关系代词which用法说明
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关系代词which用法说明1.既可引导限制性定语从句，也可用作非限制性定语从句。
如：This is the photo (that) I took. 这就是我拍的照片。
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。
2. which引导定语从句时，它在从句中主要用作主语或宾语，但有时也可用作定语，在意义上大致相当于this或that。
如：We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我们叫他去看医生，他听取了我们的劝告。
He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today. 他学经济学，这种知识现今很重要。
注意，它与用作定语的关系代词whose用法不同——whose引导定语从句时，它在意义上大致相当于one’s。
如：Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation. 狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。
3.关系代词which原则上只指物，不指人；指人要用who。
但是，有时指的不是具体的某人，而是指人的属性（如职业、身份、地位、职务、品质、特征等），则要用which 而不用who。
如：He talked like a scholar, which he was not. 他说起话来像个学者，其实他没什么学问。
She talked like a native, which she hardly was. 她说起话来像是个本地人，其实她不见得是。
They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他们指控他是叛徒，他真是叛徒。
4.注意不要一看到句前有逗号，就以为一定要用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
如以下几句逗号后的that均不能换成which（原因是逗号前的句子为状语从句）：If a book is in English, that means slow progress for you. 如果一本书是用英语写的，那就意味着你要读慢些。
If he’s only interested in your looks, that just shows how shallow he is. 如果他只对你的相貌感兴趣，那就说明他相当浅薄。
When I say two hours, that includes time for eating. 我说两小时，那是包括了吃饭的时间。
5.比较下面两句，第一句用了连词but，其后用them；第二句没用连词but，其后用which：She wrote a lot of novels, but none of them were popular.=She wrote a lot of novels, none of which were popular. 她写过许多本小说，但没有一本是受欢迎的。
6.有时可以见到“介词+关系代词+不定式”这样的结构（可视为一种紧缩的定语从句）。
比较：She must have time in which to grow calm.=She must have time in which she can grow calm. 她必须有冷静下来时的时间。
She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.=She had some money in the bank, with which she could help her mother. 她银行里有些钱用来帮助她的母亲。
值得指出的是，这类结构中的介词不能没有，并且该介词也不能位于不定式后面，比较：There the children had a garden in which to play.（很正式）There the children had a garden in which they could play.（较正式）There the children had a garden to play in.（较口语化）在那儿孩子们有个可以玩耍的花园。
但是不能说：There the children had a garden which to play in.7.有时可见到由which引导的非限制性定语从句单独成句。
如：Mary is enormously respected. Which is not to say you are not an exceptionally able lady. 玛丽非常受尊重，但这并是说你不是一位极为能干的女士。
st of them与most of which的区别在哪请看下面的题，是填them还是which：He wrote a lot of novels, most of _________ were popular.A. themB. whom D. that D. which【分析】此题最佳答案为D，但很容易误选A。
假若单独看He wrote a lot of novels 和Most of them were popular 这两句话，它们并不错，但将它们放在一起用逗号连接就不甚妥当了。
因为，英语句子按其结构来划分，可分为简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句四种，也就是说，一个规范的英语句子，从结构上说，它必须隶属以上四类句型之一。
但上面一题若选A，则它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句(因为它没有并列连词)，也不是复合句(因为它没有主从句之分)，当然它更不是并列复合句，所以选A是错误的。
可以选D，是因为空白处填了which 之后，后一句即成了一个非限制性的定语从句，前一句即为主句，整个句子即为一个复合句。
比较以下各句：(1) He wrote a lot of books, and most of them were popular.句中用了并列连词，整个句子为并列句。
(2) He wrote a lot of books, most of which were popular.后一句用了which，使之成为定语从句，整个句子为复合句。
(3) He wrote a lot of books, most of them being popular.后一句用了非谓语动词being，故逗号处不用并列连词，整个句子为简单句。
关系副词where用法归纳关系副词when主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。
如：This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。
如：He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。
另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。
如：We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。
There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk al l day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。
of whom和of which用法归纳1. of表示同位关系：即用于在A+of+B结构，其中的A和B为同位关系。
如：Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子，都在国外工作，他们每周都给她打电话来。
We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子，没有一种是完全防水的。
2. of表示整体与部分的关系：即用于“部分+of+整体(which, whom)”结构。
如：He went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb. 他和一队人一起去了，其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students. 我遇到了摘水果的人们，其中有几个人是大学生。
3. of表示所属关系：即of用于构成所有格。
如：He’s written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我给忘了。
The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. 那幢屋顶被损坏的房子现在已经修好了。
4. of与其他的词构成固定搭配：即of与从句中的某个词语构成固定搭配。
