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Catalysis framework in first-order logic

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CatalysisFrameworksinFirst-OrderLogic

Shui-MingHoandKung-KiuLau

DepartmentofComputerScience,UniversityofManchester,

ManchesterM139PL,UnitedKingdom

{sho,kung-kiu}@cs.man.ac.uk

Abstract

Piecesofcodearenottheonlyreusableartifactsfromsoftwaredevelopment.Recurringpatternsoccurinmodels,specifications,andcollaborations.Classesarenotthemostinter-estingunitfordescribingdesigns;itisthecollaborationsandrelationshipsbetweenthemthatconstitutetheessenceofanydesign.Inthecomponent-baseddevelopmentmethodCatalysis,collaborationframeworksareabstractmodelsofrecurringpatterns.Inthispaperwedescribeanapproachforcharacterisingsuchframeworksinfirst-orderlogicwithagoaltoprovidetoolstosupporttheircompositionandprototyping.

1Introduction

AlthoughtheUnifiedModellingLanguage[18](UML)hasbecomethedefactostandardin

nearlyallapplicationdevelopmentmodelling,itsapplicationtocomponent-basedsoftwarede-

velopmenthasnotbeenobvious.InthepastthefocusonusingOOtoleveragecomponent-based

developmenthasresultedinaconfusionbetweencomponentsandobjects;therehasevenbeen

aclaimthatcomponentsarespecialkindsofcomponents.WorkbyCheesmanandDanielson

UMLComponents[6]hasattemptedtobridgethegapbetweenOOandcomponent-basedde-

velopment.IntheirworktheydescribehowUMLmaybeadaptedforcomponentspecification.

Byrepresentingcomponentsasstereotypedclasses,itispossibletoapplytheideasofDesign

byContract[15]totheircomponentsusingtheObjectConstraintLanguage(OCL)[19].

Inthepasttherehasbeenanincreasedinterestinthepotentialreusabilityvalueofobject-

orienteddesigns,e.g.,object-orienteddesign(OOD)frameworks.Typicaldesignartifactsin

OOareusuallyaboutgroupsofinteractingobjectsratherthansingleobjectsorclasses.Tradi-

tionally,OODframeworksdescribegroupsofinteractingobjectswithinsomespecificproblem

domain.Designpatternsabstractawayfromsuchframeworksbydescribinggeneralisedrecur-

ringpatternsofinteraction.Inthecomponent-baseddevelopmentmethodCatalysis[9]thecon-

ceptsofOODframeworksanddesignpatternsarebroughttogether.Catalysisframeworks,alsoCatalysisFrameworksinFirst-OrderLogic102

Personowner

1drives

1CarPersonAsDriver

Figure1:Apersonplayingtheroleofadriver.

knownastemplatepackages,areabstractmodelsofcollaborationswhichmaybepiecedtogether

toformnewframeworkstailoredtospecificproblemdomains.InCatalysis,suchframeworksare

representedusingacombinedclassdiagramandcollaborationdiagramnotation.Assuch,UML

lacksastandardnotationforrepresentingvariouspropertiesofCatalysisframeworks.Although

notdirectedspecificallytowardsCatalysisframeworksinmind,thereexistsabodyofworkon

howsuchpropertiesmaybeexpressed.Amongtheseis[7],whichlooksathowthepackage

extensionandtemplatemechanisms,firstintroducedbyCatalysis,andwhichareattheheart

offrameworkcompositioninCatalysis,maybeincorporatedintoUML.Numerousworks,e.g.,

[13],addresstheissueofhowOCLmaybeextendedtoincludetemporalconstraints.

InthispaperwelookathowCatalysisframeworksmaybecharacterisedinfirst-orderlogic

withequality.Manyapproachestoobjectmodellinguseeithertemporallogicordynamiclogic

torepresentthedynamicpropertiesofobjects.In[11],forexample,modulardistributedlogic

isusedtodescribethesynchronousandasynchronousactionsbetweenframeworks.Inour

approach,insteadofusinganyspecificspecialisedlogicalformalism,weuseasimplenon-reified

temporallogicbasedaroundtheuseofstatehistoriestorecordhowthestatesofobjectsevolve

overtimeandtime-stampactions.Ouraimistoworktowardsbuildinglibrariesofreusable

frameworksandtoenableconsistencycheckingofthecompositionofsuchframeworks.

Theremainingpartofthispaperisasfollows.InthenextsectionwebrieflyintroduceCatalysis

frameworksandoutlinetheideasbehindtheirapplicationinobject-orientedmodelling.Nextwe

introducetheconceptsbehindourcharacterisationoftheseframeworksinfirst-orderlogicand

brieflydiscusstheirapplicationinasmallexampleofaplanningproductionsystem.Finally,

weconcludewithadiscussionofrelatedworkanddirectionsforfuturework.

2CatalysisFrameworks

Figures1and2showhowtwotypicalframeworks,eachdescribingadifferentview(orrole)

ofaperson,arerepresentedinCatalysis.Thefirstframeworkdescribesapersonactingas

driversandshowsthestaticrelationshipsbetweenpeopleandtheircars.Theseconddescribes

apersonasanemployeeandalsoincludesanactionemployinwhichacompanyandaperson

bothcollaborate.Suchanactioniscalledajointactionbecauseitoccursbetweenanumberof

participants,noneofwhichareassignedresponsibilityforinvokingtheaction.Objectmethods,

ontheotherhand,arecalledlocalactionsbecausetheresponsibilityforinvokingthemresides

withasingleclass.

ReportNo.284,September2003UNU/IIST,P.O.Box3058,Macau

合集下载

关于电梯的外文翻译

关于电梯的外文翻译

双控电梯 PLC控制 外文翻译

Abstract

Microelectronic technology's development, elevator's dragging way and

the control method has had the very big change, the exchange velocity

modulation is the current elevator dragging main development direction. At

present the lift control system mainly has three control modes: Following

electric circuit control system (“early installment elevator many black-white

control system), PLC control system, microcomputer control system. Because

the black-white control system the failure rate is high, the reliability is bad,

control mode not nimble as well as consumed power big and so on

shortcomings, at present has been eliminated gradually. Although the

microcomputer control system has the strong function in the intelligent control

aspect, but also has the interference rejection to be bad, the system design is

碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构负载铂纳米颗粒微观结构

碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构负载铂纳米颗粒微观结构

碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构负载铂纳米颗粒微观结构

碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构是一种新型的纳米材料，其主要应用于负载铂纳米颗粒的微观结构研究。通过合成这种多孔结构，可以实现对铂纳米颗粒的高度控制以及提高其催化活性。本文将介绍碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构的制备方法以及其在铂纳米颗粒负载过程中的微观结构。

首先，碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构的制备方法往往包括两个步骤：石墨烯的制备和碳化钛的制备。石墨烯的制备可以通过化学气相沉积法、机械剥离法、化学还原法等方法实现。而碳化钛则可以通过热还原法、溶胶-凝胶法、固态反应法等方法合成。一种常见的制备方法是将石墨烯和碳化钛粉末通过高温还原反应得到三维多孔结构。

接下来，我们将重点讨论在铂纳米颗粒负载过程中的碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构的微观结构。研究表明，铂纳米颗粒往往以高度均匀的方式分布在碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构的孔洞中。这种均匀分布可以提高铂颗粒与反应物之间的接触面积，从而提高催化活性。此外，石墨烯的存在还能够增强结构的导电性能，提高催化反应的效率。

在微观结构方面，碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构的孔洞大小和形状对负载铂纳米颗粒的分散性和催化性能有着很大的影响。研究发现，较小的孔洞大小和更多的孔洞数量可以提高铂颗粒的分散性，从而提高其催化活性。此外，孔洞的形状也能够影响铂颗粒的分散性和催化性能。较规则的孔洞形状往往能够获得更好的分散性和高位错密度，从而提供更多的活性位点，提高催化反应的效率。

除了孔洞大小和形状，碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构的孔壁厚度也对铂纳米颗粒的负载和催化性能有着重要影响。适当的孔壁厚度可以提高铂颗粒的稳定性，防止其在催化反应中的聚集现象，从而提高催化活性。

总结起来，碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构作为负载铂纳米颗粒的纳米材料具有很好的催化性能。该结构的制备方法简单、成本低廉，且具有可调控性。其微观结构对铂纳米颗粒的分散性和催化性能有着重要影响，包括孔洞大小和形状以及孔壁厚度等因素。进一步研究碳化钛-石墨烯三维多孔结构的微观结构以及其与负载铂纳米颗粒的相互作用，对于优化其催化性能具有重要意义。

金属有机骨架UiO-66 在催化领域的应用

金属有机骨架UiO-66 在催化领域的应用

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2019年第38卷增刊1

收稿日期：2019–07–11；修改稿日期：2019–07–30。 基金项目：国家自然科学基金（21808142）；上海应用技术大学中青年科技发展基金（ZQ2018-3）。 第一作者：于吉行（1995—），男，硕士，研究方向为工业催化。E-mail：yuzihang168@。 通信作者：俞俊，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为工业催化。E-mail：yujun@。 引用本文：于吉行, 俞俊, 薛晓雅, 等. 金属有机骨架UiO-66在催化领域的应用[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(s1): 144–151. Citation: YU Jihang, YU Jun, XUE Xiaoya, et al. Applications in the field of catalysis of metal organic framework UiO-66[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(s1): 144–151. ·144·化 工 进 展

DOI：10.16085/j.issn.1000–6613.2019–1106

金属有机骨架UiO-66在催化领域的应用

于吉行，俞俊，薛晓雅，韩颖，毛海舫，毛东森

（上海应用技术大学化学与环境工程学院，上海 201418）

摘要：金属有机骨架（MOFs）经过二十多年的快速发展，已经合成了成千上万种，然而MOFs材料普遍具有较

低的稳定性，在一定程度上限制了MOFs的发展。UiO-66的合成是MOFs材料稳定性的一个突破，其在催化领

域的发展尤为迅速。本文首先介绍了理想及实际状态下UiO-66的结构特征，并说明了配体缺失导致的节点空位

处的元素组成。然后综述了利用UiO-66特殊的结构特征或将其功能化用于催化反应的研究，包括节点空位、功

金属@二氧化硅蛋黄蛋壳结构综述

金属@二氧化硅蛋黄蛋壳结构综述

Nano Res. 2011, 4(1): 33–49

33

Metal@Silica Yolk–Shell Nanostructures as Versatile Bifunctional

Nanocatalysts

Ji Chan Park and Hyunjoon Song (󰀍)

Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea

Received: 4 August 2010 / Revised: 24 August 2010 / Accepted: 31 August 2010

© The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at

ABSTRACT

Recent developments in nanochemistry offer precise morphology control of nanomaterials, which has significant

impacts in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Rational design of bifunctional catalysts can influence various

aspects of catalytic properties. In this review, a new class of bifunctional catalysts with a metal@silica yolk–shell

nanostructure is introduced. This structure has many advantages as a heterogeneous catalyst since it ensures a