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扬州大学2023 年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题（ A 卷）科目代码857 科目名称植物生理学满分 150 分注意：①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、名词解释（共 10 小题，每小题 2 分，共 20 分）1.水势2.必需元素3.红降现象4.糖酵解5.共质体运输6.抗生长素7.光敏色素8.植物细胞全能性9.临界日长10.胁变二、单选题（共 20 小题，每小题 1 分，共 20 分）1.当植物细胞溶质势与压力势绝对值相等时，这时细胞在纯水中水分状态如何变化？A.吸水加快B.吸水减慢C.不再吸水D.开始失水2.植物能从土壤中吸收的水分是什么水？A.毛管水B.束缚水C.重力水D.束缚水和毛管水3.下列哪一点不是离子通道运输的特性？A.不消耗能量B.有选择性C.阳离子和阴离子均可运输D.无选择性4.一般认为，植物体内必需元素的种类有多少种？A.19B.10C.25D.305.将二氧化碳中的氧用同位素18O 标记，然后用于光合作用实验，在以下哪些物质中可以找到18O 标记的氧？A.糖和水B.氧气和糖C.水和氧气D.糖、水和氧气6.某植物一个月正常生长增重了20 克，其增加的物质主要来源于什么？A.氮肥B.磷肥C.钾肥D.水分和二氧化碳7.当植物组织从有氧条件下转放到无氧条件下，糖酵解速度加快，是由于什么原因？A.ADP 和P i 减少B.柠檬酸和A TP 合成减少C.NADH＋H+合成减少D.NADP 合成减少8.糖类是植物呼吸作用的直接底物，花生、油菜等油料作物种子贮存的脂肪在萌发时必须转化为糖才能被利用，这是通过脂肪氧化及哪种途径完成的？A.乙醛酸循环B.乙醇酸氧化途径C.戊糖磷酸途径D.三羧酸循环9.源库单位的哪种特征是整枝、摘心、疏果等栽培技术的生理基础？A.对应关系B.区域化C.固定性D.可变性10.转化酶催化下列哪种反应？A.蔗糖＋H2O→葡萄糖＋果糖B.G1P＋ATP→ADPG＋PiC.UDPG＋果糖→蔗糖＋UDPD.F1，6BP＋H2O→F6P＋PPi11.以下哪种物质不作为第二信使？A.DAGB.钙离子C.cAMPD.ATP12.下列可作为细胞分裂素生物鉴定法是哪种？A.燕麦弯曲试验法B.α-淀粉酶法C.萝卜子叶圆片法D.棉花叶柄脱落法13.脱落酸、赤霉素和类胡萝卜素都是由哪种单元构成的？A.异戊二烯B.氨基酸C.不饱和氨基酸D.饱和氨基酸14.下列哪种波段的光不能引起植物发生光化学反应？A.100～300 nmB.300～500 nmC.500～1000 nmD.1000～2000 nm15.根背光方向生长，属于什么运动？A.向光性B.向重性C.向化性D. 感性16.将北方的冬小麦引种至广东栽培，结果不能抽穗结实，主要原因是什么？A.日照短B.气温高C.雨水多D.光照强17.多数植物通过光周期诱导后产生的效应，可通过哪种方式传递下去？A.分蘖B.种子繁殖C.嫁接 B.细胞分裂18.种子发育后期耐脱水性逐渐增强，主要原因是什么？A.ABA 合成B.淀粉合成C.脂肪合成D.胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白合成19.以下哪种环境因素能加速植物的衰老？A.CTK 处理B.施氮C.干旱处理D.长日照处理20.细胞间结冰伤害的主要原因是什么？A.冰晶的伤害B.机械损伤C.膜伤害D.原生质过度脱水三、多选题（共 10 小题，每小题 2 分，共 20 分）1.植物的蒸腾作用方式包括哪些？A.主动蒸腾B.气孔蒸腾C.皮孔蒸腾D.角质层蒸腾2.判断某种元素是否为植物必需元素的标准有哪些？A.不可缺少性B.直接功能性C.不可替代性D.间接作用3.1946 年哪些科学家采用14C 同位素标记和双向纸层析技术探明了光合作用中碳同化的循环途径？A.M.CalvinB.A.BensonC.M.D.Hatch D.R.Hill4.根据末端氧化酶存在部位，将植物体内的末端氧化酶分为线粒体内的末端氧化酶和线粒体外的末端氧化酶两大类。
2023年江苏扬州大学文学综合考研真题A卷一、名词解释（5分X6=30分）
1、文学的审美功能
2、笙诗
3、小诗体
4、荷马史诗
5、《沧浪诗话》
6、善本
1、安排组织文学作品结构的依据是什么？
2、简答东汉抒情赋的类别及其代表作。
3、结合《屈原》，简析郭沫若40年代历史剧的艺术特色。
4、简述现代主义文学的主要艺术特征。
5、简述章回小说的文体特征。
6、举例说明古书的命名方式。
1、试举例阐述典型化的内涵及其实现的具体途径。
2、论述王维、孟浩然二人田园山水诗之异。
3、试论20世纪30年代中国现代小说进入到成熟、繁荣阶段的标志及其原因。
4、如何看待哈姆莱特在复仇行动上的犹豫？
5、如何理解魏晋南北朝是“文学的自觉时代”。
6、试论家谱的内容与价值。
扬州大学2023年《新闻与传播专业综合能力》考研真题A卷一、名词解释(共4小题，每小题5分，共20分)1.新闻敏感2.机器新闻写作3.网络新闻直播4.回声室效应二、简述题(共3小题，每小题10分，共30分)1.简述传播新技术对新闻采写的影响。
2.简述互联网演进的内在“连接”逻辑。
3.简述作为信息消费者的网络用户的特点。
三、论述题(共2小题，每小题25分，共50分)1.结合实例，论述新媒体环境下“沉默的螺旋”理论的变异性与适用性。
2.结合实例，论述互联网的未来走向及对传媒业的影响。
四、实务题(共2小题，第1题20分，第2题30分，共50分)1.以“老年人如何预防金融诈骗”为主题，请你拟一份采访计划。
(20分)计划内容：(1)采访主题及目的；(2)采访前准备；(3)采访对象；(4)采访提纲等。
2.请根据以下提供的材料撰写一篇评论，字数600-800字。
(30分) 2023届高校毕业生迎来了秋招季，很多即将毕业的学生发现，大部分招聘岗位除了对专业、学历有要求外，还要求求职者有相关岗位的技能经验、工作经验。
面对现实，年轻大学生们似乎无心质疑这样的要求是否合理，而是扭头早早投入到了实习大潮中。
近期，媒体采访调查发现，越来越多的大学生早在大一大二的寒暑假尝试去各种行业、岗位实习，甚至还会“翘课”参加实习。
有学生表示，面对经济下行压力和疫情给就业市场带来的不确定性，他们提前感知到了来自考研、就业的竞争压力。
还有学生表示，将实习提前至大一大二，可以为准备考研、保研预留充分时间，也可以为求职、为寻找适合自己的职业发展方向提供帮助，这是他们的一条重要的“破局之路”。
2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语真题篇一：听力理解Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) She needs to consult a doctor.B) Her headache has completely gone.C) She has taken some medication.D) She doesn't want to take pills.2. A) She can lend the man some money.B) She has plenty of cash.C) She doesn't have enough money.D) She needs to go to the bank.3. A) She feels worried about her presentation.B) She will help the man prepare the presentation.C) She has already finished her part of the work.D) She doesn't like speaking in public.4. A) He couldn't find the way to the bank.B) He wasn't able to withdraw any money.C) All ATMs are out of service.D) There will be a long queue at the ATM.5. A) The man doesn't need to worry about the deadline.B) The man needs to extend his deadline.C) The assignment must be submitted earlier.D) The woman suggests changing the deadline.篇二：阅读理解Section BDirections: In Section B, you will read three passages and answer several questions on each of the passages. You are encouraged to answer as many questions as possible within the time allowed.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The human footprint has become so large that it now leaves a permanent mark on the planet. We dominate Earth, changing its climate, destroying natural habitats and wiping out other species. The effects of our actions are not only visible on land but also extend to the oceans, where we have disrupted marine ecosystems.Our interference with the oceans has led to various problems, one of which is overfishing. According to a recent report released by the United Nations, over 90% of the world's fish stocks are currently overfished or fished to their biological limits, with only 7.1% considered to be at healthy levels.Overfishing is a result of excessive fishing efforts driven by increased demand for fish and improved fishing technologies. Large commercial fishing fleets, equipped with advanced equipment, are causing significant damage to marine ecosystems. These fleets often use large nets and long lines that can catch large quantities of fish in a single operation, but also catch many other marine animals, known as bycatch. Bycatch includes dolphins, turtles, seabirds, and other non-targeted species, many of which are endangered or protected.Furthermore, our demand for certain fish species has caused severe population declines and even the collapse of some fisheries. For example, the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna population has declined rapidly due to its high market value, leading to strict fishing regulations being imposed.In order to protect our oceans and preserve marine ecosystems, it is crucial to address the issue of overfishing. This requires international cooperation, improved fisheries management, and responsible consumer choices. By adopting sustainable fishing practices and supporting fishery regulations, we can ensure the long-term health and sustainability of our oceans.11. What does the author say about the human footprint?12. What is one of the problems caused by our interference with the oceans?13. What do we learn about overfishing from the recent UN report?14. What is mentioned as a cause of overfishing?15. What does the author suggest to address the issue of overfishing?篇三：完形填空Section CDirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It was Sunday and we were waiting on the platform for the 16.35 train when an announcement said it was delayed. We were traveling to friends who lived about 200 miles away and had been 16 them several weeks.As we had a couple of hours to wait, we 17 an earlier train and therefore got there on time. However, as it happened, our friends were still out shopping so we crowded in their kitchen and 18 warming ourselves by the Aga cooker until they returned at about 7 p.m.We were just 19 to have a meal when there was a knock at the door and in walked a man and a woman who 20 lived next door to our friends."Would you 21 a little problem for me?" asked the man. We asked what was wrong and he said that he had left his lit gas water heater on when he left home, and he wanted someone to go in and turn it off. The watercylinder in the airing 22 was quite small, and with the attic door in the closed position, there was a real 23 that the cylinder might boil over and cause a flood. We asked the man why he didn't come back before 24, and he said that he had tried to get off at the previous station, but the doors didn't open, and by the time he got out it was too late.My husband said he would 25. They led the way round to their house, and sure enough, the cylinder was bubbling away like mad. My husband turned it off at once.16. A) visiting B) ignoring C) meeting D) reminding17. A) took B) missed C) drove D) caught18. A) occurred B) spent C) found D) killed19. A) preparing B) stopping C) deciding D) reminding20. A) never B) already C) almost D) often21. A) explain B) settle C) solve D) mention22. A) table B) room C) place D) position23. A) possibility B) chance C) result D) solution24. A) midnight B) sunset C) noon D) midday25. A) find B) meet C) run D) agree篇四：写作Directions: Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1. interpret the chart, and2. give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.请根据以上要求完成文章。
扬州大学2023 年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题（A 卷）科目代码334 科目名称新闻与传播专业综合能力满分 150注意：①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、名词解释（共4 小题，每小题 5 分，共 20 分）1.新闻敏感2.机器新闻写作3.网络新闻直播4.回声室效应二、简述题（共 3 小题，每小题 10 分，共 30 分）1.简述传播新技术对新闻采写的影响。
2.简述互联网演进的内在“连接”逻辑。
3.简述作为信息消费者的网络用户的特点。
三、论述题（共2 小题，每小题 25 分，共 50 分）1.结合实例，论述新媒体环境下“沉默的螺旋”理论的变异性与适用性。
2.结合实例，论述互联网的未来走向及对传媒业的影响。
四、实务题（共 2 小题，第 1 题 20 分，第 2 题 30 分，共 50 分）1.以“老年人如何预防金融诈骗”为主题，请你拟一份采访计划。
（20 分）计划内容：（1）采访主题及目的；（2）采访前准备；（3）采访对象；（4）采访提纲等。
2.请根据以下提供的材料撰写一篇评论，字数 600-800 字。
（30 分）2023 届高校毕业生迎来了秋招季，很多即将毕业的学生发现，大部分招聘岗位除了对专业、学历有要求外，还要求求职者有相关岗位的技能经验、工作经验。
面对现实，年轻大学生们似乎无心质疑这样的要求是否合理，而是扭头早早投入到了实习大潮中。
近期，媒体采访调查发现，越来越多的大学生早在大一大二的寒暑假尝试去各种行业、岗位实习，甚至还会“翘课”参加实习。
有学生表示，面对经济下行压力和疫情给就业市场带来的不确定性，他们提前感知到了来自考研、就业的竞争压力。
还有学生表示，将实习提前至大一大二，可以为准备考研、保研预留充分时间，也可以为求职、为寻找适合自己的职业发展方向提供帮助，这是他们的一条重要的“破局之路”。
2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(科目代码：201)☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填(书)写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
(以下信息考生必须认真填写)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years 4 by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt.They 5 as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown,their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly 7 in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors 8 crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in peoples'way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area 10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors,these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large,sticking-out door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each 13 specific signals to tell them when to open. 14 these methods differ,the main 15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light,sound,weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open.Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18 ,a busy street might not 19 a motion- sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure-sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area.英语( 一 )试题 . 1 . (共14页)1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving [D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience [C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously [B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out [C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits [D]sources7.[A]useful [B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as [B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected [B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow [B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear [D]change13.[A]adapting to [B]deriving from [C]relying on [D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles [D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses [C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example [D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit [C]secure [D]include20.[A]appropriate [B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)英语(一)试题.2.(共14页)Text 1Nearly 2,000 years ago,as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails?The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron.The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts,early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate.This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails,which could be reused after sifting the ashes.The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce,costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.According to Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy,most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years,but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much.Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects:their price.I am an economist,after all.After writing two books about the history of inventions,one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype,it's the cheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost—and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap;now they are transforming the global energy system.英语(一)试题.3.(共14页)21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use.[B]keeping them from rusting.[C]letting them grow in value.[D]hiding them from the locals.22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails.[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time.23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements.[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times.[C]are less studied than other everyday products.[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions.25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring aboutrevolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.英语(一)试题.4.(共14页)Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children,researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana,where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”,in which infants are carried in slings,is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary,an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University,these practices,known as alloparenting,could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel,a child psychiatrist,believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany,one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children,an arrangement akin to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years,to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This abrupt shift to an“intensive mothering narrative”,which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone,was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,”they wrote.By contrast,in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old,and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now have less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on”benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers—this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western“instructive teaching”,where pupils are ask ed to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development.”英语(一)试题.5. (共14页)26.According to the first two paragraphs,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing childcare among community members.[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.[C]teaching parenting skills to older children.[D]carrying infants around by their parents.27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture.[D]the differences between western and African ways of living.28.According to Paragraph 4,the“intensive mothering narrative”[A]alleviates parenting pressure.[B]consolidates family relationships.[C]results in the child-centered family.[D]departs from the course of evolution.29.According to Paragraph 6,what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Instructive Teaching:A Dilemma for Anxious Parents[B]For a Happier Family,Learn from the Hunter-gatherers[C]Mixed-age Playgroup,a Better Choice for Lonely Children[D]Tracing the History of Parenting:from Africa to Europe英语( 一 )试题 . 6 . (共14页)Text 3A Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes,Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations for games such as Dungeons &Dragons and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world oftext-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in“Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,”an d the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ecthics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried scarching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because the internet will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says. “That's concerning.”Other artists besides Rutkowski have been surprised by the apparent popularity of their work in text-to-image generators—and some are now fighting back.Karla Ortiz,an illustrator based in San Francisco who found her work in Stable Diffusion's data set,has been raising awareness about the issues around AI art and copyright.Artists say they risk losing income as people start using AI-generated images based on copyrighted material for commercial purposes.But it's also a lot more personal,Ortiz says,arguing that because art is so closely linked to a person,it could raise data protection and privacy problems.“There is a coalition growing within arist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,”says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.英语( 一 )试题 . 7 . (共14页)31.What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about using AI models.[B]He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts.[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles.[C]make unauthorized use of online images.[D]collect user information without consent.33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences.[B]a new method to identify AI images.[C]AI-generated work bearing his name.[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright.34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulation.[B]offer their services to public institutions.[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users.[D]adopt a different strategy for AI model training.35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to AI art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of AI.[D]Opposing views on AI development.英语(一)试题.8.(共14页)Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,fltering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries“significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,”as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water,and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's a reminder that the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.英语(一)试题 9 . (共14页)36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a valuable natural environment.[B]a controversial conservation area.[C]a place with commercial potential.[D]a headache for nearby communities.37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control.[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power.[C]will end conflicts among local residents.[D]may face opposition from mining operators.38.How does the author feel about future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved.[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners.[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections.[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges.[D]improve the wellbeing of endangered species.英语(一)试题10. (共14页)Part BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name (41-45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41) HannahSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42) BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2000 years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value ofthe objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43) SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificent 15th- century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.英语(一)试题.11. (共14页)(44) VictorAncient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country.The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items.I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer.Yes,there is the risk that the original country will not have as good security as do the foreign countries.But look at what happened to Boston's Gardner Museum theft in 1990,including the loss of Rembrandt,Vermeer,Manet,and other masterpieces. Nothing is absolutely safe,nowhere.And now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed works in European museums.(45) JuliaTo those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their countries of origin,I would ask you to consider:why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria?Why are people who live within a day's drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles whenever they want,but the people of Athens aren't?What intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries oforigin?Ifyour conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts,think about why you're assuming that to be true.[A]It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolenartifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countriesof origin.[C]Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts'copies after the originals arereturned.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authenticobjects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin ratherthan anywhere else.[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must bedecent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countriesof origin.英语(一)试题.12. (共14页)Part CDirectionsRead the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say-and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundationThe African savanna elephant,also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.They move between a variety of habitats, including forests,grasslands,woodlands,wetlands and agricultural land.(46) They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have“remarkable spatial acuity.”When finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole.(47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently little was known about how they selected their food.(48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants prefered either to eat or avoid when foraging feely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.Free- ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants,like rats and people,to construct cognitive maps.英语(一)试题.13. (共14页)Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Read the following email from an international student and write a reply.Dear Li Ming,I've got a class assignment to make an oral report on an ancient Chinese scientist,but I'm not sure how to prepare for it.Can you give me some advice? Thank you for your help.Yours,Paul Write your answer in about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in your email;use“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay based on the picture and the chart below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture and the chart briefly,2)interpret the implied meaning,and3)give your comments.Write your answer in 160-200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)市民健身区家门口新建的小公园真不错!英语(一)试题.14. (共14页)2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题参考答案Section I Use of English1.D2.C3.B4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A 10.D11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.C16.B17.D18.C 19.B20.ASection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText121.D 22.D 23.A 24.B 25.AText226.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.BText331.B 32.C 33.C 34.D 35.AText436.A 37.B 38.A 39.D40.BPart B41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart C46.它们有时会行走60多英里去寻找食物或水源，而且非常擅长判断其他大象的位置——即使后者位于其视线以外。
2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(科目代码：201)☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填(书)写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you.1the need to be touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in1960after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt.They5as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown,their6have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors8crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in peoples'way.9making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10by them. Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors,these11smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12the way for a large,sticking-out door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each13specific signals to tell them when to open.14these methods differ,the main15remain the same.Each automatic door system16the light,sound,weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open.Sensor types are chosen to17the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19a motion-sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure-sensitive mat would be more20to limit the surveyed area.英语(一)试题.1.(共14页)1.[A]Through[B]Despite[C]Besides[D]Without2.[A]revealing[B]demanding[C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience[B]convenience[C]guidance[D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily[C]successively[D]eventually5.[A]held on[B]started out[C]settled down[D]went by6.[A]relations[B]volumes[C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple[C]flexible[D]stable8.[A]call for[B]yield to[C]insist on[D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of[C]Thanks to[D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared[C]represented[D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect[C]require[D]direct12.[A]adopt[B]lead[C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting to[B]deriving from[C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once[B]Since[C]Unless[D]Although15.[A]records[B]positions[C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls[B]analyses[C]produces[D]mixes17.[A]decorate[B]compare[C]protect[D]complement18.[A]In conclusion[B]By contrast[C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify[B]suit[C]secure[D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious[C]impressive[D]delicateSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)英语(一)试题.2.(共14页)Text1Nearly2,000years ago,as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nail hoard was discovered in1960in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails?The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on10tons of weapon-grade iron.The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts,early17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate.This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails,which could be reused after sifting the ashes.The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce,costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by90%between the late1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.According to Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy,most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years,but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much.Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects:their price.I am an economist,after all.After writing two books about the history of inventions,one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype,it's the cheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost—and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap;now they are transforming the global energy system.英语(一)试题.3.(共14页)21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use.[B]keeping them from rusting.[C]letting them grow in value.[D]hiding them from the locals.22.The example of early17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails.[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time.23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be learned from Paragraph5that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements.[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times.[C]are less studied than other everyday products.[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions.25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring aboutrevolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.英语(一)试题.4.(共14页)Text2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children,researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana,where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”,in which infants are carried in slings,is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary,an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University,these practices,known as alloparenting,could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel,a child psychiatrist,believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany,one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children,an arrangement akin to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years,to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This abrupt shift to an“intensive mothering narrative”,which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone,was likely to have been harmful.“Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,”they wrote.By contrast,in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efépeople of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of14alloparents a day by the time they were18weeks old,and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now have less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on”benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers—this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western“instructive teaching”,where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development.”英语(一)试题.5.(共14页)26.According to the first two paragraphs,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing childcare among community members.[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.[C]teaching parenting skills to older children.[D]carrying infants around by their parents.27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture.[D]the differences between western and African ways of living.28.According to Paragraph4,the“intensive mothering narrative”[A]alleviates parenting pressure.[B]consolidates family relationships.[C]results in the child-centered family.[D]departs from the course of evolution.29.According to Paragraph6,what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Instructive Teaching:A Dilemma for Anxious Parents[B]For a Happier Family,Learn from the Hunter-gatherers[C]Mixed-age Playgroup,a Better Choice for Lonely Children[D]Tracing the History of Parenting:from Africa to Europe英语(一)试题.6.(共14页)Text3A Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes,Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations for games such as Dungeons&Dragons and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world oftext-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in“Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,”and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ecthics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over10million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000times.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried scarching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because the internet will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says.“That's concerning.”Other artists besides Rutkowski have been surprised by the apparent popularity of their work in text-to-image generators—and some are now fighting back.Karla Ortiz,an illustrator based in San Francisco who found her work in Stable Diffusion's data set,has been raising awareness about the issues around AI art and copyright.Artists say they risk losing income as people start using AI-generated images based on copyrighted material for commercial purposes.But it's also a lot more personal,Ortiz says,arguing that because art is so closely linked to a person,it could raise data protection and privacy problems.“There is a coalition growing within arist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,”says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.英语(一)试题.7.(共14页)31.What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about using AI models.[B]He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts.[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles.[C]make unauthorized use of online images.[D]collect user information without consent.33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences.[B]a new method to identify AI images.[C]AI-generated work bearing his name.[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright.34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulation.[B]offer their services to public institutions.[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users.[D]adopt a different strategy for AI model training.35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to AI art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of AI.[D]Opposing views on AI development.英语(一)试题.8.(共14页)Text4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,fltering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a5-4majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries“significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,”as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water,and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's a reminder that the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.英语(一)试题9.(共14页)36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph1as[A]a valuable natural environment.[B]a controversial conservation area.[C]a place with commercial potential.[D]a headache for nearby communities.37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control.[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power.[C]will end conflicts among local residents.[D]may face opposition from mining operators.38.How does the author feel about future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved.[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners.[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections.[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges.[D]improve the wellbeing of endangered species.英语(一)试题10.(共14页)Part BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name(41-45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)(41)HannahSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is2000years old or2months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value ofthe objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificent15th-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.英语(一)试题.11.(共14页)(44)VictorAncient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country.The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items.I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer.Yes,there is the risk that the original country will not have as good security as do the foreign countries.But look at what happened to Boston's Gardner Museum theft in1990,including the loss of Rembrandt,Vermeer,Manet,and other masterpieces. Nothing is absolutely safe,nowhere.And now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed works in European museums.(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their countries of origin,I would ask you to consider:why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria?Why are people who live within a day's drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles whenever they want,but the people of Athens aren't?What intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries oforigin?Ifyour conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts,think about why you're assuming that to be true.[A]It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolenartifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countriesof origin.[C]Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts'copies after the originals arereturned.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authenticobjects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin ratherthan anywhere else.[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must bedecent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countriesof origin.英语(一)试题.12.(共14页)Part CDirectionsRead the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say-and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundationThe African savanna elephant,also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across37African countries.They move between a variety of habitats, including forests,grasslands,woodlands,wetlands and agricultural land.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have“remarkable spatial acuity.”When finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently little was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants prefered either to eat or avoid when foraging feely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants,like rats and people,to construct cognitive maps.英语(一)试题.13.(共14页)SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Read the following email from an international student and write a reply.Dear Li Ming,I've got a class assignment to make an oral report on an ancient Chinese scientist,but I'm not sure how to prepare for it.Can you give me some advice? Thank you for your help.Yours,Paul Write your answer in about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in your email;use“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay based on the picture and the chart below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture and the chart briefly,2)interpret the implied meaning,and3)give your comments.Write your answer in160-200words on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)市民健身区家门口新建的小公园真不错!英语(一)试题.14.(共14页)2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题参考答案Section I Use of English1.D2.C3.B4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A10.D11.A12.C13.C14.D15.C16.B17.D18.C19.B20.ASectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText121.D22.D23.A24.B25.AText226.A27.B28.D29.C30.BText331.B32.C33.C34.D35.AText436.A37.B38.A39.D40.BPart B41.E42.C43.F44.G45.BPart C46.它们有时会行走60多英里去寻找食物或水源，而且非常擅长判断其他大象的位置——即使后者位于其视线以外。
2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）真题科目代码（201）附答案考生注意事项:1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2.答题前，考生须将答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”“考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。
3.答案必须按要求填涂或书写在指定的答题卡上。
（1）选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，用其它笔填涂的或写在试卷上的答案无效。
（2）其他题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔在答题卡上按规定要求作答，凡写在试卷上或未写在指定位置的答案无效。
4.答题卡严禁折叠。
考试结束后，将答题卡和试卷一起交给监考人员Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years 4 by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt. They 5 as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their6 have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly7 in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors 8 crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area 10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each 13 specific signals to tell them when to open.14 these methods differ, the main 15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18, a busy street might not 19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure-sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area.1. A. Through B. Despite C. Besides D. Without2. A. revealing B. demanding C. improving D. tracing3. A. experience B. convenience C. guidance D. reference4. A. previously B. temporarily C. successively D. eventually5. A. held on B. started out C. settled down D. went by6. A. relations B. volumes C. benefits D. sources7. A. useful B. simple C. flexible D. stable8. A. call for B. yield to C. insist on D. act as9. A. As well as B. In terms of C. Thanks to D. Rather than10.A. connected B. shared C. represented D. occupied11.A. allow B. expect C. require D. direct12.A. adopt B. lead C. clear D. change13.A. adapting to B. deriving from C. relying on D. pointing at14.A. Once B. Since C. Unless D. Although15.A. records B. analyses C. principles D. reasons16.A. controls B. positions C. produces D. mixes17.A. decorate B. compare C. protect D. complement18.A. In conclusion B. By contrast C. For example D. Above all19.A. identify B. suit C. secure D. include20.A. appropriate B. obvious C. impressive D. delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millenniaLater civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect senseI make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I've learntis that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's the cheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost - and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21. The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake ofA. saving them for future useB. keeping them from rusting.C. letting them grow in valueD. hiding them from the locals22. The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used toA. highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.B. illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.C. contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nailsD. show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23. What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?A. Increased productivity.B. Wider use of new energiesC. Fiercer market competition.D. Reduced cost of raw materials24. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails.A. have undergone many technological improvements.B. have remained basically the same since Roman timesC. are less studied than other everyday products.D. are one of the world's most significant inventions.25. Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?A. Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.B. Technological innovation is integral to economic success.C. Technology defines people's understanding of the worldD. Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventionsText 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and "baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.According to Dr. Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as allo parenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr. Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to all oparenting Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years, to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history. Thisabrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative', which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences," they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 all oparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old, and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now have less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans' evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a "knock-on" benefit to a child's wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers -this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western "instructive teaching", where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents" might also enhance their own social development."26. According to the first two paragraphs, all oparenting refers to the practice of_A. sharing childcare among community members.B. assigning babies to specific adult caregiversC. teaching parenting skills to older children.D. carrying infants around by their parents27. The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate_A. an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.B. an approach to integrating all oparenting into western societyC. the conventional parenting style in western culture.D. the differences between western and African ways of living28. According to Paragraph 4, the "intensive mothering narrative”_A. alleviates parenting pressure.B. consolidates family relationships.C. results in the child-centered family.D. departs from the course of evolution29. According to Paragraph 6, what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK?A. They tend to fall short of official requirementsB. They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.C. They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratioD. They should try to prevent parental depression30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Instructive Teaching: A Dilemma for Anxious ParentsB. For a Happier Family, Learn from the Hunter-gatherersC. Mixed-age Playgroup, a Better Choice for Lonely ChildrenD. Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to EuropeText 3A Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes, Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations for games such as Dungeons & Dragons and Magic: The Gathering. And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generationHis distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open source AI art generator Stable Diffusion. The tool, along with other popular image generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in "Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his."It's been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won't be able to find my work out there because the internet will be flooded with AI art," Rutkowski says. "That's concerning."Other artists besides Rutkowski have been surprised by the apparent popularity of their work in text-to-image generators - and some are now fighting back. Karla Ortiz, an illustrator based in San Francisco who found her work in Stable Diffusion's data set, has been raising awareness about the issues around AI art and copyrightArtists say they risk losing income as people start using Al-generated images based on copyrighted material for commercial purposes. But it's also a lot more personal, Ortiz says, arguing that because art is so closely linked to a person, it could raise data protection and privacy problems."There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this," says Ortiz. The group is in its early days of mobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation. One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.31. What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?A. He is enthusiastic about using AI models.B. He is popular with users of an AI art generatorC. He attracts admiration from other illustrators.D. He specializes in classical painting digitalization32. The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they_A. lack flexibility in responding to promptsB. produce artworks in unpredictable styles.C. make unauthorized use of online images.D. collect user information without consent33. After searching online, Rutkowski found_A. a unique way to reach audiences.B. a new method to identify AI imagesC. AI-generated work bearing his name.D. heated disputes regarding his copyright34. According to Ortiz, Al companies are advised to_A. campaign for new policies or regulation.B. offer their services to public institutionsC. strengthen their relationships with AI usersD. adopt a different strategy for AI model training35. What is the text mainly about?A. Artists' responses to AI art generationB. AI's expanded role in artistic creationC. Privacy issues in the application of AID. Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction, the interaction of fresh and saline waters, and the mix of land and water. The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically, a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a "continuous surface connection" to bodies of water. This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules. And it carries "significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States," as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections. But that's a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water, and the pollutants that so often come with it, don't respect state boundaries. The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware. Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v. EPA? Perhaps some, but all? That seems unlikely.It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it's a reminder that the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states. Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved. We can offer them a visit to Black water National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life. It's worth the scenic drive.36. The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 asA. a valuable natural environment.B. a controversial conservation areaC. a place with commercial potential.D. a headache for nearby communities.37. The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho caseA. reinforces water pollution controlB. weakens the EPA's regulatory power.C. will end conflicts among local residentsD. may face opposition from mining operators38. How does the author feel about future of the Chesapeake Bay?A. Worried.B. Puzzled.C. Relieved.D. Encouraged39. What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?A. It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictionsB. It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.C. It has set a fine example of respecting state authoritiesD. It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40. The author holds that the state lawmakers should_A. be cautious about the influence of landowners.B. attach due importance to wetlands protectionsC. recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesD. improve the wellbeing of endangered species.Part BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments. Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name (41-45). There are two extra choices which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(41) HannahSimply, there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes. These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride. There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left. They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects. They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42) BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities. The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2000 years old or 2 months old. In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery. Again, the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters. The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art, I came across a magnificent 15th-century Chinese sculpture. It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented. Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire, and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators. Having said that, I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should, in fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased, or obtained by treaty. Stealing artifacts from other peoples' cultures is obscene; it robs not only the physical objects, but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country. The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items. I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer. Yes, there is the risk that the original country will not have as good security as do the foreign countries. But look at what happened to Boston's Gardner Museum theft in 1990, including the loss of Rembrandt, Vermeer, Manet, and other masterpieces. Nothing is absolutely safe, no where. And now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed works in European museums.(45) JuliaTo those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their countries of origin, I would ask you to consider: why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria? Why are people who live within a day's drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles whenever they want, but the people of Athens aren't? What intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries of origin? If your conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts, think about why you're assuming that to be true.A. It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen artifacts.B. It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries oforigin.C. Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts' copies after the originals arereturned.D. Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.E. The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather thananywhere else.F. Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawfulG. Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries oforigin.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)"Elephants never forget" -or so they say -and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant, also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37 African countries. They move between a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. (46) They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are -even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have "remarkable spatial acuity." When finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole. (47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selectedtheir food. (48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants - and probably other herbivores - to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a "food station" experiment, in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat. and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants, like rats and people, to construct cognitive maps.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Read the following email from an international student and write a reply.Write your answer in about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in your email; use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points) Part B52. Directions:Write an essay based on the picture and the chart below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture and the chart briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer in 160-200 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)参考答案1.D2.C3.B4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A 10.D 11.A 12.C13.C 14.D 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.A 24.B 25.A 26.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.B 31.B 32.C 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.A 37B 38.A 39.D 40.B 41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.B参考译文:（46）它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置—即使它们不在视线范围内。
2023年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷Vocabulary and Structure(10points 1 point each)Ⅰ从下列各句四个选项中选出一种最佳答案, 并在答题纸上将对应旳字母涂黑。
1.You may use bike provided you give it back to me tomorrow morning.A.unles.B.provide.C.thoug.D.because2.He could not hold back his tears on hearing that he was not admitted to the universityA.hol.u.B.hol.bac. .C.ge.ove...D.ge.through3.Good parents have the ability to communicate messages of love, trust, and self-worth with their childrenA.o.B.fo.C.wit.D.to4.The teacher required that all errors should be eliminated eliminated before the students turn in their term paper.A.deporte.B.eliminate.C.deprive.D.implemented5.A person is lucky if his career coinciders with his interest and hobby.A.concern.pete.C.coincider.pares6.Ou.slee.influence.ou.mood.ou.mood.i.retur.affect.ou.performance.A.i.retur.B.i.vai.C.i.shor.D.i.turn7.It was considerate of you not to disturb us while we were sleeping.A.considerat.B.considerin.C.considerabl.D.considered8.I'd appreciate it very much if you could make some remarks on my recent article at the conference.A.request.B.referencesC.remark.D.restrictions9.He is so absorbed in his own thoughts that he seems unaware of what's going on in the room.A.s.B.eac.C.ver.D.much10.No sooner had I reached had I reached home than Michael arrived with Jane in his car.A.di..reac.B..ha.reache.C.ha..reache.D..reachedⅡ.Cloze Test(10point,1 point each)下列短文中有十个空白, 每个空白有四个选项, 根据上下文规定选出最佳答案。
第 1 页 共 10 页 扬 州 大 学 2023 年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题（ A 卷） 科目代码 241 科目名称 英语 满分 100 注意： ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上
均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！
Part One Use of English Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points, 1 point for each) A healthy diet with proper nutrition is essential for maintaining good overall health. 1 vitamins were discovered earlier in the 20th century, people have 2__ been taking vitamin supplements for this purpose. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is a frequently used nutritional standard for maintaining most 3 health. The RDA __4 the recommended amount of a number of nutrients 5 people in different age and sex groups. The National Research Council’s Committee on Diet and Health has 6 a definition of the RDA to be that amount of a 7 which meets the needs of 98% of the population. The RDA approach has a number of 8 . First, it is based on the 9__ that it is possible to accurately 10 nutritional requirements for a given group. 11 , individual nutritional requirements can vary widely within each group. The efficiency 12 which a person 13 food intake into nutrients can also vary widely. Certain foods when eaten in combination actually prevent the 14 of nutrients. For example, spinach combined with milk 15 the amount of calcium available to the body 16 milk. Also, the RDA 17 explicitly names a different dietary requirement for each age and sex; however, it is clearly 18 to expect a homemaker to prepare different menu for each family member. Still, although we cannot rely solely upon RDA to 19 our overall long-term health, it can be a useful guide 20 its limitations are recognized. 1. A) When B) Since C) After D) Though 2. A) eagerly B) habitually C) consciously D) routinely 3. A) desirable B) durable C) feasible D) plausible 4. A) specifies B) verifies C) justifies D) testifies 5. A) to B) for C) within D) among 6. A) composed B) proposed C) imposed D) exposed 7. A) food B) substance C) nutrient D) supplement 8. A) distinctions B) peculiarities C) shortcomings D) advantages 9. A) reception B) resumption C) consumption D) assumption 第 2 页 共 10 页
科目代码 241 科目名称 英语 满分 100 10. A) define B) confine C) underline D) outline 11. A) Moreover B) However C) Contrarily D) Accordingly 12. A) by B) for C) with D) in 13. A) converts B) reverses C) shifts D) transfers 14. A) digestion B) integration C) absorption D) function 15. A) augments B) magnifies C) depresses D) reduces 16. A) in B) of C) off D) from 17. A) approach B) regulation C) criterion D) program 18. A) irrational B) unrealistic C) misleading D) ridiculous 19. A) watch B) guard C) insure D) ensure 20. A) as much as B) as far as C) as long as D) as well as
Part Two Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: In this section, there are 4 passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points for each) Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: You might think that the idea of facial attractiveness is a relatively new phenomenon, reflected by our growing passion for cosmetics and famous people. In fact, the origins of facial beauty appear to lie in the biological necessity to survive and reproduce. What we now call beauty was originally our way of determining who was a potential mate. With limited food resources and ever-present dangers, our earliest ancestors found it important to choose a mate who would not only pass on his/her DNA to future generations, but also survive childbirth and live long enough to be able to provide for the family. The face conveys information about age and health, and the better the signals, the more “attractive” a person was to potential mates. Research by Gillian Rhodes at the University of Western Australia has found that we prefer certain face types since birth. This suggests that culture has a very limited effect on what we judge to be a beautiful face and that certain characteristics are universally considered more attractive than others. A woman’s face should have clear skin, a small nose, a narrow jaw and slim eyebrows, but full, well-defined lips and cheeks, and large eyes. An attractive male face also should exhibit many of these features. However, studies show that when people lack the typical characteristics of an attractive face, social learning could come into play. Researchers at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland have discovered that women found men who were being smiled at by other women to be more
