英语语言学语言学知识点课件
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英语语言学第一章
functionalism & formalism
• functionalism:
study the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.
• formalism:
study the abstract forms of language and their internal relations
made by Saussure in the early 20th century
competence & performance
competence underlying knowledge about the system of rules
performance the actual use of language in concrete situations
Message—Poetic
the addresser uses language for the sole purposes of displaying the beauty of language itself
Contact—Phatic communion
the addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee
2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refer to? Support your argument with examples.
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
英语语言学完整版
Displacement
----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year There is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries.
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt
Writing（文字） ----it is later developed and is only the “revised” record of speech.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
英语专业语言学课件
sentence ✓ or a particular part of a sentence.
Construction and constituent
IC analysis
S NP
VP NP
Det N
V
Det
A
boy found the
N evidence
Syntactic constructionsCPS源自CNPDet
N Infl
the
train will
V arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
S
C
NP
Infl Det Will the
N Infl train e
V arrive
Do insertion
Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl
Chomsky and transformationalgenerative grammar
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
Transformational rules
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the
Construction and constituent
IC analysis
S NP
VP NP
Det N
V
Det
A
boy found the
N evidence
Syntactic constructionsCPS源自CNPDet
N Infl
the
train will
V arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
S
C
NP
Infl Det Will the
N Infl train e
V arrive
Do insertion
Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl
Chomsky and transformationalgenerative grammar
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
Transformational rules
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the
chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学PPT
Sentence types
Binary division in terms of structure:
Simple Non-simple
– Complex – Compound
Extension of sentence
Conjoining (Coordination) 并列句 Embedding (Subordination)嵌入句 Recursiveness (Layers of
Most constructions are exocentric.
Prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
IC analysis 直接成分分析法1
Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分 分析法—a descriptive approach
IC Analysis 4
The word groups in a sentence are called its constituents 成分.
Constituents as parts of a bigger word group are called its immediate constituents (ICs).直接成分
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic Relations 2
The syntagmatic relation is the relation between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.
The father of American structuralism — Leonard Bloomfield.
英语语言学语言学知识点课件
4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别: • 联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics
•
phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强
•
•
geology, sociology, astrology
•
phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强
英语语言学语言学知识点
30
• Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
• Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
语言学ppt课件
The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.
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3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
6
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
7
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
18
3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
6
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
7
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
英语专业语言学课件unit 4
Word-level categories
Traditional and non-traditional classification Major lexical categories: N, V, Adj, Prep.
(serving as heads: NP, VP, AP, PP.) Minor Lexical categories: Det, Deg, Qual, Aux,
PP (Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.
( ): optional; ……:other options
The XP rule
XP
Specifier
X
Complement
Head
Note: abstraction of all phrases: The phrase structure rules can be summed up as XP rule shown in the diagram, in which X, as a variable, stands for N, V, A or P.
the categories must be of the same type;
the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type the elements being conjoined.
Categories
Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally, parts of speech/word class.)
英语语言学Syntax PPT
VP
V NP
Types of VP VP V PP V
VP
S
hit the ball speak about the book said VP VP
that he had told lies
V
run
Adv
VБайду номын сангаас
fast Look!
PP Prepositional Phrase -A phrase containing a preposition and a noun phrase. --on the table. --in the park --with the telescope It is possible to have a PP within a PP: --in the park with the telescope
PP P NP
AP Deg Adj
about
the book
very little
e.g.
S
NP
VP V-Bar
specifier head Complement
Susan rarely does
so
6.Transformational Generative Grammar TG • A description of the possible rules of human language that allow for infinite production of grammatical sentences. • tries to define a universal grammar (UG)
• Three levels of transformational rules: • The basic rule is Chomsky’s universal grammar ,the underlying principle • The second type is the obligatory rules that govern the transformations of auxiliaries and principles • The third type is the optional transformational rules that govern the transformatons of negotion ,passive voice ,interrogation
英语语言学-语言学知识点 PPT
buy : sell lend : borrow give : receive parent : child husband : wife
teacher : student above : below before : after host : guest employer : employee
语言学知识点
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
How speech sounds are made
fast (adj) and fast (n)
如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:
beauty, fish, ball, scale beauty: 美丽；美女 fish: 鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找 ball: 球；舞会 scale: 规模；鱼鳞 看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一
The principal suprasegmentals are:
Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘The meaning of a word is its use in the language’.
Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.
As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
英语语言学-语言学知识点
整理ppt
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
举例： Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the
second is a descriptive statement.
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
整理ppt
3. Design feature 定义特征
1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
整理ppt
3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new
natural relationship to their meaning.
举例： 书, book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer
整理ppt
2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of
structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
举例： Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the
second is a descriptive statement.
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
整理ppt
3. Design feature 定义特征
1)Arbitrariness（任意性） 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement（移位性） 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
整理ppt
3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: 定义：Language can be used to create new
natural relationship to their meaning.
举例： 书, book, livre 喜欢，like，aimer
整理ppt
2）Duality（二层性）: 定义：the property of having two levels of
structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
语言学第四章ppt课件.ppt
The arrow can be read as “consist of ” or
“branches into”. The parentheses mean that the
element in them can be omitted and the three
dots in each rule indicate that other complement
Syntactic category can be divided into two groups:
Lexical category and phrase category
Lexical category is most central to the study of syntax.
Lexical categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP,
and PP can be written as follows:
NP →
(Det) N
(PP) …
VP → (Qual) V
(NP) …
AP →
(Deg) A
(PP) …
PP →
(Deg) P
(NP) …
options are available.
Phrase structure rule
Examples: a phrase consisting of a specifier, a head, and a complement
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备Chapter I
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2.2 Definition of language
Common aspects of language agreed upon by the linguists:
a system a system of verbal symbols Communication is one of the major functions of language though language can also be said to perform other functions. Human language Language is arbitrary in the sense that the relation between speech sounds (form) and the ideas the sounds convey (meaning) is arbitrary.
Preview the part of Chapter I of course book: design features of language, Functions of language. Read the further reading material: (available in the course public e-mail box)
12
“From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” --Noam Chomsky (1928- ): Syntactic Structures (1957)
英语语言学第二章讲课课件
英语语言学第二章讲课课件一、教学内容本节课我们将学习英语语言学第二章，主要内容包括：语系与语言分类、语音学与音系学基础、以及词汇学初步。
具体涉及教材第二章的13节，重点探讨语言的起源、语言如何通过语音和词汇表达意义，以及不同语言之间的相似与差异。
二、教学目标1. 理解世界主要语系的特点及其分类依据，能列举至少三种语系并说明其代表性语言。
2. 掌握语音学基本概念，识别不同语音特征，并能在实际语境中进行应用。
3. 运用词汇学知识分析词语构成，提高词汇理解和运用能力。
三、教学难点与重点重点：语音学基本概念、词汇学的主要理论。
难点：语音的发音规则、词汇在不同语境中的应用。
四、教具与学具准备教具：PPT展示、录音机、语音示例CD。
学具：笔记本、词典、语音学基础教材。
五、教学过程1. 导入（5分钟）：通过展示世界地图，引入不同地区语言的多样性，激发学生对语言起源和分类的兴趣。
2. 理论讲解（20分钟）：介绍语系分类、语音学基础和词汇学构成，结合教材第二章13节内容。
3. 实践情景引入（10分钟）：播放不同语言的问候语录音，让学生体验语言差异。
4. 例题讲解（15分钟）：讲解语音学中元音、辅音的分类及发音规则，通过例词进行示范。
5. 随堂练习（10分钟）：分组进行语音模仿和词汇构造练习。
六、板书设计1. 语系与语言分类印欧语系汉藏语系阿尔泰语系2. 语音学基础元音与辅音发音规则3. 词汇学初步词根、词缀词语构成七、作业设计beautifulunderstand2. 答案：beautiful: beauty, beautifully, beastunderstand: understanding, understandable, misunderstand八、课后反思及拓展延伸1. 反思：关注学生在课堂上的参与度，针对语音模仿环节进行教学调整，提高学生的发音准确性。
2. 拓展延伸：鼓励学生课下阅读更多关于语音学和词汇学的资料，了解语言的发展趋势及其背后的文化因素。
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• 定义：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 2）Duality（二层性）:
• 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
语言学知识点
英语语言学语言学知识点
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•I 语言学导论 •II 语言学主要分支学科 •III 语言学的流派和理论
英语语言学语言学知识点
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I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language
（语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类)
3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学 研究中几对重要的概念)
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• 4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics • (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) • 1) descriptive & prescriptive • 2) synchronic & diachronic
• 3) langue & parole
• 4) competence & performance
its duality
• 举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park • 举例2：England, defeated, France • England defeated France. • France defeated England.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 4）Displacement（替代性）:
4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
英语语言学语言学知识点
4
1. design feature of language 语言定义特征
• 1)Arbitrariness（任意性） • 2)Duality(二层性) • 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) • 4)Displacement（移位性） • 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
• 定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
• 反例：印度狼孩
英语语言学语言学知识点
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3. Design feature 定义特征
• 1)Arbitrariness（任意性） • 2)Duality(二层性) • 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) • 4)Displacement（移位性） • 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
• 如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传
英语语言学语言学知识点
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1）Arbitrariness(任意性): • 定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to
their meaning.
• 举例： • 书, book, livre • 喜欢，like，aimer
• 举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: • 定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of
descriptive statement.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历时性）
• synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.
• diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
英语语言学语言学知识点
Байду номын сангаас
13
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
• 举例： • Don't say X. • People don't say X. • The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a
英语语言学语言学知识点
12
• 1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性） • Descriptive: describing how things are. • prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 举例： • 研究1800年的英语发音 • Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
• 研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 • Diachronic studies (历时研究)
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 2）Duality（二层性）:
• 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
语言学知识点
英语语言学语言学知识点
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•I 语言学导论 •II 语言学主要分支学科 •III 语言学的流派和理论
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I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language
（语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类)
3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学 研究中几对重要的概念)
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• 4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics • (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) • 1) descriptive & prescriptive • 2) synchronic & diachronic
• 3) langue & parole
• 4) competence & performance
its duality
• 举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park • 举例2：England, defeated, France • England defeated France. • France defeated England.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 4）Displacement（替代性）:
4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
英语语言学语言学知识点
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1. design feature of language 语言定义特征
• 1)Arbitrariness（任意性） • 2)Duality(二层性) • 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) • 4)Displacement（移位性） • 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
• 定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
• 反例：印度狼孩
英语语言学语言学知识点
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3. Design feature 定义特征
• 1)Arbitrariness（任意性） • 2)Duality(二层性) • 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) • 4)Displacement（移位性） • 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
• 如何记忆: 五性，创意遗传
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1）Arbitrariness(任意性): • 定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to
their meaning.
• 举例： • 书, book, livre • 喜欢，like，aimer
• 举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）: • 定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of
descriptive statement.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 2). Synchronic（共时性） vs. Diachronic （历时性）
• synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.
• diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
英语语言学语言学知识点
Байду номын сангаас
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Important Distinctions in Linguistics
• 举例： • Don't say X. • People don't say X. • The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （规定性） • Descriptive: describing how things are. • prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 举例： • 研究1800年的英语发音 • Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
• 研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 • Diachronic studies (历时研究)