WAT考试复习提纲

语⾔学复习提纲6.Pragmatics复习提纲1.Pragmatics:(term):the study of language in use(the study of speaker meaning).2.Micropragmatics:(term):to study the meaning of such pieces of language in smaller contexts.3.Macropragmatics:(term): these studies look deep into the mechanisms by which speakers/writers encode their message in skillful ways and how hearers/readers arrive at the intended meanings in spite of the differences between the literal meaning and the intended meaning. This approach of study is called….4. Reference(term):in Pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something.5.Deixis(term):in all language there are many words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called…, which means “pointing” via language.6. five types of deixis:●Person deixis(e.g.):me, you, him, and them.●Time deixis(e.g.):now, then, tonight, last week, this year.●Space/spatial/place deixis(e.g.):here, there, yonder.●Discourse deixis(e.g.):in the previous/next paragraph, or have you heard this joke?●Social deixis(e.g.):professor Li, Li Jie7.Anaphora(term):the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.8. Presupposition(term)：assumptions by the speaker or writer.9.Presupposition triggers:●Definitive description(e.g.):he saw the man with two heads→there exists a man with twoheads.●Factive verbs(e.g.):he realized that he was in debt.●Change of state verbs(e.g.):he began to beat her husband.●Lteratives(e.g.):the flying saucer came again.●T emporal clauses(e.g.):while he was revolutionizing linguistics.●Cleft sentences(e.g.):it was he that kissed her.●Comparisons and contrasts(e.g.):he is a better linguist than him.10.Speech act(term)actions performed via utterance.11. locutionary act (term) the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterancee.g. there is not enough fresh air in here.12. Illocutionary act (term)the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaninge.g. the hearer to open the window13.per locutionary act(term)the effect of the utterance on the hearer, depending on specific circumstances.e.g. the hearer′s opening the window or his refusal to do so14. classification of illocutionary acts●Representatives:e.g.:the earth is flat/it was a warm sunny day/Chomsky did not write aboutmusic.●Directives e.g.:gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black/could you lend me a pen,please?/do nottouch that●Commissives e.g.:I will be back/I am going to get it right next time/we will not do that●Expressives e.g.:I am really sorry/congratulations/oh, yes, great,mmm, ssahh●Declarations e.g.:6.3.2 The Cooperative principle6.3.2.1 The Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则⼀定要完整地背下来，分析实例时要以各准则为标准分析会话含义*****要会评价合作原则，它的优势与弊端，书中能找到论述，结合礼貌原则进⾏评论。

大学英语复习题纲一、词汇复习1. 重点词汇记忆：掌握本学期所学词汇，包括单词的拼写、词义、用法和例句。

2. 词组搭配：熟悉常用词组及其搭配，能够正确运用在句子中。

3. 同义词辨析：区分近义词的细微差别，提高词汇运用的准确性。

二、语法复习1. 时态：复习各种时态的构成和用法，包括一般现在时、过去时、完成时等。

2. 语态：掌握被动语态的构成和使用场合。

3. 非谓语动词：熟悉动名词、不定式和分词的用法及其在句子中的作用。

4. 从句：复习名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句等的构成和用法。

三、阅读理解1. 快速阅读：练习快速浏览文章，抓住文章主旨大意。

2. 细节理解：通过练习，提高对文章细节信息的捕捉能力。

3. 推理判断：训练根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力。

四、写作技巧1. 写作结构：掌握英语写作的基本结构，如引言、主体和结尾。

2. 写作内容：学习如何组织文章内容，使文章条理清晰、逻辑严密。

3. 写作语言：提高语言表达的准确性和多样性，避免重复和单调。

五、听力理解1. 听力技巧：练习听力时的注意力集中和信息捕捉技巧。

2. 听力内容：熟悉不同场景下的对话和独白，提高听力理解能力。

3. 听力练习：通过听力练习题，加强对听力材料的理解。

六、口语表达1. 发音练习：纠正发音，提高语音的准确性和流畅性。

2. 口语表达：学习如何组织语言，进行流畅的口语表达。

3. 情景对话：通过模拟不同场景下的对话，提高口语交际能力。

七、翻译练习1. 英译汉：练习将英文原文翻译成中文，注意语言的准确性和地道性。

2. 汉译英：练习将中文原文翻译成英文，注意语言的准确性和表达的自然性。

八、综合应用1. 模拟考试：通过模拟考试，检验学习效果，查漏补缺。

2. 错题分析：对模拟考试中的错题进行分析，找出错误原因，避免再犯。

3. 学习策略：总结有效的学习方法和策略，提高学习效率。

九、复习建议1. 制定计划：根据自己的学习情况，制定合理的复习计划。

英语A级考试复习提要English A Level Exam Review SummaryIntroduction:In preparation for the English A Level exam, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of the key areas that need to be covered. This article aims to provide a comprehensive summary of important topics, strategies, and resources to aid in your exam revision.1. Reading Comprehension:a. Understanding the format: The reading comprehension section consists of passages followed by questions. Familiarize yourself with different question types such as multiple-choice, true/false, and fill in the blanks.b. Skimming and scanning: Develop effective skimming and scanning techniques to quickly identify main ideas, keywords, and supporting details.c. Vocabulary building: Regularly practice learning new words and their meanings to expand your vocabulary, which will be essential for understanding passages and answering related questions.2. Writing Skills:a. Essay structure: Familiarize yourself with the proper structure of an essay, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Practice organizing and presenting your ideas coherently.b. Grammar and punctuation: Review grammar rules, particularly those related to sentence construction, subject-verb agreement, and proper use of punctuation marks.c. Vocabulary usage: Enhance your vocabulary by incorporating a variety of words and phrases into your writing. Use appropriate synonyms, adjectives, and adverbs to convey your ideas effectively.3. Listening Skills:a. Active listening: Develop the skill of active listening by paying close attention to spoken passages and identifying important information, supporting details, and the speaker's tone or attitude.b. Note-taking: Practice taking concise and organized notes while listening to recorded conversations or lectures. This will help you remember key points and refer back to them during the exam.c. Familiarize with accents: Expose yourself to different accents by listening to various English audio materials. This will help you understand different speakers and adapt quickly to different accents during the listening section.4. Speaking Skills:a. Fluency and coherence: Practice speaking fluently and coherently by engaging in conversations with native or proficient English speakers. Focus on clear and logical expression of ideas and avoiding long pauses or hesitations.b. Pronunciation: Pay attention to correct pronunciation of words, stress, and intonation. Practice speaking English aloud to improve your pronunciation skills.c. Vocabulary and idiomatic expressions: Incorporate a wide range of vocabulary and idiomatic expressions into your spoken English to convey your thoughts more effectively and expressively.Conclusion:To succeed in the English A Level exam, focus on honing your reading comprehension, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Regular practice, extensive vocabulary building, and exposure to a variety of English resources will significantly enhance your chances of achieving excellent results. Best of luck in your exam preparation!。

高考英语《高频出题点与区分度考察现象盘点》精细版、单项选择单项选择题主要考查语法、短语辨析以及情景交际，以检测考生的语言基础知识。

近年来单选题更重视语言的交际性，加强了微型语境的设计大大降低了语法及词汇的机械考查, 和语言情景的结合，考查考生语言知识的综合运用能力。

语境化因素的明显增加，既给选取最佳答案提供了条件,注重基础知识又增加了难度。

所以，做单项填空题，要充分利用所给语境条件，把握语法及词汇用法、逻辑关系，避开母语干扰，注意习惯搭配，克服思维定势的影响，瞻前顾后，选出答案。

单项填空题主要考查基础语法、词汇和语用能力，所创设的句子结构和语境多种多样。

所设置的四个选项一般在微型语境中从语法、逻辑、常识、交际习惯、固定结构等各方面对选择造成迷惑干扰。

从没题角度说，四个选项在同类、结构、长短及行文风格等方面都相似, 才能对答案项起到真正有效的干扰作用,但是在实际命题中做到这一点很难。

信度高的测试题，也不提倡这种牵强附会的文字游戏。

所以单项填空的三个干扰项难以有同等的干扰功能，总会有那么一两个选项只起到陪衬作用，强干扰项不会太多，多数情况下也就一个。

考生只要有比较扎实的基础知识和语感，并掌握一定的答题技巧，就能迅速看出陪衬干扰项, 马上排除。

然后，在已缩小了的范围内进步推敲，细心排除强干扰项，选定答案。

【错误类型I】语境理解错误分类标准：单项选择题干提供的微型语境综合性很强，几乎没有单纯考查语法的试题。

命题者巧设语境，置语法知识的测试于情景交际之中，突出了语言运用能力的考查。

解题策路：考生要凭借自己的语言基础知识和运用语言的能力, 修复被中断的语段，表达完整的信息。

做这类题，考生除了要对所涉及的句子进行语法推敲外，还要从各个角度使选项符合题干语境要求。

如:—Do you have at home now, Annie?—No, I still have to get a pound of meat and some vegetables.A. anything C. nothingB. someth ingD. everyth ing选D。