group of humpbacks42. From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale _____.A. has its unique markings on its tail flukesB. has black and white fingerprintsC. gets its name from the way it huntsD. is a great performer due to its songs(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. “As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner’s pants,” she said. “That’s the picture I remember best.”The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person’s body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can followalong. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person’s body.Using such technology promises to alter people’s behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias that humans have against those who don’t look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people’s associations between,for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants’ bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you’ve put yourself in another’s shoes, you’re less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. “At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms,” says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. “It’s a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone.”43. The word “swapping” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting44. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people’s bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes45. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them46. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CVarious studies have shown that increased spending on education has not led to measurable improvements in learning. Between 1980 and 2008, staff and teachers at U.S. public schools grew roughly twice as fast as students._______47_______ Universities show similar trends of increased administration personnel and costswithout greater learning, as documented in Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa’s recent book Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses.A survey shows that 63% of employers say that recent college graduates don’t have the skills they need to succeed and 25% of employers say that entry-level writing skills are lacking.Some simplistically attribute the decline in our public education system to the drain of skilled students by private schools, but far more significant events were at work.Public schools worked well until about the 1970s.________48________ It was the underperforming students who were thrown out of public schools and went to private ones.A prominent reason public schools did well was that many highly qualified women had few options for working outside the house other than being teachers or nurses._______49_______Having such a large supply of talented women teachers meant that society could pay less for their services.Women’s liberation opened up new professional opportunities for women, and,over time, some of the best left teaching as a career option, bringing about a gradual decline in the quality of schooling.________50________Large education bureaucracies and unions came to dominate the landscape, confusing activity with achievement. Bureaucrats regularly rewrite curriculums, talk nonsense about theories of education, and require ever more administrators. The end result has been that, after all the spending, students have worse math and reading skills than both their foreign peers and earlier generations spendingfar less on education ---- as all the accumulating evidence has now documented.A.They accepted relatively low pay, difficult working conditions, and gave their very best.B. In fact, until that time, public schools provided far better education than private ones.C. Achievement tests have failed to truly reflect the quality of teaching.D. The heavy teaching loads left them little time and energy for family life.E. Also around that time, regulations, government, and unions came to dictate pay, prevent adjustments.F.Yet students showed no additional learning in achievement tests.IV51.Summary WritingSociologists have long recognized that organization of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members.Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organizations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure ofrelationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunchtimes was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged._____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________VTranslation52. 他和他的同学都不喜欢放学后补课。
