软土路基处理方法概述
摘要：软土路基的加固有很多种方法，本文对常用的几种方法从加以解释对其加固机理,作用,作用范围以及个别的工程实例的阐述.新型的加固材料以及新工艺的开发和利用对提高软土路基的加固技术水平所起的重要作用等做以简单的阐述.
在道路工程中经常会遇到软土路基，由于高速公路、高速铁路的发展，对地基的承载能力要求越来越高，天然的软土地基远远不能满足这些高档次的构造物对地基承载力的要求。20世纪80～90年代，由于人口膨胀土地资源日益紧张，同时软土路基加固的技术也有了长足的发展，经济条件有所改善，各种软土加固理论得到了充分的应用与验证，软基加固技术也得到长足发展，在不同的领域里均有涉猎；到20世纪90年代以后,各种各样的软基处理技术已广泛地应用在各种道路工程中。
地基中常见的软土，一般是指处于软朔或者流朔状态下的粘性土。其特点是天然含水量大、孔隙比大、压缩系数高、强度低，并具有蠕变性、触变性等特殊的工程地质性质，工程地质条件较差。选用软土作为路基应用，必须提出切实可行的技术措施。这种土质如在施工中出现在路基填土或桥涵构造物基础中，最佳含水量不易把握，极难达到规定的压实度值，满足不了相应的密实度要求，在通车后，往往会发生路基失稳或过量沉陷。其危害性显而易见,故禁止采用。在软土地基上修筑路堤，特别是桥头引道，如不采取有效的加固措施，就会产生不同程度的坍滑或沉陷，导致公路破坏或不能正常使用即所说的桥头跳车。一般地，除要确保新填筑路基的密实度以减少沉降外，包括原地面的地基总沉降必须达到基本稳定，沉降量大致达到总沉降量的80%以上时，才容许铺路面。软土地基沉降严重时，不仅增加填方数量，而且沉降或水平位移对临近填土的桥台、挡土墙、涵洞，甚至对附近的住宅、农田以及路线的技术标准都会产生很大的影响。为此，根据地基土的工程特性，选用适当的处理措施。经过长期的实践，在公路、铁路中形成了多种形式的软土地基处理方法，结合很多的施工企业多年施工经验及有关专家学者的论述进行总结归纳如下：
1 换填垫层法
当软弱土层厚度不很大时，可将路基面以下处理范围内的软弱土层部分或全部挖除，然后换填强度较大的土或其它稳定性能好、无侵蚀性的材料(通常是渗水性好的中粗砂)称为换填或垫层法。此法处理的经济实用高度为2～3m，如果软弱土层厚度过大，则采用换填法会增加弃方与取土方量而增大工程成本。通过换填具有较高抗剪强度的地基土，从而达到增强地基承载力的目的，满足构筑物对地基的要求。主要加固方法有换填、抛石挤淤、垫层、强夯挤淤几种。垫层法根据材料的不同可分为砂(砾石)垫层、碎石垫层、粉煤灰垫层、干渣垫层、土(灰土、二灰)垫层。代表方法有砂垫层法及换填法。
砂砾垫层：当路堤高度小于极限高度的2倍，软土层较薄，填筑材料比较困难，或雨季施工时，采用砂砾(砂)垫层，在填土与基底之间设一排水面，从而使地基在受到填土荷载后，迅速地将地基土中的孔隙水排出，加快固结速度，提高地基的承载力，减少沉降，防止地基局部剪切变形。要注意控制填土速度，所用的材料为含泥量不大于5%的洁净中粗砂，或最大粒径小于5cm的天然级配砂砾。
换填法：在软土厚度不大于2m 时，利用渗水性材料(砂砾或碎石)进行置换填土，可以降低压缩性，提高承载力，提高抗剪强度，减少沉降量，改善动力特性，加速土层的排水固结。它的特点是施工工艺简单，但费用比较高。
抛石挤淤：当软土或沼泽土位于水下，更换土施工困难，且厚度小于3m，表层无硬壳、基底含水量超过液限、路堤自重可以挤出的软土之上，排水比较困难时，采用抛片石(直径一般不小于 30cm)挤淤的方法。从中部开始抛石，逐渐向两边延伸，挤出淤泥，提高路基强度。
2 深层密实法
采用爆破、夯击、挤压和振动及加入抗剪强度高的材料等方法，对地基深层的软弱土体进行振密和挤密的地基加固方法称为深层密实法。适用于软土厚度>3m的中厚软土的加固，分布面积广的软基加固处理，其加固深度可达到30m。通过振动、挤压使地基中土体密实、固结，并利用加入的具有高抗剪强度的桩体材料置换部分软弱土体中的三相(气相、液相与固相)部分，形成复合地基，达到提高抗剪强度的目的。
主要加固方法：强夯法、土(或灰土、粉煤灰加石灰)桩法、砂桩法、爆破法、碎石桩法(振冲置换法)、石灰桩法、水泥粉煤灰碎石桩(CFG桩法)、粉喷桩法、旋喷桩法。代表方法有碎石桩法、强夯法、水泥粉煤灰碎石桩法、粉喷桩法。
强夯法：对于砂土地基及含水量在一定范围内的软弱粘性土地基，可采用重锤夯实或强夯。它的基本原理是：土层在巨大的冲击能作用下，土中产生很大的压力和冲击波，致使土体局部压缩，夯击点周围一定深度内产生裂隙良好的排水通道，使土中的孔隙水(气)顺利排出，土体迅速固结。强夯后地基承载力可提高3～4倍，压缩性可降低200%～1000%。其佳夯击能：从理论上讲，在最佳夯击能作用下，地基土中出现的孔隙水压力达到土的自重压力，这样的夯击能称最佳夯击能。因此可根据孔隙水压力的叠加值来确定最佳夯击能。在砂性土中，孔隙水压力增长及消散过程仅为几分钟，因此孔隙水压力不能随夯击能增加而叠加，可根据最大孔隙水压力增量与夯击次数关系来确定最佳夯击能。兰海高速公路某滑坡体的堆积破碎泥岩堆积物厚度4~12M.从土样的土工试验报告可知为低液限黏土含水量29.8~20.2,凝聚力13.8~12.2KPA,内摩擦角13.8~20.2.
挤密砂桩、碎石桩加固法：属于复合地基的一种，当软土层较厚，换填处理比较困难，地基土属于非饱和粘性土或砂土时，采用挤密砂桩或碎石桩加固法，可以使地基土密实，容重增加，孔隙比减少，防止砂土在地震或受震动时液化，提高地基土的抗剪强度和水平抵抗力，减少固结沉降，使地基变均匀，起到置换、挤密、排水作用，防止地基产生滑动破坏，提前完成沉降，减少沉降差。
3排水固结法
在软土地基上加压并配合内部排水，加速软土地基的排水，加快软土固结的处理方法称为排水固结法。适用于处理各类淤泥、淤泥质粘土及冲填等饱和粘性土地基。软土地基在附加荷载的作用下，逐渐排出孔隙水，使孔隙比减小，产生固结变形。在这个过程中，随着土体超静孔隙水压力的逐渐扩散，土的有效应力增加，并使沉降提前完成或提高沉降速度。
主要加固方法：堆载预压法、砂井法、袋装砂井、真空预压法、电渗排水法、降低地下水位法、塑料排水板法。
预压处理：分为超载预压、等载预压和欠载预压等，其施工工艺简单，但工期较长，超载预压的时间一般为6个月，通常与排水处理地基相结合使用。广州
市新窑南路道路工程就是利用堆载法加固软土路基的.新窑南路道路工程起点为广州大道K4+600,终点为北山村K11+700,全长约7KM.道路沿线地层结构自上而下分别为:地壳硬壳包括松散状杂填土,素填土和软塑状耕土,厚度为0.40~2.20;软土层包括流塑状淤泥和淤泥质土,厚度为1.51~9.39,沿线厚度变化大;下伏层包括粘性土和砂层.堆载预压时间从1995年到2003年,大约7~8年.
袋装砂井：对于软土厚度大、路堤稳定、填土高的软土路基，采用袋装砂井，可增加软土竖直方向的排水能力，缩短水平方向的排水距离，加速软土的强度。砂袋灌入砂后，砂井可采用锤击法或振动法施工。它的施工工艺复杂，费用相对较高，所用的时间较长，可采用矩形或梅花形布桩。珠江地区某市公路的地质勘探表明，地基土质分布比较均匀，除表层1。0m左右耕植土外，接着为8.6m 厚的高含水量、高压缩性、低强度，高含粘性的超软弱淤泥。第三层为厚约1.0m 的贝壳粉砂土；第四层又为7.6m厚的淤泥质粘土；以下分别是0.5m厚粘土和3.0m厚粉细砂。往下为击数（SPT）大于19击的含砾粗砂层，再往下土质更好。地基土质为20m左右深厚的淤泥，含水量高达85.7%，十字板剪切强度仅4Kpa，且淤泥分布深度大致由前方向后方陆域倾斜，前浅后深，前方相对有利。在这样大面积超软弱的淤泥地基上筑路需作软基深层处理，以防止施工期软基沉降缓慢，引起工程完工后仍有较大剩余沉降量，同时不致因加载引起地基失稳破坏。这一带因软基不当而出现工程质量或安全事故是较常见的，就设计采用Ф7cm袋装砂井加砂垫层堆载预压排水固结进行软基加固，目的是通过打设砂井使第二、四层淤泥土排水固结后，土质强度获得提高、减少工程投产后的沉降，保证工程的正常使用，满足工程设计要求。
塑料排水板：排水原理与袋装砂井相同，由于是工厂制作，它的质量稳定、重量轻、运输保管方便，施工工艺比较简单，投入劳力少，费用相对较低，并且渗滤吸水性好，具有一定的强度和延伸率，对土的扰动小，预压时间较长，在工程中得到广泛应用，但对于提高土层的抗剪能力不如袋装砂井。
Overview of Soft Subgrade Treatment
Abstract: The reinforcement of soft soil roadbed There are many ways, several to explain the reinforcement mechanism of the role, scope, and individual project example elaboration. New reinforcement materials and new technology development and utilization of soft subgrade reinforcement played an important role to do with the simple description.
When road works are often encountered in soft soil subgrade, the carrying capacity of the foundation have become increasingly demanding due to the development of highway, railway, natural soft ground is far from meeting these high-grade structures are the foundation bearing force requirements. 1980s and 1990s, due to population expansion of land resources are becoming increasingly tense, soft soil subgrade reinforcement technology has made great progress, and economic conditions have improved, a variety of soft soil reinforcement theory has been fully Application and verification of soft base reinforcement technology has made rapid progress in different areas are covered; to the 1990s, a variety of soft foundation treatment technology has been widely used in various road projects.
Foundation in soft soil,
usually in soft new moon or under the state of the flow of new moon of the clay. Which is characterized by the natural water content, void ratio, compressibility factor, low strength and creep, thixotropy, and other special engineering geological properties, poor engineering geological conditions. Selection of soft soil roadbed application must be put forward practical measures.Soil, such as in the construction of the base of the embankment or bridge and culvert structures, optimum moisture content is not easy to grasp, is extremely difficult to achieve the required degree of compaction can not meet the density requirements after the opening, often a roadbed instability or excessive settlement. Its obvious dangers, therefore prohibiting the use. Construction of embankment on soft ground, especially Bridge Approach, if not take effective measures for the reinforcement, it will have varying degrees of
collapse slip or subsidence, resulting in road damage or is not working is known as the Bump. In general, in addition to ensure that the new subgrade Using density to reduce the settlement In addition, the total settlements of the foundations of the original ground must meet the basic stability of the settlement roughly more than 80% of the total settlement amount, to allow resurfacing. Serious settlement of soft ground, not only to increase the amount of fill, and subsidence or horizontal displacement of the bridge near the filling, retaining walls, culverts, and even the technical standards of the nearby residential, farmland, and the route will have a huge impact .To this end, according to the engineering properties of foundation soil, the selection of appropriate measures to deal with. After a long practice, the formation of roads, railways, various forms of soft ground, combined with a lot of construction companies many years of experience in construction and related experts and scholars discussed summarized as follows:
1 replacement cushion method
When the thickness of the soft soil, soft soil below the subgrade surface within part or all of the excavation, then change to fill the greater intensity of soil or other stability, non-erosive materials (usually good water permeability in coarse sand) called Replacement Cushioning. This economical and practical method to deal with the height of 2 to 3m, if the thickness of the soft soil is too large, then using the replacement method will increase the disposable side and dug side content and increase the cost of the project.
Replacement higher shear strength of soil, so as to achieve the goal of enhanced foundation bearing capacity to meet the requirements of the structures on the foundation.
Reinforcement Method Replacement, Stone Fill, cushion, COMPACTED silt several. Cushioning according to the different materials can be divided into the sand (gravel) cushion, gravel pads, fly ash cushion, the cushion of dry residue, soil (dust, ash) cushion. Representatives of sand cushion method and replacement method.
Gravel cushion: when the embankment height is less than 2 times the limit height, soft soil layer is thin, the filling material is more difficult, or rainy season, construction, gravel (sand) cushion between the fill and the basement to set up a drainage face, so that the foundation by filling load in the foundation soil pore water discharge speed to accelerate the consolidation to improve the bearing capacity of foundations, reduce sedimentation, to prevent the foundation of local shear deformation. Pay attention to controlling the filling speed, the materials used to clean coarse sand with mud is not more than 5%, or maximum particle size less than 5cm natural gradation gravel.
Replacement Method: water permeability material (gravel or crushed stone) in the soft soil thickness is not greater than 2m, filling replacement can reduce the compression to increase bearing capacity, shear strength, and reduce the settlement to improve the dynamic characteristics accelerate soil consolidation by drainage. It is characterized by the construction process is simple, but the cost is relatively high.
Stone Fill: When the soft soil or marsh soil located underwater, replace the soil construction difficulties, and the thickness is less than 3m, the surface without a hard shell, the substrate water content over liquid limit, embankment above the weight of the soft soil that can be squeezed out, drainage more difficult when using cast stone tablets (diameter generally less than 30cm) to squeeze the deposition method. Start from the middle of the rubble, gradually extending to the sides, out of mud, to improve the subgrade strength.
2 deep compaction，
The use of blasting, compacting, extrusion and vibration and join the high shear strength of materials, etc., the foundation of deep soft soil density vibration and compaction of the foundation reinforcement method is called deep compaction. For soft soil thickness> 3m thick soft soil reinforcement, distribution of a wide area of soft Reinforcement processing, has consolidated its depth is up to 30m.Vibration, squeezing ground Turkey body dense consolidation, and added with high shear strength of the pile material
replacement of part of the soft soil of the three-phase (gas, liquid and solid phase) portion to form a composite foundation, to improve the shear strength of purpose.
Main reinforcement methods: dynamic compaction, soil (or dust, fly ash plus lime) piles, sand piles, blasting, gravel pile (vibration and substitution method), lime piles, cement, fly ash gravel pile pile (CFG), the DJM France, jet grouting piles. On behalf of rubble piles, dynamic compaction, cement and fly ash gravel piles, DJM France.
The dynamic compaction method can be used to hammer compaction or dynamic compaction: sand foundation and the water content in a range of soft clay foundation. Its basic principle is: the soil under the huge impact in the soil to produce a lot of pressure and shock wave, resulting in the soil of local compression, tamping points around within a certain depth to produce the fissures good drainage channel, so that the soil pore water (gas) discharged smoothly, the rapid consolidation of soil. Dynamic compaction, foundation bearing capacity can be increased 3-4 times, compression can be reduced from 200% to 1000%.
Good ram is able to hit: In theory, the best tamping can function in the foundation soil pore water pressure reaches the soil weight pressure, such tamping energy known as the best tamping energy. Therefore, according to the superposition of the pore water pressure value to determine the best tamping energy. In sandy soil, the growth and dissipation of pore water pressure of only a few minutes, the pore water pressure can not be with the tamping can increase and overlay, the maximum pore water pressure increment and the number of tamping relations to determine the best tamping can. Sea highway landslide accumulation of broken mudstone deposits thickness of 4 ~ 12M from the soil samples of the soil test report shows that for low liquid limit clay containing.Water 29.8 to 20.2, the cohesiveness 13.8 ~ 12.2KPA internal friction angle of 13.8 ~ 20.2.
Sand compaction piles, rubble pile reinforcement method: a kind of
composite foundation, thick soft soil replacement to handle the more difficult, the foundation soil is unsaturated cohesive soil or sand, sand compaction piles or broken Shizhuang reinforcement method, the foundation soil compacting bulk density increased, pores less than to prevent liquefaction of sand in the earthquake or by vibration and improve the foundation soil shear strength and the level of resistance, reducing the consolidation settlement, so that the foundation to change uniform , play replacement, compaction, drainage and to prevent the foundation to produce sliding failure, completed ahead of the settlement to reduce the differential settlement.
3 drainage consolidation method
Pressure on the soft ground and in line with internal drainage, accelerate the drainage of the soft ground, speed up the processing of soft soil consolidation known as drainage consolidation method. For saturated cohesive soil foundation in handling all types of mud, silt clay and red fill.
Soft ground in the role of the additional load is gradually passed to the pore water, the void ratio decreases, resulting in consolidation deformation. In this process, with the gradual diffusion of excess pore water pressure in soil, soil effective stress, and settlement in advance or improve the settling velocity.
Reinforcement methods: heap preloading method sand wells France, packed sand, vacuum preloading method, electro-osmosis water method, dewatering method, plastic drainage plate method.
Preloading: divided into the surcharge preloading, set Preloading and less preloading, the construction process is simple, but a longer duration, surcharge preloading time is generally six months, usually used in conjunction with wastewater treatment foundation . New kiln South Road, Guangzhou City, road works is to use a heap load reinforcement of soft soil roadbed. New kiln South Road road works starting point for Guangzhou Avenue K4, +600, and finish at North Village K11, to +700, total length of about 7KM road along the stratigraphic architecture were as follows: the crust hard shell loose, miscellaneous fill, fill factors, and soft plastic like cultivated soil, thickness of
0.40 to 2.20; soft layers including the flow of plastic-like silt and silty soil, thickness of 1.51 ~ 9.39, along thickness variation; underlying layer of cohesive soil and sand heap preloading time from 1995 to 2003, about 7 to 8 years.
Packed sand: soft soil subgrade for soft soil thickness, embankment stability, high filling, packed sand, increase the soft soil the vertical drainage capacity, shorten the horizontal direction of the drainage distance, accelerate the soft soil strength. Sand bags poured into the sand, sand wells can be used to hammering or vibration method of construction. Complexity of its construction process, the relatively high cost, used for a long time, can be rectangular or plum-shaped cloth pile. Geological Survey of the Pearl River area of a city road show that the foundation soil is more evenly distributed, surface 0m about Cultivate soil, then a 8.6m thick high water content, high compression, low-intensity, high content of viscous super-weak sludge. The third layer is thick and 1.0m shell powder sand; the fourth floor and 7.6m thick silty clay; 0.5m thick clay and 3.0m thick silty sand. Down for the blow count (SPT) is greater than 19 hit pebbly coarse sand layer, and then down the soil better. The foundation soil is about 20m deep mud, up to 85.7% moisture content, vane shear strength is only 4Kpa and silt distribution depth of roughly inclined by the former direction of the rear land, the former light after the dark, in front of a relatively favorable. Roads need such a large area of very soft silt foundations for the deep processing of soft foundation to prevent the construction of soft foundation settlement is slow, cause there is still a large residual settlement after the completion of the project, at the same time not cause damage to the foundation instability due to load . This area due to improper soft foundation engineering quality or safety incidents is more common, the design Ф7cm pac ked sand plus sand cushion heap load Preload soft Reinforcement by playing set the sand well Second, after the consolidation of the four-story mud soil drainage, the soil strength improved, reducing the settlement after the project put into operation, to ensure the normal use of the
project to meet project design requirements.
Plastic Drainage Board: Drainage Principles and packed sand factory production, its quality is stable, light weight, easy transportation and storage, construction techniques are relatively simple, less investment in labor, relatively low cost, and percolation water absorption , has a certain strength and elongation, soil disturbance is small, preloading a long time, been widely used in engineering, but improve the soil's shear capacity than packed sand.
通信工程专业英语翻译 JXTA is a crystallization by Sun company's chief scientist Bill Joy's more than twenty years of brewing."JXTA technology is a platform for Network programming and calculation.To solve the modern distribution calculation especially peer-to-peer (Peer to Peer, P2P) in the calculation of the problem".[1] JXTA research project,which will provide a new framework that make the user more convenient to access to connect on the Internet's personal computer resources, thus further expand Internet 's space. At the same time JXTA is also the Sun's "ONE Internet" strategic continuance, and will take a more positive attitude to compete with the .net strategy of Microsoft and Hailstorm plan . JXTA agreement defines a set of six agreement based on XML, the organization of node into node group, release and found some resources, communication and mutual monitoring provides standardized method.(Endpoint Routing Protocol,ERP) is used for node found routing.To send a message to other nodes, and through the potential firewall and connection.(Rendezvous Protocol,RVP) s used for the nodes in the group to spread information.(Peer Resolver Protocol,PRP) is Used to one or more points to send general inquiries, and receive the response of inquiries.
附录A 3 Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain The principal objective of enhancement is to process an image so that the result is more suitable than the original image for a specific application. The word specific is important, because it establishes at the outset than the techniques discussed in this chapter are very much problem oriented. Thus, for example, a method that is quite useful for enhancing X-ray images may not necessarily be the best approach for enhancing pictures of Mars transmitted by a space probe. Regardless of the method used .However, image enhancement is one of the most interesting and visually appealing areas of image processing. Image enhancement approaches fall into two broad categories: spatial domain methods and frequency domain methods. The term spatial domain refers to the image plane itself, and approaches in this category are based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image. Fourier transform of an image. Spatial methods are covered in this chapter, and frequency domain enhancement is discussed in Chapter 4.Enhancement techniques based on various combinations of methods from these two categories are not unusual. We note also that many of the fundamental techniques introduced in this chapter in the context of enhancement are used in subsequent chapters for a variety of other image processing applications. There is no general theory of image enhancement. When an image is processed for visual interpretation, the viewer is the ultimate judge of how well a particular method works. Visual evaluation of image quality is a highly is highly subjective process, thus making the definition of a “good image” an elusive standard by which to compare algorithm performance. When the problem is one of processing images for machine perception, the evaluation task is somewhat easier. For example, in dealing with a character recognition application, and leaving aside other issues such as computational requirements, the best image processing method would be the one yielding the best machine recognition results. However, even in situations when a
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院（系）：南京理工大学继续教育学院 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：学术论坛网 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 建筑类型和设计 厂房与人民息息相关，因为它提供必要的空间，工作和生活中。 由于其使用的分类，建筑主要有两种类型：工业建筑和民用建筑各工厂或工业生产中使用的工业大厦，而那些居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的人使用的民用建筑。 工业楼宇厂房可用于加工和制造各类采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等领域。可分为两种类型的单层和多层的厂房，民用建筑，工业建筑是相同的。然而，工业与民用建筑中使用的材料，在使用它们的方式不同。 民用建筑分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑，住宅建筑应满足家庭生活应包括至少有三个必要的房间：每个单位。一个客厅，一个厨房和厕所，公共建筑，可以在政治文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，影剧院，体育场馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等，他们都有不同的功能，这在需要以及不同的设计类型。 房屋是人类居住。房屋的基本功能是提供遮风挡雨，但今天人们需要更他们的住房，一个家庭迁入一个新的居民区知道，如果现有住房符合其标准安全，健康和舒适。附近的房屋是如何粮店，粮食市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，社区中心，家庭也会问。 在60年代中期最重要的住房价值足够空间的内部和外部。多数首选的一半左右1英亩的土地，这将提供业余活动空间单户住宅的家庭。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭宁愿住尽量尽可能从一个大都市区的中心，“打工仔”，即使行驶一段距离，他们的工作。不少家庭的首选国家住房郊区住房的大量的，因为他们的主要目的是远离噪音，拥挤，混乱。无障碍公共交通已不再是决定性因素，在住房，因为大多数工人开着自己的车上班的人。我们主要感兴趣的安排和房间的大小和卧室数目。 在建筑设计中的一个重要的一点是，房间的布局，应提供有关它们目的，最大可能的便利，在住宅，布局可根据三类认为：“天”，“夜必须注意“和”服务“。支付提供这些地区之间容易沟通。”天“的房间，一般包括用餐室，起居室和厨房，但其他房间，如一项研究，可能会补充说，可能有一个大厅，客厅，通常是最大的，往往是作为一个餐厅，也或厨房，可有一个用餐凉亭。“夜”的房间，卧室组成。“服务”，包括厨房，卫生间，储藏室，厨房和储藏室的水厕。连接天与客房的服务。 这也是必须考虑的前景问题，从不同的房间，和那些在使用中最应该尽可能最好朝
用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道 Alfred Asterjadhi等著 1 前言 大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。由于这种资源的静态分配，许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。另一方面，几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11，蓝牙，Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行，并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散，他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源，并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发，最近已经提出允许被许可的设备（称为次要用户）访问那些许可的频谱资源，主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入（DSA），无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电（CR）技术。 DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。通常设想两种主要应用。第一个是认知无线接入（CW A），根据该认知接入点，认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱，并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用，它是认知自组织网络（CAN），也就是使用 用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱，用于诸如点对点内容分发，环境监控，安全性等目的，灾难恢复情景通信，军事通信等等。 设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难，主要有两个原因。第一是识别未使用的频谱。在CW A中，接入点的作用是连接到互联网，因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性，例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面，在CAN中，与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信（即，网络是单跳）的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制（MAC）解决方案，如时分多址（TDMA）或正交频分多址（OFDMA）。相反，预计CAN将跨越多跳，缺少集中控制器;而对于传统的单通道多跳自组织网络而言，这个问题的几个解决方案是已知的，因为假设我们处理允许设备访问的具有成
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
building types and design A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in . As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities . Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used . Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center . In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms . Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
道路与桥梁专业外文翻译 中英对照 Jenny was compiled in January 2021
本科毕业设计（论文） 专业名称：土木工程专业（道路与桥 梁） 年级班级：道桥08-5班学生姓名： 指导教师： 二○一二年五月十八日 专业外文翻译
Geometric Design of Highways The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel. It is made of the roadbed, the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility. The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder, side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding. The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture. The road surface require being smooth, having enough intensity, good stability and anti-slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic. Highway geometry designs to consider Highway Horizontal Alignment, Vertical Alignment two kinds of linear and cross-sectional composition of coordination, but also pay attention to the smooth flow of the line of sight, etc. Determine the road geometry, consider the topography, surface features, rational use of land and environmental protection factors, to make full use of the highway geometric components of reasonable size and the linear combination. Design The alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is common to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves.
5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
翻译： 5G无线通信网络的蜂窝结构和关键技术 摘要 第四代无线通信系统已经或者即将在许多国家部署。然而，随着无线移动设备和服务的激增，仍然有一些挑战尤其是4G所不能容纳的，例如像频谱危机和高能量消耗。无线系统设计师们面临着满足新型无线应用对高数据速率和机动性要求的持续性增长的需求，因此他们已经开始研究被期望于2020年后就能部署的第五代无线系统。在这篇文章里面，我们提出一个有内门和外门情景之分的潜在的蜂窝结构，并且讨论了多种可行性关于5G无线通信系统的技术，比如大量的MIMO技术，节能通信，认知的广播网络和可见光通信。面临潜在技术的未知挑战也被讨论了。 介绍 信息通信技术（ICT）创新合理的使用对世界经济的提高变得越来越重要。无线通信网络在全球ICT战略中也许是最挑剔的元素，并且支撑着很多其他的行业，它是世界上成长最快最有活力的行业之一。欧洲移动天文台（EMO）报道2010年移动通信业总计税收1740亿欧元,从而超过了航空航天业和制药业。无线技术的发展大大提高了人们在商业运作和社交功能方面通信和生活的能力无线移动通信的显著成就表现在技术创新的快速步伐。从1991年二代移动通信系统(2G)的初次登场到2001年三代系统（3G）的首次起飞，无线移动网络已经实现了从一个纯粹的技术系统到一个能承载大量多媒体内容网络的转变。4G无线系统被设计出来用来满足IMT-A技术使用IP面向所有服务的需求。在4G系统中，先进的无线接口被用于正交频分复用技术（OFDM），多输入多输出系统（MIMO）和链路自适应技术。4G无线网络可支持数据速率可达1Gb/s的低流度，比如流动局域无线访问，还有速率高达100M/s的高流速，例如像移动访问。LTE系统和它的延伸系统LTE-A，作为实用的4G系统已经在全球于最近期或不久的将来部署。 然而，每年仍然有戏剧性增长数量的用户支持移动宽频带系统。越来越多的
翻译实习报告总结3000字 一、实习目的： 为了使自己更加深入了解英语在社会和实际工作中的应用，丰富已学过的专业课内容，培养理论联系实际的能力，提高在语言应用中分析问题及解决问题的实际能力。为了更好地为完成毕业论文打下基础，为了以后工作的顺利进行。通过实习，还应了解英语在外贸，及涉外和服务行业中的重要地位，了解和积累更多的实践经验，培养热爱专业，献身国家建设的思想。我们使用相关专业课教材，及实习单位提供的相关材料通过参与一个完整的笔译过程(资料,情报翻译)或口译过程(涉外接待,贸易谈判等),使自己掌握和提高熟练使用英 语的技能。 实习单位的介绍： 翻译公司是本市唯一的一家经工商局审批注册的专为国内外各机构和个人提供专业翻译服务的企业。拥有各行业的专业翻译人员、高级审译顾问、外籍专家、审译人员、留学回国人员等组成的优秀工作团队。本公司坚持“以人为本”的指导思想，本着“团结拼搏,勇创一流”的精神，恪守“追求卓越挑战极限”的原则，积极为焦作地区的经济、文化和对外交流与发展，作出我们应有的贡献。公司长期对外承接的翻译服务有：英、日、法、俄、德、韩、蒙、越南、阿拉伯、西班牙、意大利，等近40种语种与汉语不同形式的笔译，陪同口译，交替传译，同声传译等业务。涉及机械、化工、汽车、金融、文学等各个领域。我们实行的是“翻译―副译审―总译审”的三级质
量管理体系。合理的翻译运作流程、严格的质量控制体系、独特的译员审核标准以及完善的跟踪回访服务是我们优质翻译的保证。我们始终信守诚实做人，踏实做事的原则。秉承“竭诚为客户服务”的宗旨，用我们的辛勤工作换来沟通无限和您的微笑。 二、翻译过程的基本环节与具体要求 (一)实际翻译程序可以归纳如下： 1、快速翻译，侧重文体。有些译者认为口述的译文更新颖、更流畅。但无论译者是口述、打字、还是手写，重要的是要使译文节奏流畅; 2、初稿应该保留约一周左右。这样，修订译稿时就可以获得全新的感受，排除翻译初稿时留在耳边的余音，更加客观地评估译文; 3、认真检查译文内容，特别着重译文的准确性和连贯性。删除不必要的增补词语和补充初稿中的疏漏。特别要注意关键概念在翻译上的一致性，理顺拗口的词句; 4、从文体上检查译文。其实，这一步骤应该反复进行多次。朗读译文是一个非常重要的办法，因为听觉对连贯性和节奏感方面的问题比视觉要敏锐得多; 5、检查译文拼写、标点符号和格式。有些译者错误地认为，对译文内容、文体和正字法这三方面的检查可以合并起来一次完成，这种看法是大错特错的。对译文上述三个方面的检查应该分别进行; 6、译文送交三审审阅。 (二)汉译英的具体要求：
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
道路设计外文翻译 摘要部分的翻译： 各种断面形状钢管混凝土的单轴应力应变关系 K.A.S. Susantha ，Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami* 土木工程学院，名古屋大学, Chikusa-ku ，名古屋464-8603, 日本 收讫于2000年5月31日; 正式校定于2000年12月19日; 被认可于2001年2月14日 ?? 摘要 一种预测受三轴压应力混凝土的完全应力-应变曲线的方法被提出，这种三轴压应力是由环形、箱形和八角形的钢管混凝土中的限制作用导致的轴向荷载加测向压力所产生的。有效的经验公式被用来确定施加于环形钢管混凝土柱内混凝土的侧向压力。FEM（有限元）分析法和混凝土-钢箍交互作用模型已被用来估计施加于箱形和八角形柱的混凝土侧向压版权所有2001 Elsevier科学技术有限公司。 力。接着，进行了广泛的参数研究，旨在提出一个经验公式，确定不同的筒材料和结构特性下的最大平均侧向压力。如此计算出的侧向压力通过一个著名经验公式确定出侧向受限混凝土强度。对于高峰之后的应力-应变关系的确定，使用了有效的试验结果。基于这些测试结果，和近似表达式来推算下降段的斜度和各种断面形状的筒内侧向受限混凝土在确认的混凝土强度下的应变。推算出的混凝土强度和后峰值性能在允许的界限内与测试结果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用于包括梁柱构件在内的纤维分析，以确定抗震结构设计中混凝土填充钢柱筒的极限状态的推算标准。? 关键词: 钢管混凝土；限制；混凝土强度；延性；应力应变关系；纤维分析 Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubes K.A.S. Susantha, Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami * Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan Received 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001 Abstract
编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （译文） 学院：信息与通信学院 专业：通信工程 学生姓名： 学号： 指导教师单位：信息与通信学院 姓名： 职称： 2014年 2 月9 日 Radio network planning process and methods for WCDMA Abstract This paper describes the system dimensioning and the radio network planning methodology for a third generation WCDMA system. The applicability of each method is demonstrated using examples of likely system scenarios. The challenges of
modeling the multiservice environment are described and the implications to the system performance simulations are introduced. Keywords: Telecommunication network planning, Mobile radio- communication, Code division multiple access, Wide band transmission, Multiple service network, Dimensioning, Simulator, Static model, Dynamic model, Cellular network. Resume(?) Contents I.Introduction II. Initial planning, system dimensioning III. Detailed planning process IV. Example dimensioning case and verification of dimensioning with static simulations V. Comparison of a static to a dynamic network simulator VI. Conclusion INTRODUCTION As the launch of third generation technology approaches, operators are forming strategies for the deployment of their networks. These strategies must be supported by realistic business plans both in terms of future service demand estimates and the requirement for investment in network infrastructure. Evaluating the requirement for network infrastructure can be achieved using system dimensioning tools capable of assessing both the radio access and the core network components. Having found an attractive business opportunity, system deployment must be preceded by careful network planning. The network planning tool must be capable of accurately modeling the system behaviour when loaded with the expected traffic profile. The third generation cellular systems will offer services well beyond the capabilities of today's networks. The traffic profile, as well as the radio access technology itself form the two most significant challenges when dimensioning and planning a WCDMA based third generation system. The traffic profile describes the mixture of services being used by the population of users. There are also specific system functionalities which must be modelled including fast power control and soft handover. In order to accurately predict the radio coverage the system eatures associated with WCDMA must be taken into account in the network modeling process. Especially the channel characterization, and interference control mechanisms in the case of any CDMA system must be considered. In WCDMA network multiple services co-exist. Different services (voice, data) have different processing gains, Eb/N0 performance and thus different receiver SNR requirements. In addition to those the WCDMA coverage depends on the load characterization, hand over parameterization, and power control effects. In current second generation systems' coverage planning processes the base station sensitivity is constant and the coverage threshold is the same for each base station. In the case of WCDMA the coverage threshold is dependent on the number of users and used bit rates in all cells, thus it