语言学知识板块及考点总结

语言学知识板块及考点总结

Ⅰ定义篇

① phonetics(U2 of 陈；C3 of 丁)

⑴phonetics deals with description, classification and transcription of speech

sounds.

(2)consonants are sounds produced by obstructing the vocal tract at some places to

divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

(3)cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and

unchanging, intending to provide a frame of reference for the description of the

actual vowel of existing languages.

(4)coarticulation is the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when

sounds show the influence of their neighbors.

(5)phonetics transcription:

1. when we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the

minutest shades of pronunciation, it is called narrow transcription.

2. when we use a set of simple symbols in our transcription, trying to indicate

only those sounds capable of distinguish one word from another in a given

language, it is called broad transcription.

(6)RP: short for received pronunciation, the standard accent of English as spoken in the

south of England, It has been the accent of those with power, money and influence since

the early to mid 20th century.

② phonology

(1) phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing

sound combinations.

(2) Phones are the smallest perceptible segment of sounds in a stream of

speech.

(3) phoneme is an abstract collection of phonetics features which can

distinguish meaning.

(4) minimal pair: when two different forms are identical in every way except

for one sound segment in the same place in strings, the two sound

segments are called a minimal pair.

(5) allophones: the different realizations of the same phoneme in different

phonetics environments are called allophones.

1. complementary distribution: when two or more than two allophones of the

same phonemes do not distinguish meaning and occur in different

phonetic environments.

2. free variation: if the substitution of one sound does not generate a new

word but merely a different sound of the same word, the two sounds can

be seen as in free variation.

(6) pitch: different frequencies produced by different rates of vibration in

sound production.

(7) stress: it refers to the degree of force in producing a syllable.

(8) intonation：it involves the occurrence of recurring falling-raising patterns,

each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either.

(English is a stress-timed language.)

(9) tone: tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the different rate of

variation of the vocal cords.

(10) assimilation: the assimilation rule assimilate one sound to another by

copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.

1. palatalization: a process by which an originally alveolar sound is moved

backward to the palatal area.(e.g. did you /di ju:/→/did3u:/)

2. voice assimilation: a sound changes to be like its pronunciation to be like

its neighbors in terms of being voiced or voiceless. (e.g. metal→meddle)

3. place assimilation: assimilation that affects place of articulation(e.g. green

park)

4. elision: it refers to the process by which some sounds may simply left out

in rapid speech.(e.g. /t/ in that person)

5. liaison:连音，the pronunciation of an otherwise absent consonant sound at

the end of the first of two consecutive words the second of which begins

with a vowel sound and follows without pause

（11）different sound pattern:

1. alliteration (Cvc): the initial consonants are identical

2. assonance (cVc): syllables with the same vowel

3. consonance (cvC): syllables ending with the same consonant

4. reverse rhyme (CVc): syllables sharing the vowel and initial consonant.

5. pararhyme (CvC): syllables having the same initial and final consonants

③ grammar(U3，U4 of 陈；C2 of 丁)

Ⅰlexicon

(1) morpheme: the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into

further smaller unit without destroying or dramatically altering its meaning.

(2) free morpheme: may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. All

monomorrphemes are free morphemes and polymorphemic words, which

consist of wholly free morphemes, are compound.

(3) bound morpheme: cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another

morpheme to form a word.

(4) root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without

destroying its meaning. it is either a free morpheme or bound morpheme..

(5) affix: is a collection of the type of morphemes which can be used only when

added to another morpheme, so affix is naturally bound.