辅音consonant sounds

ConsonantsDefinition of ConsonantsConsonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some palace to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.（发音时，声道的某些部位受到压迫或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻挡，由此产生的音叫辅音。

）In the production of constants at least two articulators(发音器官) are involved. The categories of consonants are established on the basis of several factors, the most important ones of which are: ①the actual relationship between articulators, which is known as the manners of articulation(发音方式); ②where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing or the obstruction of air, which is known as the places of articulation(发音部位).（发音方式是指发音器官之间的实际关系，即气流经过声道某些部位是的方式；发音部位是指声道的哪些部位出现靠拢、变窄或发生气流阻碍。

）Manners of ArticulationStop(爆破音): 发音器官完全闭合，导致气流无法从口中排除。

Fricative(摩擦音): 两个发音器官靠拢，导致部分气流被阻，产生气流的震荡。

2.1 Hayes’ proposal: Voice, Spread glottis, Constricted glottis, Implosive
[+constricted glottis] is present for:
2.1 Hayes’ proposal: Voice, Spread glottis, Constricted glottis, Implosive
[+implosive] 内爆发音
[+implosive] sounds involve a special articulatory gesture in which the larynx is lowered, creating a temporary partial vacuum
2.2 Halle and Stevens’ proposal: Spread glottis, Constricted glottis, Stiff vocal cords, Slack vocal cords • Spread glottis • Constricted glottis • Stiff vocal cords
1.4 Sonority sequencing
• The Sonority Hierarchy governs the legal sequencing of speech sounds. It often governs the sequencing of segments within the syllable. • Clusters of consonants occurring at the margins of syllables: as one proceeds outward from the nucleus towards the edges of the syllable, one encounters segments of progressively decreasing sonority.

不受阻碍形成的音，分为单元音和双元音。
Voiceless
清辅音
/s/ /p/
/ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /k/ /tʃ/ /f/
Voiced
浊辅音
/b/ /z/ /d/ /ʒ/ /g/ /ð/ /v/ /dʒ/
Voiceless
/s/ /p/ /ʃ/ /t/
/p/
pen /pen/ pear /peə(r)/
cat /kæ t/ kite /kaɪt/
Voiced
/b/ /z/ /d/ /ʒ/
/θ/ /k/ 舌后部隆起，紧贴软腭， /g/ /ð/
形成阻碍，然后突然离开，
/tʃ/ /f/ 气流冲出口腔，声带不震动。 /v/ /dʒ/
Voiceless
/s/ /p/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /k/ /tʃ/ /f/
口型同/p/，但声带振动。 /g/ /ð/
/v/ /dʒ/
Voiceless
/s/ /p/ /ʃ/ /t/
/t/
tea /ti:/ at /æ t/
Voiced
/b/ /z/ /d/ /ʒ/
/θ/ /k/ 舌端紧贴上齿龈，形成阻碍， /g/ /ð/
然后突然下降，气流冲出口腔，
/tʃ/ /f/
声带不震动。
/w/
Voiced
舌端紧抵上齿龈，气流由舌一侧或两侧泄出。
/l/ let /let/
live /lɪv/
/l/
如果出现在词尾或辅音前，舌后部稍稍抬高。 /r/
girl /gɜ:l/
/j/
/w/
舌端向上齿龈后部卷起，舌身略成凹形
Voiced
/r/ 双唇略突出，气流从舌面与硬腭之间流出。

- A consonant sound is made by blocking air as it leaves the mouth using combinations of the lips, tongue and teeth.- There are 24 consonant sounds in spoken English, you can see them on the chart below:- The blue sounds are voiceless they use only air.- The black sounds are voiced they use air and the voicebox vibrates.1. PLOSIVE SOUNDS - made by stopping the air then releasing it suddenly:SOUND WORD 1WORD 2p past mapt tip lastk come backb bike cabd drive leadg give log2. FRICATIVE SOUNDS - made by squeezing air through a tight gap:f face lifev van saveθthought pathðthis fathers safe forcez zone chooseʃshape cashʒ-pleasure3.AFFRICATE SOUNDS - a plosive with a fricative.tʃchat watchdʒjaw badge4.NASAL SOUNDS - made partly using the nose:m mark samen never bornŋ-hang5.APPROXIMANT SOUNDS - similar to vowels - don’t block the air fully:w well-r red-j yes-l look wellCONSONANT SOUND SPELLINGIn English the spelling of a word is often different to the pronunciation of that word. Listen to the words below and underline the sound you hear:EG enough ( f θ )1.ship ( ʃ s )2.motion ( ʃ s )3.pass ( ʃ s )4.sugar ( ʃ s )5.present ( s z )6.piece ( s z )7.was ( s z )8.course ( s z )9.walked ( t d )10. played ( t d )11. shepherd ( p f )12. Phillip ( p f )Unlike Spanish, English is not a phonetic language - this means that we cannot say the language in the same way that we write it.- A vowel sound is made by shaping air as it leaves the mouth using the tongue, lips and jaw. - There are 19 vowel sounds in spoken English, you can see them on the IPA chart.- There are 3 types of vowel sound - short, long and dipthong (double vowel).1. SHORT VOWEL SOUNDSSOUND WORDɪbigʊpute getʌsunæbackɒstop2. LONG VOWEL SOUNDSi:heatu:soonɜ:turnɔ:shortɑ:part3.DIPHTHONG VOWEL SOUNDSeɪtakeɔɪtoyaɪbuyəʊgoaʊnowɪəhereeəcareVOWEL SOUND SPELLING3 words in each line have the same vowel sound. Circle the one that does NOT.EG look | should | put | food 1.heart | hat | half | car 2.feet | bean | bread | key 3.what | sock | son | watch 4.no | not | go | boat 5.sort | law | talk | word 6.lot | sun | son | loveS HORT OR L ONG?-English uses both short and long vowels in pronunciation.-In the box of word below, circle the words that contain long vowels and underline the ones that contain short vowels. The first two words are done for you.English and Spanish have the same number of written vowels - < a, e, i, o, u >, however Spanish has 5 vowel sounds, English has 19, so it is important to learn the way English vowelsounds are spelt sun park losehalfpot calm f a ther fitm o ther feet room tookcould can’t can haveSchwa - the invisible sound.- The most common vowel sound in English is the schwa. Listen:əәəәəәəә- Notice that the tongue, jaw and lips must be relaxed to make this.- Now listen to the schwa within some words:word IPAa boutəˈbaʊtsharp e nˈʃɑ:pənc o ndit io n kənˈdɪʃəns u pply səˈplaɪ-Notice two very important aspects of the schwa sound:1.In written English it appears as an a, e, o or u:In ‘about’ it is an <a>,in ‘sharpen’ it is an <e>,in ‘condition’ it is twice an <o>and in ‘supply’ it is a <u>.2. It only occurs on non-stressed syllables, listen again:aˈbout stress is on the second syllable, the schwa occurs in the first.sharpen stress is on first syllable, schwa in the second.condition stress is on second syllable, schwa in first and third.supply stress on second syllable, schwa in first.In order to adopt a natural English rhythm in your speech, it is essential to be able to see, hear and produce the schwa sound.Schwa - Exercises1.Underline the schwa sounds in the words below & place them in the correct column beneath.2.In the sentences below, some words have been written in IPA. Which words would be there in written English?EG k ən I help you? _______A It’s f ə you. _______B It takes ə lot əv time. _______ _______C Let’s have tea ən s əm cake? _______ _______D What ə you doing tonight? _______E I w əz going t ə give one. _______ _______F What h əv you done with ðə tickets? _______ _______G When d əz the train arrive? _______taken London supply about postman common survive butter tomorrow level difficult doctor afternoon sugar present harmony standard summer minimum condition medium capital theatre supporta e o utaken supplycan。