专业英语考试内容

P 139 The issue of manufacturing system flexibility was discussed in previous sections. In that discussion, we identified three capabilities that a manufacturing system must possess to be flexible: the ability to identify and distinguish among the different part or product styles processed by the system;quick changeover of operating instructions; and quick changeover of physical setup.Flexibility is an attribute that applies to both manual and automated systems. In manual systems the human workers are often the enablers of the system's flexibility. 关于制造系统的柔性的问题在前面的章节中已经讨论过。从那我们确定了柔性制造系统必须具备的三个功能：识别和区分不同的零件或产品样式的能力;快速切换操作命令的功能;快速转换物理设置的能力。柔性是一种属性，适用于手动和自动系统。在手工系统中通常是工人实现系统柔性。 P142 What CIMS try to do is to integrate all stages in a product life cycle, including taking orders from customers, production planning, product design, process scheduling, NC coding, product testing, sales, service and production management, into a complete (or integrated) information processing system with minimum interference to the operation process by human operators. CIMS就是尽可能的整合产品生命周期内的所有阶段，包括客户订单，生产规划，产品设计，进程调度，数控编程，产品测试，销售，服务和生产管理，以最小的人工干扰进入一个完整的信息处理系统的操作过程。 P145 The term electrical machining may be applied to a group of processes that employ an electric current or discharge to remove material. Removal of material though an electric current or discharge eliminates the inefficient conversion of electrical power to mechanical power characteristic of conventional machining and metal-deformation processes. The elimination of the mechanical stage also overcomes one difficulty inherent in conventional machining, namely, the increase in tool forces and tool wear encountered when machining the harder metals and alloys used in modern engineering practice. 电火花加工广泛适用于去除材料的工艺过程中。去除材料通过电流或电子束消除在传统加工和材料变形工艺过程中的由电到机械的转换效率。在消除机械转化率低的过程中也克服了另一个传统加工具有问题即解决当加工较硬的材料或用来做模型设计测试的铝合金时增加了道具受力增加和刀具磨损量大的问题。 P147 The widening of machining possibilities. This requires, on the one hand, the improvement of the machinability of materials and, on the other hand,the development of new methods of machining and improvement of the existing ones, as well as the optimization of machining conditions. 不断扩展的制造能力，一方面这一要求提高了材料的可加工性，另一方面，发展新的加工方法并改进现有的方法，以及优化加工条件。 P149 To assist product sales, a prototype can be used to demonstrate the concept, design ideas, as well as the company's ability to produce it. The reality of the physical model illustrates the feasibility of the design. Also, the prototype can be used to gain customers’ feedback for design modifications so that the final product will meet customers’ requirements. 为了协助产品销售，样机可用于展示概念，设计理念，以及该公司的生产能力。现实的物理模型说明了设计的可行性。此外，样机可以用来获得客户的反馈并进行设计修改，使最终的产品满足客户的需求。

P153 Mechatronic systems are sometimes referred to as smart devices. While the term smart is elusive in precise definition, in the engineering sense we mean the inclusion of elements such as logic, feedback, and computation which in a complex design may appear to simulate human thinking processes. It is not easy to compartmentalize mechatronic system design within a traditional field of engineering because such design draws from knowledge across many fields. The mechatronic system designer must be a generalist,willing to seek and apply knowledge from a broad range of sources. This may intimidate the student at first, but it offers great benefits for individuality and continued learning during one's career. 机电系统有时也被称为智能设备。但是智能一词是难以捉摸并准确的定义，在工程意义上，我们指的是其包容的元素，如在一个复杂的模仿人的思维过程可能会出现的逻辑，反馈和计算。机电一体化系统设计在传统的工程领域的内不容易被划分，因为这样的设计需要多种领域的知识。机电一体化系统设计人员必须是多面手，愿意寻求广泛的知识来源并运用。这在刚一开始可能会吓到学生，但它带来了个人的巨大利益，而且促使一个人在职业生涯中继续学习。 P155 The Fig. 11. 3 shows an example of a measurement system. The thermocouple is a transducer that converts temperature to a small voltage; the amplifier increases the magnitude of the voltage; the A/D (analog to digital) converter is a device that converts the analog signal to a coded digital signal; and the LEDs (light emitting diodes) display the value of the temperature. 图11.3展示了一个测量系统的例子。热电偶是将温度转换为一个微小电压的换能器，放大器增加了电压，A / D （模拟到数字）转换器是一种将模拟信号转换成数字信号的装置;和LED （发光二极管）所显示的温度值。 P169 The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common; this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression- ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission. 发动机充当动力装置。 内燃机是最常见的,通过在发动机气缸燃烧液体燃料获得能量。引擎有两种类型：汽油发动机（电火花发动机）和柴油发动机（压燃式发动机）。两种引擎都称为热引擎,燃烧燃料产生的热量,使气体在气缸内压力增加并为转轴提供动力，转轴连接到传动装置。 P193 Conceptual design is a very fluid process. New ideas and problems emerge as a design is investigated in ever-increasing detail. Each time the latest design is analyzed and sized, it must be redrawn to reflect the new gross weight, fuel weight, wing size, engine size, and other changes. Early wing-tunnel tests often reveal problems requiring some changes to the configuration. The steps of conceptual design are described later in more detail. 概念设计是灵活多变的过程。新思路和新问题出现在设计日益增长的详细调查中。每次最新的设计分析和大小，都必须重绘以反映新的总重量，燃油重量，机翼尺寸，发动机大小和其他变化。早期的风洞试验往往揭示结构上需要一些变化的问题。概念设计的稍后步骤将介绍更多细节。 P196 The revised drawing, after some number of iterations, is then examined in detail by an ever-expanding group of specialists each of whom insures that the design meets the requirements of that specialty. 修订后的图纸，经过一些迭代次数，由一个不断扩大的专家小组审查细节，确保其设计符合专业的要求。 P208 The introduction of all-metal, stressed skin aircraft resulted in methods and types of fabrication which remain in use to the present day. However improvements in engine performance and advances in aerodynamics have led to higher maximum lift, higher speeds and therefore to higher wing loading so that improved techniques of fabrication are about 350N/m2 of