Chapter 1 Introduction
语言学的定义：
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
问题：How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language?
→It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
What the linguist has to do “first, then, but”:
①to observe and collect language facts and generalizations are made about them.
②to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure.
③to check the hypotheses thus formed repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)
问题: What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
→phonetics（语音学）→the study of sounds
→phonology（音位学）→study how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning
→morphology（形态学）→study the way in which symbols or morphemes are arranged and combined to form words.
→syntax（句法学）→the study of rules of forming sentences
→semantics（语义学）→the study of meaning
→pragmatics（语用学）→the context of language use
Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：The studies of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch.
Psycholinguistics（语言心理学）：Relate the study of language to psychology Applied linguistics（应用语言学）：In a narrow sense it refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.
Some important distinctions in linguistics:
①prescriptive（规定性）/descriptive（描写性）
②synchronic（共时）/diachronic（历时）
③speech（口语）/writing（书面语）
④langue（语言）/parole（言语）（the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure——Course in General Linguistics）
⑤competence（语言能力）/performance（语言应用）（the American linguist N. Chomsky）
⑥traditional grammar （传统语法）/modern linguistics（现代语言学）
问题：in what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?
①linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
②modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.
③modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.
问题：Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?
In modern linguistics, a synchronic (不考虑历史演进的, 限于一时的) approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic (探求现象变化的, 历时的) one.
Because it is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.
Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.
问题：For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?
From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today’s world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
Spoken language reveals more true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised”record of speech. And linguists’data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regarded as authentic.
语言的定义：
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Design features of language（7个识别特征）
①arbitrariness 任意性（at the syntactic level）
②productivity 能产性，创造性
Secondary units（底层结构sounds）
③duality 双层性
Primary units （上层结构units of meaning）
④displacement 不受时空限制性（handle generalization and abstraction）
⑤cultural transmission 文化传递性
⑥interchangeability 互换性
⑦convention 约定性
Functions of language：
三大主要功能：
