高中英语 高考语法易错知识点11.虚拟语气(考点梳理+易错点)
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1 虚拟语气
知识梳理
虚拟语气主要用来表示假设,而非客观存在的事实,所陈述的是一个条件,不一定是事实,甚至可能完全与事实相反。虚拟语气一般用在非真实的条件句中,其基本用法如下:
时间 从句
主句
例句
与过去事实相反
If+ 主语+had+done
主语+should /
would /
might / could + have
done If you had studied
harder last term, you
could have passed
the exam.
与现在事实相反
If+主语+did
(be动词一律用were) 主语+ should /
would /
might / could+do
If I were you, I would
go with him.
与将来事实相反
① if+主语+were to
do
② if+主语+should+do
③ if+主语+did
(be动词用were)
主语+should /
would /
might / could+do
If he were to go
tomorrow, he might
tell you.
易错知识点
1. 混淆 insist、suggest 的用法
虚拟语气可以用于宾语从句时,有以下用法:
★ wish之后接宾语从句时,要用虚拟语气。
☛ 与现在事实相反,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时 (be一律用were)
如:I wish I knew everything in the world.
我希望了解世界的一切。
☛ 与过去事实相反,从句谓语用would / could+have +done或者had done (注意这里的情态动词不能用should)
如:I wish that I could have gone with you last night.
我真希望昨晚能和你一起去。
☛ 与将来事实相反,用would (could)+do
如:I wish the train would come.
我希望火车将会来。
【注意】hope 之后也常接宾语从句,但hope一般指可以实现的愿望,宾语从句用陈述语气,wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。
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★ 在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面,其宾语从句的谓语用“should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气。常用的此类动词有:
表示“建议”:advise, suggest, propose, recommend
表示“要求”:ask, desire,request,demand, require, beg
表示“提议、投票”:move, vote
表示“决定、命令”:decide,order,command
表示“主张,敦促”:maintain,urge
表示同意、坚持”:consent, insist
表示“打算,希望”:desire, intend
☛ The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
☛ He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.
1.1 易错例题
He insisted that he ____ ill, but the doctor insisted that he____ the medicine.
A. was not, took
B. should be, should take
C. was not, should take
D. should be, took
【陷阱】考生以为insist和suggest后面的宾语从句一定要要用虚拟语气。误选B。
【分析】最佳答案为C。第一空所指内容是已经发生的事实,用陈述语气;第二空所指的内容还不是事实,还没发生,所以要用虚拟语气。句意为:他坚持说他没有病,但医生却坚持要他服药。
【考题再现】
The man insisted that he____ the money.
A. should not take
B. would not take
C. had not taken
D. not take
【陷阱】误选A。
【分析】最佳答案为C。句意为“这个男人坚持说他没有拿别人的钱”。在题干中,insist的意思是“坚持说”,所以其后面宾语从句的谓语不需要使用虚拟语气。
【点拨】动词insist后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。比较:
☛ He insisted that I had read his letter.
他坚持说我看过他的信。
☛ He insisted that I should read his letter.
他坚持要我看他的信。
【拓展】虚拟语气在其他从句的用法(1)
虚拟语气还可用于表语从句和同位语从句,即上述动词的名词形式,demand,desire,
3 requirement,advice,order,decision,recommendation,suggestion,以及necessity,preference,plan,motion,idea等名词,其后的表语从句或同位语从句,也要用“should+动词原形”来表示虚拟语气。其中“should”可以省略。
☛ The advice is that we (should) leave at once.
☛ The idea that we (should)visit Great Wall was warmly welcomed.
2. 误用错综时间条件句
有时,虚拟条件句中,如果主句和从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
★ 从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符。
☛ If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer now. 如果我当时在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在就是一个工程师了。
☛ If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。
★ 从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
☛ If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话,我们就已经派他去北京了。
☛ If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。
2.1 易错例题
It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _____ in love, at the age of seven,
with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A.wouldn't have fallen
B.had not fallen
C.should fall
D.fell
【陷阱】考生容易误选D,直接套用虚拟语气的基本用法,与现在事实相反,从句用一般过去式。
【分析】最佳答案为B,此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句,其主句和从句的时态原则要分开对待,即主句与现在事实相反,条件句与过去事实相反,句意为:要不是在七岁时就迷上了Melinda Cox图书馆,我真不能想象我如今会在做什么。
3. 混淆虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
虚拟语气可以用于定语从句,在句型 It is(high / about)time +(that)定语从句中,谓语动词用一般过去时形式。意为“是...的时候了”(注意:be动词无论各人称,一律用were)或者should+动词原形(注意:此时should不可省略)。
3.1 易错例题
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It is time that the government ___ measures to protect the rare birds and animals.
A. takes
B. took
C. has taken
D. taking
【陷阱】误选A。考生不知道这是固定句型,需要使用虚拟语气。
【分析】最佳答案为B。句意为“是该政府采取措施保护那些稀有鸟类和兽类的时候了”,属于 It is(high / about)time(that)+ 从句(谓动should do 或者did)的句型(且该should不可以省略),是定语从句。
【注意】若该句型略微调整成It is/was the first time that +完整句子(first也可能是其他序数词),意为“是某人第...次做...的时候了”,那这个句子谓语动词不再采用上述形式,而应采用以下形式:① It is the first time that +从句(时态:have/has done)
② It was the first time that +从句(时态:had done)
☞ It's the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner. 这个男孩还是第一次同外国人说话。
☞ It was the first time that she had lived independently. 那是她第一次独立生活。
【拓展】虚拟语气在其他从句的用法 (2)
★ 虚拟语气还可用于主语从句,即It is ...+主语从句,常用的形容词和过去分词有:
表示“要求”:required,demanded,requested,desired。
表示“建议”:suggested,recommended。
表示“迫切、紧近、重要”:imperative,urgent,necessary,essential,important,vital。
表示“适当、较好”:appropriate,advisable,better,preferable。
表示“可能”:probable,possible。
表示“命令”:ordered。
☞ It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.
☞ It is required that nobody (should)smoke here.
★ 虚拟语气可用于as if/though(好像)引导的表语从句中。即当它们引导的从句所表达的是与事实相反的情况时,用虚拟语气。如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,就用过去完成时;若指的是现在状况,则用过去时; 指将来状况,则用过去将来时。