泰国蛇油膏的功效与作用泰国蛇油膏（Snake Oil Cream）作为一种传统的草药制剂，已经在泰国被使用了数百年。
它被广泛用于皮肤问题和关节疼痛的治疗，被许多人誉为“神奇的草药”。
尽管有些人对它的效果持怀疑态度，但许多人仍然相信它的功效，并且已经获得了许多正面的见证。
本文将讨论泰国蛇油膏的功效与作用，并试图解释为什么它对许多人有如此大的帮助。
泰国蛇油膏的起源可以追溯到泰国古文献中，这些文献称之为“Ya Da”.，它是用于治疗各种疾病和伤口的草药。
蛇油膏主要由蛇油、草药提取物和其他天然成分制成。
蛇油膏被用于涂抹在身体的某些部位，可以帮助舒缓疼痛、减轻肌肉紧张和炎症。
泰国蛇油膏的主要功效之一是舒缓和减轻肌肉和关节的疼痛。
它含有一些具有止痛和消炎特性的草药成分，例如薄荷、姜黄、樟脑和大蒜。
这些成分可以被皮肤吸收，并通过舒张血管、减少肌肉紧张和消除炎症来减轻疼痛。
数百年的使用经验表明，泰国蛇油膏在治疗肌肉拉伤、关节炎和其他疼痛性疾病方面具有非常好的效果。
此外，泰国蛇油膏也被广泛应用于皮肤护理领域。
它含有一些有助于皮肤修复和再生的成分，例如芦荟、人参、黄莲和草本提取物。
这些成分可以促进皮肤的血液循环，提高细胞新生和修复受损的组织。
这使得蛇油膏可以用于治疗烧伤、溃疡、创伤和其他皮肤问题。
此外，它还可以帮助减少皮肤炎症和痒痛。
因此，许多人使用泰国蛇油膏来改善肌肤质量，减少皱纹和改善晦暗的肤色。
此外，泰国蛇油膏还被认为具有抗菌和抗真菌作用。
它包含了一些天然的抗菌和抗真菌草药成分，如茶树油、丁香油和马尼欧油。
这些成分可以帮助抑制细菌和真菌的生长，减少感染的风险。
这使得蛇油膏可以被用于治疗皮肤感染和疮疡，并帮助预防感染在伤口上扩散。
尽管泰国蛇油膏在许多人心目中是一种神奇的草药，但也有一些人对其功效表示怀疑。
他们认为其功效只是心理上的安慰，或者是因为草药成分中的一些物质产生了暂时的麻痹效果。
对此，我们不能否认泰国蛇油膏确实存在一定的安慰效应，但这并不能完全解释其广泛的应用和正面见证。
Fingerprint analysis of Rhizoma chuanxiong867ORIGINAL RESEARCH ORIGINAL RESEARCHBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY Biomed. Chromatogr . 21: 867–875 (2007)Published online 12 April 2007 in Wiley InterScience () DOI: 10.1002/bmc.833Fingerprint analysis of Rhizoma chuanxiong by pressurizedcapillary electrochromatography and high-performance liquid chromatographyGuoxiang Xie,1 Aihua Zhao,1 Peng Li,2 Lu Li 2 and Wei Jia 1*1School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China 2Unimicro (Shanghai) Technologies Co. Ltd, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of ChinaReceived 25 December 2006; revised 8 February 2007; accepted 9 February 2007ABSTRACT: Pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used simultaneously to establish fingerprints of Rhizoma chuanxiong . Ten batches of Rhizoma chuanxiong collected from different regions in China were used to obtain the characteristic pCEC and HPLC fingerprints using a standardized procedure of sample preparation and analysis. A total of 22 common peaks were isolated within 60min by pCEC and 16 common peaks by HPLC within 65min. The fingerprints of Rhizoma chuanxiong were then used to identify the raw herbs from different sources in China.The two proposed methods demonstrated good stability and reproducibility with RSD less than 5% for retention time in pCEC and in HPLC, respectively. Finally, the data from the analyses of 10 batches of Rhizoma chuanxiong by pCEC and HPLC were all processed with similarity analysis with two mathematical methods, correlation coefficient and the included angle cosine. The fingerprints of Rhizoma chuanxiong established with pCEC and HPLC are suitable to identify samples from different sources and can be used to control the quality of raw herbs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.KEYWORDS: pressurized capillary electrochromatography; high-performance liquid chromatography; fingerprint analysis;Rhizoma chuanxiongINTRODUCTIONTraditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are gaining more and more attention in many fields because of their low toxicity and good therapeutic performance TCMs are composed of diverse of components and their contents vary with growing soil, climate and the growth stage when harvested (Zhou et al., 2002). This makes the quality control of crude drugs and their medical preparations extremely difficult. Traditionally,the contents of active components in TCMs were used to evaluate the quality of raw herbal medicines. How-ever, according to this method, it is difficult to insure the biologically active compounds, and to separate them from the large amounts of proteins, sugars and tannins that may contribute little to the pharmaceutical effects. Furthermore, all the components in TCMs are held to be responsible for the beneficial effects and not just the few active compounds (Drug Administra-tion Bureau of China, 2000). Conventional research focuses mainly on the determination of the most activecomponents, while fingerprinting can offer characteriza-tion of a complex system with a degree of quantitative reliability . In this respect, fingerprinting has gained increasing attention for quality control systems (National Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2000; Gu et al.,2004). Fingerprint analysis has been introduced and accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as one of the requirements for botanical pre-parations (CDER/FDA, 2000) and by the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products for herbal preparations (CPMP/CVMP, 2000). Further-more, fingerprint analysis has been introduced and accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a strategy for assessing herbal medicines (World Health Organization, 1991) and is also required by the State Food and Drug Administration Bureau of China for the standardization of injections made from TCMs or their raw materials (Drug Administration Bureau of China, 2000) Fingerprint analysis of medicinal herbs can be used for identifying and assessing the stability of the plants.Chromatography, including thin-layer chromato-graphy (TLC), high-performance liquid chromato-graphy (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), is recommended for fingerprinting of TCMs in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (National Pharmacopoeia *Correspondence to: Wei Jia, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No . 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240,People’s Republic of China.E-mail: weijia@Abbreviations used: ACN, acetonitrile; EOF, electro-osmotic flow;Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Biomed. Chromatogr . 21: 867–875 (2007)DOI: 10.1002/bmc868G. Xie et al.ORIGINALRESEARCH of years; it is fast and easy to operate, but of poor resolution . HPLC has high precision, sensitivity and reproducibility for fingerprinting TCM, but HPLC is not suitable for analysis of some highly viscous samples. CE has high speed, efficiency, ultrasmall sample volume and minimal consumption of solvent, but the reproduc-ibility and the selectivity are not as good as in HPLC.CEC is a hybrid technique that combines the selectivity of HPLC and the separation efficiency of CE How-ever, in practice, when CEC is used without pressure,often on a commercial CE instrument, there were pro-blems associated with bubble formation in CEC, occur-ring initially in the unpacked section of the capillary,probably as a result of differences in velocity of the liquid eluent between the packed and unpacked sec-tions of the capillary (Poppe, 1997; Zhang et al., 2003)and column dry-out . The use of supplementary pre-ssure has proved effective to stabilize the flow con-ditions. Compared with traditional HPLC and CE, the mobile phase in the pCEC system is driven by a pre-ssurized flow and an electro-osmotic flow (EOF) simul-taneously, reducing band broadening and improving separation efficiency. Now pCEC has become an attrac-tive technique for pharmaceutical analysis (Zhang et al.,2003; Lue et al., 2007) because of its combination of the inherent advantages of two major separation tech-niques. Therefore, we intend to develop a characteristic fingerprint of Rhizoma chuanxiong using pCEC and HPLC simultaneously for identifying the raw herb .The fingerprints can also help identify the geographical origins of the samples.Rhizoma chuanxiong , derived from the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae ), is a well-known TCM herb with hemodynamic and analgesic effects (National Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2005). Its constituents include ferulic acid, chuanxiongzine (i .e .tetramethylpyrazine) and other compounds (Chen and Chen, 1992; Hu et al., 1990; Mouer et al., 1998; Ozaka and Ma, 1990; Sato et al., 1990; Ho et al., 1989). HPLC has been reported in analysis of components of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (Gong et al., 2003, 2004, 2005; Li et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2000), but these reports are mostly relevant to chemometric approaches for the con-struction of chromatographic fingerprint analysis and do not offer sufficient discrimination to reveal the dif-ferences between similar kinds of compounds. Finger-print analysis of TCMs such as Flos carthami by pCEC and HPLC has been carried out successfully in our studies (Xie et al., 2006). However, at present no report for fingerprint chromatogram analysis of Rhizoma chuanxiong by pCEC was found and no batch compari-son data comparing the traditional technique (HPLC)with pCEC have been reported for evaluation of this TCM In this study, pCEC was applied to develop a fingerprint of Rhizoma chuanxiong for the first time,and the results were compared with those from HPLC.EXPERIMENTALApparatus.All pCEC separation was performed on a Trisep™-2100 capillary electrochromatography system (Unimicro Technologies Inc , Pleasanton, CA, USA) which comprised a Unimicro binary microsyringe pump, a high-voltage power supply (+30 and −30kV), a Valco six-port injection valve, a UV–vis variable wavelength detector equipped with a cell for on-column detection, and an Unimicro Trisep™ workstation 2003, as described in the literature (Jiang et al., 2001). A continuous mobile phase was generated by merging two solvent flows in a mixer and entered the Valco six-port injection valve via a microsyringe pump. Injected samples were delivered to the injection valve and introduced in the internal 10nL sample loop, and then carried to the four-port split valve by the mobile phase flow.After splitting in the four-port valve, the flow entered a capillary column under constant pressure of 13,000kPa .Pressure was applied to the column inlet during the separa-tion . A positive voltage was applied to the outlet of the column, and the inlet of the column was connected to the split valve and grounded.The separation was performed using a reversed-phase column (EP-150-30/50-5-C18, Unimicro Technologies Inc .).The column was 50cm (of which 30cm was packed) ×150µm i d Detection windows (~2mm long) were burned into the column walls. A −10kV voltage was applied across the capillary to produce EOF. The flow-rate was 0.08mL/min and the injection volume was 10nL. The data was collected directly from the UV detector employing a sample wave-length of 280nm and analyzed using the Unimicro Trisep™workstation 2003.The final pCEC mobile phase employed water [0.02% (v/v)trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)] (A) and 95% aqueous methanol [0.02% (v/v) TFA] (B). This was filtered using 0.22µm HPLC filters and separation was achieved using the following gradi-ent: 0–10min, 2–15% B; 10–40min, 15–40% B; 40–65min,40–95% B. Samples and pCEC mobile phases were sonicated prior to use using an ultrasonic bath for 10min at room temperature in order to remove any air bubbles.An Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography (Agilent, USA)equipped with quaternary gradient pump and a UV detection system was used. An HPLC method was developed using a reversed-phase column (Elite Symmetry C 18, 250 × 4.6mm i.d., 5µm). The binary gradient elution system consisted of A [water + 0.5% (v/v) H 3PO 4] and B (methanol) and separation was achieved using the following gradient: 0–3min, 15% B;3–55min, 15–95% B; 55–65min, 95% B . The column temperature was kept constant at 25°C The flow-rate was 1mL/min and the injection volume was 10µL. The UV detec-tion wavelength was set at 280nm.Reagents and materials.Ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine (Fig . 1) were provided by the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutics and Biological Products, Beijing,China . Chromatographic-grade methanol (CH 3OH), aceto-nitrile (ACN) and other analytical-grade chemicals were used.Ultrapure water was prepared with the Millipore Milli-Q SP water purification system (18.2M Ω, Milipore, Bedford, MA,USA) All aqueous solutions were prepared with ultrapure water Genuine Rhizoma chuanxiong were purchased fromCopyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Biomed. Chromatogr . 21: 867–875 (2007)DOI: 10.1002/bmcFingerprint analysis of Rhizoma chuanxiong 869ORIGINALRESEARCH Shanghai Huayu Chinese Herbs Co. Ltd, and collected from different producing areas of China (Table 1). They were verified by Professor Zhong Liu of Shanghai Jiao Tong University of China as the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae ).Sample preparation.All samples of Rhizoma chuanxiong were kept in a desiccator. About 1.0g of dried samples were ground into powder accurately weighed and extracted with 10mL ethanol–water solution (75:25, v/v) in an ultrasonic water bath for 30min The extraction was repeated twice The extracted solution was combined and centrifuged for about 20min. The supernatant was concentrated by evapora-tion and then the residue was dissolved with methanol–water (75:25, v/v) by ultrasonication (250W) and transferred to a 25mL volumetric flask The fluid was filtered through a syringe filter (0.22µm) and injected directly into the HPLC or pCEC system.Stand ard sample preparation.Standard samples of ferulic acid (0.19mg/mL) and chuanxiongzine (0.18mg/mL) were prepared with methanol.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONEffect of the extraction methodSelection of an extraction method fitted for the type of herb is always challenging and depends on the acces-sibility of plant material and the content of the analyte.A good extraction method for TCM fingerprintingnot only requires more complete isolation of active components from herb, but also allows a comprehen-sive chemical profile . In this work, the ferulic acid content, commonly used as quality index, and the number of peaks were studied by HPLC in order to evaluate the extraction efficiency.Water, 50% aqueous ethanol, 75% aqueous ethanol and 95% aqueous ethanol were chosen as extraction solvents and ultrasonication and refluxing as extraction methods. It was found that the highest content of the ferulic acid in Rhizoma chuanxiong was obtained by ultrasonic extraction and refluxing with 75% aqueous ethanol . The number of peaks in the fingerprint chromatogram was also a key factor in choosing the extraction method and, in this respect, ultrasonic extraction was better than the refluxing method The reproducibility of the full assay, including the whole extraction process, was evaluated and the RSD value was less than 2.5% (n = 3). Moreover, ultrasonication was simpler and faster than refluxing and was therefore selected as the optimum extraction method.Identification of ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine with pCECFerulic acid and chuanxiongzine were the active com-pounds isolated from Rhizoma chuanxiong . Therefore,the active constituents ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine were used as two marker compounds in the Rhizoma chuanxiong fingerprint analysis Standard solutions of ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine were analyzed under the same pCEC conditions as the samples. The result-ing electrochromatogram is shown in Fig . 2(b). The peaks of the samples were identified based on their UV spectra and migration times of the peaks spiked with standard ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine. Peaks 4 and 6 were identified as ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine,respectively [Fig. 2(a)].Fingerprint development of Rhizoma chuanxiong by pCEC(a) The peak shape of ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine and the resolution between them and their neighboring peaks, as well as the resolutions between all the peaks,together with (b) the number of peaks in the whole electrochromatogram, and (c) the separation dura-tion for the process, were considered as the criteria for optimization of the separation conditions Several factors were studied to achieve good separation, includ-ing the mobile phase composition, buffer system and applied voltage.First, the composition of the mobile phase was tested during the separation. The mobile phases used were: (1) water:95% v/v CH 3OH; (2) water:0.02% v/v TFA:95% v/v CH 3OH; (3) water:0.02% v/v TFA:95%Figure 1. Structures of ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine.Table 1. The source of samples Sample no.Region1Mengyang, Pengzhou 2Longmu, Pengzhou 3Nanmu, Pengzhou 4Junle, Pengzhou5Guansheng, Chongzhou 6Zhongxing, Dujiangyan 7Liujie, Dujiangyan 8Shiyang, Dujiangyan 9a Sichuan 10aSichuanaSamples 9 and 10 were obtained from Shanghai Hua Yu Chinese Herbs Co. Ltd; they were from Sichuan but the detailed sources were not known.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Biomed. Chromatogr . 21: 867–875 (2007)DOI: 10.1002/bmc870G. Xie et al.ORIGINALRESEARCH v/v CH 3OH:0.02% v/v TFA. The separation was per-formed with mobile phase 1 using the following gradi-ent: 0–3min, 15% B; 3–30min, 15–100% B. The peaks were eluted over 20–30min and a poor resolution of chuanxiongzine with its neighboring peaks was ob-served. However, the peak shapes and resolution were greatly improved with mobile phase 2. In addition,when using mobile phase 3 with the following gradient,the separation was completed within 60min with good peak shape and resolution: 0–10min, 2–15% B; 10–40min, 15–40% B; 40–65min, 40–95% B. The resolu-tion between ferulic acid, chuanxiongzine and their neighboring peaks was 2.74 and 3.24, respectively.The effect of using of different acids, such as acetic acid (HAC), formic acid (FA), phosphoric acid (PA)and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), on the separation of samples was investigated. Addition of HAC resulted inFigure 2. Electrochromatograms of marker compound of ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine (b),and Rhizoma chuanxiong (sample 6) (a). Peak 4, ferulic acid; peak 6, chuanxiongzine.low peak sensitivity and resolution, and poor peak shape. In contrast, when the pH of mobile phase was adjusted with FA, PA and TFA, the sensitivity, resolu-tion and peak shapes became better and the best reso-lution was achieved with 0.02% TFA . The baseline noise was 40, 7, 5 and 4µV using HAC, FA, PA and TFA, respectively. To improve peak shape and resolu-tion, all other pCEC separation were performed using TFA as the acid modifier Finally, water:002% TFA and 95% methanol:0.02% TFA were chosen as the mobile phase.The influence of an applied voltage (−15 to +15kV)was examined There were 55 peaks on the electro-chromatogram with an applied voltage of −10kV, while there were only 32 peaks at +10kV. As anticipated, a higher voltage reduced the retention time of peaks due to an increase in the net velocity.However, the pCECCopyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Biomed. Chromatogr . 21: 867–875 (2007)DOI: 10.1002/bmcFingerprint analysis of Rhizoma chuanxiong 871ORIGINALRESEARCH system became less stable due to resulting Joule heat of the high applied voltage. A decrease in resolution was observed when the applied voltage was at −15kV and at the same time, when the applied voltage was +15kV,small bubbles were observed due to the differences in velocity of the liquid eluent between the packed and unpacked sections of the capillary and the resulting Joule heat (Poppe, 1997; Zhang et al., 2003). The peak of the measured compound also varied when different voltages were applied; for example, ferulic acid exhi-bited a single peak when negative voltage was applied,and the single peak split into two peaks when positive voltage was applied . Therefore, a voltage of −10kV was used throughout the reminder of this study.To develop characteristic fingerprints, all the experi-mental procedures, including the extracting and the analytical conditions and methods, must be standard-ized. The determinant of the analytical conditions and methods was described earlier. The method validation of fingerprint analysis was performed based on the relative migration time (the ratio of peak migration time of sample constituents to the reference peak) and the relative peak area (the ratio of peak area of sample constituents to the reference peak).The sample solution was successively injected into the pCEC system and analyzed five times Precisions not exceeding 2.9 and 5.3% were obtained for relative migration times and relative areas of all peaks, respec-tively. The results of the precision tests indicated that the method was suitable for the analysis. The inter-day precisions of the proposed method, on the basis of analyzing five replicate samples on separate days,were below 3.1% for relative migration times and below 6.3% for relative peak areas. The stability test was performed with sample solutions extracted from Dujiangyan, Rhizoma chuanxiong , for 24h The rela-tive standard deviations (RSDs) of the relative migra-tion times and the relative peak areas were less than 5.8%. This indicated that the sample solution was stable for 24h and was fit for the analysis. The repro-ducibility test—analysis of five samples that were pre-pared from the same batch of the dried flower—was also satisfied by the result that the RSDs of the relative retention times and relative peak areas of all peaks were less than 5.0%.To standardize the characteristic fingerprint of the raw herb, 10 batches of 1.0g Rhizoma chuanxiong samples each from Dujiangyan were mixed homo-geneously. A 1.0g mixture was taken out and analyzed with the developed procedure . The average electro-chromatogram from the 10 batches was regarded as the standardized characteristic fingerprint of Rhizoma chuanxiong. Peaks that existed in all 10 electro-chromatograms were labeled as ‘common peaks’ for Rhizoma chuanxiong . There are 22 ‘common peaks’ in the fingerprint [Fig . 2(a)]. The area of all 22 peaks accounted for more than 90% of total peak area. The relative migration time (the ratio of peak migration time of sample constituents to the reference peak)and the relative peak area (the ratio of peak area of sample constituents to the reference peak) are shown in Table 2. The whole electrochromatographic profile,including the peaks, together with the marker com-pound ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine, could provide a useful means of identifying and assessing Rhizoma chuanxiong Using the relative peak areas of the 22common peaks in the electrochromatograms of the 10 samples, similarity analyses (National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutics and Biological Products,2004; Wang et al., 2005) were conducted with two dif-ferent mathematical methods including the correlation coefficient and the included angle cosine, and the results are shown in Table 4. As shown, the values of correlation coefficient and the included angle cosine ofTable 2. The results of the fingerprint analysis of Rhizoma chuanxiong by pressurized capillary electrochromatography Retention Peak Relative Relative Retention Peak Relative Relative Peak time area retention peak Peak time area retention peak no.(min)(uV s)time aarea bno.(min)(µV s)time aarea b1 3.98210,3080.180.301233.5233,016 1.510.09214.2824,0330.640.121340.747116,273 1.84 3.33315.08813,2300.680.381441.8877,191 1.890.21417.0953,0400.770.091543.52963,128 1.96 1.81518.46212,6530.830.361645.08916,468 2.030.47622.18334,894 1.00 1.001746.627264,906 2.107.59723.81913,276 1.070.381847.96414,328 2.160.41824.8375,193 1.120.151951.99611,946 2.340.34926.540118,156 1.20 3.392053.0195,436 2.390.161028.04821,046 1.260.602153.68218,434 2.420.531132.6834,2511.470.122257.6793,0042.600.09aRelative retention time: the ratio of peak migration time of sample constituents to the reference peak of chuanxiongzine (peak 6); b relative peak area: the ratio of peak area of sample constituents to the reference peak of chuanxiongzine (peak 6).Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Biomed. Chromatogr . 21: 867–875 (2007)DOI: 10.1002/bmc872G. Xie et al.ORIGINALRESEARCH Table 3. The results of the fingerprint analysis of Rhizoma chuanxiong by HPLC Retention Peak Relative Relative Retention Peak Relative Relative Peak time area retention peak Peak time area retention peak no.(min)(mAU)time aarea bno.(min)(mAU)time aarea b113.737222.830.640.19935.7652880.85 1.67 2.44214.64914.450.680.781036.538415.73 1.700.35316.216189.210.760.161137.723132.62 1.760.11421.4361178.58 1.00 1.001239.7176972.92 1.85 5.92524.1414304.93 1.13 3.651340.616331.13 1.890.28624.758112.95 1.150.101445.365426.23 2.120.36725.684972.89 1.200.831546.1581093.92 2.150.93829.782203.011.390.171647.168187.82.200.16aRelative retention time: the ratio of peak migration time of sample constituents to the reference peak of ferulic acid (peak 4); b relative peak area: the ratio of peak area of sample constituents to the reference peak of ferulic acid (peak 4).the samples were more than 0.910 except for samples 2and 5. It is concluded that most of these samples are alike except for samples 2 and 5.Fingerprint d evelopment of Rhizoma chuanxiong by HPLC.In order to obtain good resolution and a large number of peaks, optimization of separation con-ditions in HPLC was done by investigating the influ-ence of the mobile phase, the detection wavelength and the gradient mode Preliminary studies indicated that better separation and results were obtained using the mobile phase of A (water + 0.5% H 3PO 4) and B (methanol) than the same CEC eluent for HPLC for comparison between the techniques. Therefore, in this work, methanol and water were chosen as the mobile phase. A small amount of H 3PO 4 was added to the mo-bile phase in order to obtain better shape of peaks. The optimum mobile phase was A (water + 0.5% H 3PO 4)and B (methanol) in the gradient mode as follows: 0–3min, 15% B; 3–55min, 15–95% B; 55–65min, 95%B. The column temperature was kept constant at 25°C.The flow-rate was 1mL/min and the injection volume was 10µL. In order to obtain a large number of peaks on the HPLC chromatogram, the solution of ferulic acid, chuanxiongzine and the sample of Rhizoma chuanxiong were scanned by UV from 190 to 600nm;280nm was selected as the best detection wavelength.Chromatograms of 10 samples were placed into one, shown in Fig . 3. There are about 50 peaks within 65min in the chromatogram . Among these,16 common peaks [shown in Fig . 3(c)] were found in the standard fingerprint of Rhizoma chuanxiong .The total peak area of non-common peaks was less than 10%, which met the standards. The relative migra-tion time (the ratio of peak migration time of sample constituents to the reference peak) and the relative peak area (the ratio of peak area of sample con-stituents to the reference peak) are shown in Table 3.The method validation of fingerprint analysis was performed based on the relative migration time and the relative peak area.The sample solution was successively injected into the HPLC system and analyzed five times. Precisions not exceeding 0.8 and 1.9% were obtained for relative migration times and relative peak areas of all peaks,respectively . The results of precision tests indicated that the method was good for the analysis. The inter-day precisions of the proposed method, on the basis of analyzing five replicate samples on separate days,were below 0.9% for relative migration times and within 2.3% for relative peak areas. The stability test was performed with sample solutions extracted from Dujiangyan Rhizoma chuanxiong for 24h. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the relative migration times and the relative peak areas were less than 2.8%.This indicated that the sample solution was stable for 24h and suitable for the analysis. The reproducibility test—the analysis of five samples that were prepared from the same batch of the dried flower—was also satisfied by the results that the RSDs of the relative retention times and relative peak areas of all peaks were less than 2.5%.Sixteen common peaks, which appeared in the fingerprint of the genuine herb, represented the char-acteristics of the herb’s constituents, and the result of the relative values of the 10 samples, the peaks,together with the index compound, ferulic acid, could provide a useful means of identifying and assessing Rhizoma chuanxiong . As shown in Table 4, the values of the correlation coefficient and the included angle cosine with HPLC are slightly higher than that with pCEC . Sample 5, from Chongzhou Guansheng in China, is obviously different from the other samples,indicating that place of origin significantly influences the kinds and content of components in crude TCMs,and hence affects their quality.Comparison of pCEC and HPLC fingerprinting Both pCEC and HPLC could display the whole con-centration distribution of different kinds of compo-nents, which is the most important character of aCopyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Biomed. Chromatogr . 21: 867–875 (2007)DOI: 10.1002/bmcFingerprint analysis of Rhizoma chuanxiong 873ORIGINALRESEARCH Figure 3. HPLC chromatograms of marker compound of ferulic acid and chuanxiongzine (a), Rhizoma chuanxiong from different regions (b) and Rhizoma chuanxiong (sample 6) (c).Peak 4, ferulic acid. This figure is available in colour online at /journal/bmcfingerprint. Characteristics of pCEC and HPLC methods used to develop TCM fingerprints are summarized in Table 5.The number of common peaks, the non-common peak area, the reproducibility, the resolution andsystem suitability were key factors. The sample loaded onto pCEC was very small (10nL), which led to rela-tively low stability . As shown in Table 5, HPLC is advantageous for precision and stability of the analysis,while pCEC is superior in resolution, sensitivity and。
瑞士PD根管充填糊剂与传统根管充填糊剂疗效的对比研究发表时间：2015-05-28T16:02:55.327Z 来源：《医药前沿》2015年第4期供稿作者：宋杰1孙晓辉2[导读] 对比研究瑞士PD根管充填糊剂与传统根管充填糊剂的治疗效果。
宋杰1孙晓辉2（1聊城市第三人民医院口腔科山东聊城252000）（2聊城市第四人民医院口腔科山东聊城252000）【摘要】目的：对比研究瑞士PD根管充填糊剂与传统根管充填糊剂的治疗效果。
方法：选取我院门诊接收的需根管治疗患者116例作为研究对象，随机分为实验组与对照组，其中实验组60例，治疗采用瑞士PD根管充填糊剂，对照组56例，治疗采用氧化锌丁香油糊剂。
对比分析两种充填糊剂的治疗效果。
结果：使用瑞士PD根管充填糊剂的实验组患者无疼痛反应的为91.7%，对照组为79.3%，实验组明显高于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；患者术后1年实验组成功率为96.7%，对照组为91.4%，两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
结论：瑞士PD根管充填糊剂术后疼痛反应程度明显低于传统根管充填糊剂，两种填充糊剂的远期效果均比较理想，瑞士PD根管糊剂效果似略好于传统糊剂。
【关键词】瑞士PD糊剂；氧化锌丁香油糊剂；根管治疗；疗效【中图分类号】R781.05【文献标识码】A【文章编号】2095-1752（2015）04-0019-02SwissPDrootcanalfillingpasteandtraditionalrootofthecomparisonofthecurativeeffectofthepastefillingSongJie.ThethirdPeople'sHospitalofLiaochengcityinShand SunXiaohui.ThefourthPeople'sHospitalofLiaochengcityinShandongProvince,Liaocheng252000,China【Abstract】ObjectiveComparativestudySwissPDrootcanalfillingpasteandthetherapeuticeffectoftraditionalrootcanalfillingpaste.MethodsSelectourhospitaloutpatientreceivi termeffectisideal,theSwissPDrootcanalpasteslightlybettertraditionalpaste.【Keywords】TheSwissPDpaste;Zincoxidepastecloveoil;Rootcanaltreatment;Thecurativeeffect根管治疗是治疗牙髓病和根尖周病最常用的有效方法，其原理是通过机械和化学方法去除根管内大部分感染物，并通过充填根管，起到阻止根尖周病变和促进根尖愈合的作用[1]。
