LECTURE 1 Mesopotamian Mathematics
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单元达标测评
(满分:120分;时间:100分钟)
第一部分 阅读(共两节,满分50分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
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Senior Business Editor
You must:
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模板资料 资源共享 第9讲 柏拉图和亚里士多德时代的希腊数学(续)
5、归功于柏拉图的数学工作
● 两平方或立方数之间的比例中项
在Timaeus中,柏拉图称:在两个平方数之间只要一个几何中项就够了,而在两个立方数之间必需有两个几何中项才行。因此柏拉图知道《几何原本》命题VIII. 11和VIII.12:
命题11 Between two square numbers there is one mean proportional number, and the square has to the
square the duplicate ratio of that which the side has to the side.
命题12 Between two cubic numbers there are two mean proportional numbers, and the cube has to the
cube the triplicate ratio of that which the side has to the side.
● 倍立方
参阅上一讲。归功于柏拉图的这一机械解法并不符合柏拉图有关几何本质的观点,因而被认为并非柏拉图本人的。
● 勾股数
参阅第9讲。
● 不可公度量
在Theaetetus和Laws中,柏拉图都谈到不可公度量问题。柏拉图认为,正如一个偶数既可以是两个奇数之和,也可以是两个偶数之和一样,两个无理数之和既可以是有理数,也可以是无理数。一个明显的例子是一条有利线段被分成黄金分割比。
● 几何数
柏拉图在《理想国》中谈到一种特殊的数——“几何数”,但后人有很多种不同解释。
11.3 梅内克缪斯
梅内克缪斯(Menaechmus, 380?~320? B.C.)是公元前4世纪柏拉图学派数学家,因发现圆锥曲线而著称于世。
数学: 科学的王后和仆人
Mathematics: Queen and Servant of Science
北京理工大学 叶其孝
本文的题目是已故的美国科学院院士、著名数学家、数学史学家和科普作家 Eric Temple
Bell(贝尔, 1883, 02, 07 ~ 1960, 12, 21)于1951年写的一本书的书名Mathematics: Queen and
Servant of Science (数学: 科学的王后和仆人).
该书主要是为大学生和非数学领域的人士写的,
介绍纯粹和应用数学的各个方面, 更着重在说明数学科学的极端重要性.
The Mathematical Association of America, 1996, 463 pages
实际上这是他1931年写的The Queen of the
Sciences (科学的王后) 和1937年写的The
Handmaiden of the Sciences (科学的女仆)
这两本通俗数学论著的合一修订扩大版.
Eric Temple Bell Alexander Graham Bell (1847 ~ 1922)
按常识的理解, 女王是优美、高雅、无懈可击、至尊至贵的, 在科学中只有纯粹数学才具有这样的特点, 简洁明了的数学定理一经证明就是永恒的真理, 极其优美而且无懈可击; 另一方面,
科学和工程的各个分支都在不同程度上大量应用数学, 这时数学科学就是仆人, 这些仆人是否强有力, 用起来是否得心应手是雇佣这些仆人的主人最为关心的事. 事实上, servant 这个字本身就有“供人们利用之物, 有用的服务工具”的意思. 毫无疑问, 我们的目的不是为数学争一个好的名分, 而是想说明数学是怎样通过数学建模来解决各种实际问题的; 数学(数学建模)的极端重要性, 以及探讨正确认识和理解数学科学的作用对于发展我国科学技术、经济以及教育,
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