汽车专业英语试卷

《汽车专业英语》1～5单元阶段测试I .Translate the following English expressions into the Chinese. (10%)1. find out2. belong to3. on the whole4. apply to5. range from …to6. squeeze out7. in one trim8. a range of9. at any one time10. get / be familiar withII. Vocabulary. Choose the best answer from the 4 choices. (10%)1. She moved away from her parents, and missed them enjoy the exciting life in New York.A. too muchB. enough toC. very muchD. so much to2. I regret the novel to Jim because he made it very dirty.A. to lendB. having lentC. to be lendingD. lent3. The work they are doing is great value.A. inB. ofC. byD. from4. The docto r insisted that Paul’s mother examined thoroughly.A. would beB. must beC. beD. should have been5. Kevin is the only student in the class failed in the exam.A. whoB. ThatC. whichD. whom6. Mary and I the new college life soon, but Tom didn’t.A. see toB. used toC. adapted toD. stuck to7. There is no doubt Herbert is the most industrious student in our class.A. whereB. whatC. thatD. if8. The ratio of the work done by the machine the work done on it is called the efficiency of the machine.A. againB. withC. toD. for9. It will take you one hour and fifty minutes the top of Mount Tai.A. reachingB. to reachC. being reached.D. having been reached.10. the news, Ida changed her plans.A. In hearingB. To hearC. Of hearingD. On hearing III. Fill in the blanks with the given words, changing the forms if necessary. (10%)1. The rise in the cost of living is directly (relate) to the price of oil.2. I don’t believe that she is (capable) of stealing.3. Istanbul(伊斯坦布尔) was previously (know) as Constantinople(君士坦丁堡).4. He wants to seek for a (challenge) job.5. The day of the exam (approach).6. The two world wars greatly (boom) the aircraft industry.7. She speaks five foreign languages in (additional) to English.8. A nice cold drink will soon (cooling) you down.9. What time does the (perform) start?10. Have you and your husband got a (join) decision?IV. Cloze. Fill in the blanks with the given words in the box. (10%) When driving an automobile, the most important thing is to keep safe. So the safety systems with various 1 of technology are 2 with to 3 the occupants have the 4 they need.Seat belts are the main restraints that protect the 5 of a motor vehicle. Air bags provide 6 protection, so they are 7 Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS). They are always ready for use.In an 8 , it’s hard to keep a cool head. When it comes to emergency braking, the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) 9 with Brake Assist (BA) and Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) can prevent from danger.What’s more, there are many other systems features to prevent the children and the sedan from danger and being 10 .V. Reading Comprehension (40%)Task 1Directions:After reading the following passage, make the correct choice.Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy away from loneliness．Researches show that people feel unhappy，worried and lonely when they have nothing to do．Instead，the happiest are those whoare busy．Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard．Work serves as a bridge between man and reality．By work people come with each other．By collective activity they find friendship and warmth．This is helpful to health．The loss of work means the loss of everything．It affects man spiritually and makes him ill．Besides，work gives one a sense of fulfillment(满足)and a sense of achievement．Work makes one feel his value and status in society．When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfully operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students grow，they are happy beyond words．From the above we can come to the conclusion that the more you work the happier and healthier you will be．Let US work hard and study and live a happy and healthy life．1．The underlined word“achievers”in Paragraph 1 meansA．healthy B. lazy C. ordinary D. poor2. The reason why housewives are not as healthy as career women is that A．housewives are poorer than career womenB．housewives have more children than career women C．housewives have less chance to communicate with others D．housewives eat less food than career women3．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 2？A．Busy people have nothing to do at home．B．High achievers don’t care about their families．C．There is no friendship and warmth at home.D．A satisfying job helps to keep one healthy．4．We can infer from the passage that those who do not work . A．are likely to live a shorter lifeB．will lose everything at homeC．can live as long as those who workD．have more time to make new friends5．The best title for this passage may be ．A．People Should Find a JobB．Working Hard Is Good for HealthC．People Should Make More Friends by WorkD．The Loss of Work Means the Loss of EverythingTask 2Directions:Read the passage carefully, write T for true, F for false, N for not mentioned.A hundred years ago，the game we now call football did not exist．American football started during a game between two colleges．The teams had got together to play what they called“football”but each teamplayed by different rules．One team played what we now call soccer(英式足球)．The other played what we now call rugby(橄榄球)．Both games had been invented a thousand years before．In the first kind of football game．all the men from one village tried to kick a ball into another village．The men of the second village tired to kick the ball into the first．Hundreds of people joined in，running everywhere，ruining crops and knocking down fences．In time，people agreed on some rules to keep order，but many rules were left open to change．Different rules developed in different places．When the two colleges met to play football，each followed its own rules．They mixed the games together and invented a new game．A hundred years later，we call that game American football．6．American football started a thousand years ago．( )7．Rugby is the most popular game in America. ( )8. The men from two villages tried to kick a ball into each other’s village．( )9. The men from two villages had the same rules when they met to play a game. ( )10. American football was invented by men from two villages．( )Task 3Directions: After reading this passage, you should complete the sentences following it.Forty-two horses were on the starting line for the greatest race of season．The course was extremely difficult and few horses were expected to finish．All eyes were on the favorites，Big and Eighteen．Both horses had won a great many races in the past and they had equal chances of winning now.Though the horses got off to a good start，it was not long before over half of them were out of the race．Big and Eighteen had got well in front with the remaining horses grouped together some way behind．0n a sharp corner．three of the horses leading the group fell，throwing the riders behind．The track soon became full of horses without riders．Towards the end，there were only three horses left：Big and Eighteen were leading with an unknown horse．John，a very long way behind．However, both the favorites“won”the race without their riders! John now took his time and the crowd cheered as he crossed the finishing line．11．The race course was too difficult for horses to finish12. horses could run the race to the end.13．horses fell on a sharp corner.14．The distance between the two favorites and an unknown horse was .15. horses won the race at last.Task 4Directions: After reading this passage, give brief answers to the questions.I always have a different time choosing original birthday present．My imagination never seems to get beyond ties，handkerchiefs，or pairs of socks．But，strangely enough，it did not take me long to decide on Tom's birthday present．For the first time in my life I had a good idea．I would buy him a bottle of champagne(香槟酒)．Before the party，I began to open the bottle but it remained firmly corked．Soon a crowd gathered round to watch the fight between me and the bottle．I could hear all sorts of “helpful”suggestions from the guests like“Break the top off”，“Use your teeth!”etc，but I was losing the battle．We were struggling on the floor together．when all of a sudden there was a loud“pop!”and the cork(软木塞)shot up into the air，while the angry bottle showered everybody with champagne!16．What did the writer usually buy for birthday presents? 17．What is the good idea for Tom's birthday present?18．What suggestions did the guests make?19．What does the sentence“I wa s losing the battle" mean?20．What is the main idea of the story?VI. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (10%)1. When something unusual happens, you should check the parts carefully to find out where the trouble comes from and take some measures to solve it.2. And without the engine, the automobile will not move, so the engine is often called the “heart” of the automobile.3. The chassis is an important part of the automobile. It supports the power train, the steering system, the braking system and suspensions.4. The body is the place where the driver works and passengers or goods arecontained. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers and goods.5. In other words, a vehicle’s loading capacity is the gross we ight minus the kerb weight.VII. Translate the following sentences into English. (10%)1.他努力工作，挣够了买新房的钱。

文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.【关键字】测试《汽车专业英语》1～5单元阶段测试I .Translate the following English expressions into the Chinese. (10%)1. find out2. belong to3. on the whole4. apply to5. range from …to6. squeeze out7. in one trim8. a range of9. at any one time10. get / be familiar withII. V ocabulary. Choose the best answer from the 4 choices. (10%)1. She moved away from her parents, and missed them enjoy the exciting life in New York.A. too muchB. enough toC. very muchD. so much to2. I regret the novel to Jim because he made it very dirty.A. to lendB. having lentC. to be lendingD. lent3. The work they are doing is great value.A. inB. ofC. byD. from4. The doctor insisted that Paul’s mother examined thoroughly.A. would be B. must be C. be D. should have been5. Kevin is the only student in the class failed in the exam.A. whoB. ThatC. whichD. whom6. Mary and I the new college life soon, but Tom didn’t.A. see toB. used toC. adapted toD. stuck to7. There is no doubt Herbert is the most industrious student in our class.A. whereB. whatC. thatD. if8. The ratio of the work done by the machine the work done on it is called the efficiency of the machine.A. againB. withC. toD. for9. It will take you one hour and fifty minutes the top of Mount Tai.A. reachingB. to reachC. being reached.D. having been reached.10. the news, Ida changed her plans.A. In hearingB. To hearC. Of hearingD. On hearingIII. Fill in the blanks with the given words, changing the forms if necessary. (10%)1. The rise in the cost of living is directly (relate) to the price of oil.2. I don’t believe that she is (capable) of stealing.3. Istanbul(伊斯坦布尔) was previously (know) as Constantinople(君士坦丁堡).4. He wants to seek for a (challenge) job.5. The day of the exam (approach).6. The two world wars greatly (boom) the aircraft industry.7. She speaks five foreign languages in (additional) to English.8. A nice cold drink will soon (cooling) you down.9. What time does the (perform) start?10. Have you and your husband got a (join) decision?IV. Cloze. Fill in the blanks with the given words in the box. (10%)When driving an automobile, the most important thing is to keep safe. So the safety systems with various 1 of technology are 2 with to 3 the occupants have the 4 they need.Seat belts are the main restraints that protect the 5 of a motor vehicle. Air bags provide 6 protection, so they are 7 Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS). They are always ready for use.In an 8 , it’s hard to keep a cool head. When it comes to emergen cy braking, the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) 9 with Brake Assist (BA) and Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) can prevent from danger.What’s more, there are many other systems features to prevent the children and the sedan from danger and being 10 .V. Reading Comprehension (40%)Task 1Directions: After reading the following passage, make the correct choice.Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy away from loneliness．Researches show that people feel unhappy，worried and lonely when they have nothing to do．Instead，the happiest are those who are busy．Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard．Work serves as a bridge between man and reality．By work people come with each other．By collective activity they find friendship and warmth．This is helpful to health．The loss of work means the loss of everything．It affects man spiritually and makes him ill．Besides，work gives one a sense of fulfillment(满足)and a sense of achievement．Work makes one feel his value and status in society．When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfully operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students grow，they are happy beyond words．From the above we can come to the conclusion that the more you work the happier and healthier you will be．Let US work hard and study and live a happy and healthy life．1．The underlined word“achievers”in Paragraph 1 meansA．healthy B. lazy C. ordinary D. poor2. The reason why housewives are not as healthy as career women is that A．housewives are poorer than career womenB．housewives have more children than career women C．housewives have less chance to communicate with others D．housewives eat less food than career women3．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 2？A．Busy people have nothing to do at home．B．High achievers don’t care about their families．C．There is no friendship and warmth at home.D．A satisfying job helps to keep one healthy．4．We can infer from the passage that those who do not work . A．are likely to live a shorter lifeB．will lose everything at homeC．can live as long as those who workD．have more time to make new friends5．The best title for this passage may be ．A．People Should Find a JobB．Working Hard Is Good for HealthC．People Should Make More Friends by WorkD．The Loss of Work Means the Loss of EverythingTask 2Directions:Read the passage carefully, write T for true, F for false, N for not mentioned.A hundred years ago，the game we now call football did not exist．American football started during a game between two colleges．The teams had got together to play what they called“football”but each team played by different rules．One team played what we now call soccer(英式足球)．The other played what we now call rugby(橄榄球)．Both games had been invented a thousand years before．In the first kind of football game．all the men from one village tried to kick a ball into another village．The men of the second village tired to kick the ball into the first．Hundreds of people joined in，running everywhere，ruining crops and knocking down fences．In time，people agreed on some rules to keep order，but many rules were left open to change．Different rules developed in different places．When the two colleges met to play football，each followed its own rules．They mixed the games together and invented a new game．A hundred years later，we call that game American football．6．American football started a thousand years ago．( )7．Rugby is the most popular game in America. ( )8. The men from two villages tried to kick a ball into each other’s village．( )9. The men from two villages had the same rules when they met to play a game. ( )10. American football was invented by men from two villages．( )Task 3Directions: After reading this passage, you should complete the sentences following it.Forty-two horses were on the starting line for the greatest race of season．The course was extremely difficult and few horses were expected tofinish．All eyes were on the favorites，Big and Eighteen．Both horses had won a great many races in the past and they had equal chances of winning now.Though the horses got off to a good start，it was not long before over half of them were out of the race．Big and Eighteen had got well in front with the remaining horses grouped together some way behind．0n a sharp corner．three of the horses leading the group fell，throwing the riders behind．The track soon became full of horses without riders．Towards the end，there were only three horses left：Big and Eighteen were leading with an unknown horse．John，a very long way behind．However, both the favorites“won”the race without their riders! John now took his time and the crowd cheered as he crossed the finishing line．11．The race course was too difficult for horses to finish12. horses could run the race to the end.13．horses fell on a sharp corner.14．The distance between the two favorites and an unknown horse was .15. horses won the race at last.Task 4Directions: After reading this passage, give brief answers to the questions.I always have a different time choosing original birthday present．My imagination never seems to get beyond ties，handkerchiefs，or pairs of socks．But，strangely enough，it did not take me long to decide on Tom's birthday present．For the first time in my life I had a good idea．I would buy him a bottle of champagne(香槟酒)．Before the party，I began to open the bottle but it remained firmly corked．Soon a crowd gathered round to watch the fight between me and the bottle．I could hear all sorts of “helpful”suggestions from the guests like“Break the top off”，“Use your teeth!”etc，but I was losing the battle．We were struggling on the floor together．when all of a sudden there was a loud“pop!”and the cork(软木塞)shot up into the air，while the angry bottle showered everybody with champagne!16．What did the writer usually buy for birthday presents?17．What is the good idea for Tom's birthday present?18．What suggestions did the guests make?19．What does the sentence“I was losing the battle" mean?20．What is the main idea of the story?VI. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (10%)1. When something unusual happens, you should check the parts carefully to find out where the trouble comes from and take some measures to solve it.2. And without the engine, the automobile will not move, so the engine is often called the “heart” of the automobile.3. The chassis is an important part of the automobile. It supports the power train, the steering system, the braking system and suspensions.4. The body is the place where the driver works and passengers or goods are contained. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers and goods.5. In other words, a vehicle’s loading capacity is the gross weight minus the kerb weight.VII. Translate the following sentences into English. (10%)1.他努力工作，挣够了买新房的钱。

湖北科技职业学院10级汽车英语期末考试————————————————————————————————————一、单词互译(每空1 分，共20 分)Section ADirections: This section is to test how many words you know.Please translate english into chinese.(1*10)1.Vehicle body2.brake system3.steering system4.dash board5.camshaft6.Automatic Transmission7.inlet valve 8.timing belt9.cylinder 10.electronic controllerSection BDirections: This section is to test how many words you know.Please translate chinese into english .(1*10)1. 底盘2后悬架3．转向盘 4 发动机5 分电器6油底壳7 活塞8 轴承9手动变速器10冷却系统二、阅读与理解（20题，每题2分，共40分）Part 1The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels go around and the car move. The automobile engine is an internal combustion engine because the fuel (gasoline) is burned inside it.The burning of gasoline inside the engine produces high pressure in the engine combustion chamber .This high pressure forces piston to move, the movement is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft. The crankshaft is thus made to rotate: the rotary motion is carried through the power train to the car wheels so that they rotate and the car moves.What do we see from the first paragraphs? ( )The engine is source of power for a car.The engine can not make wheels go around.The engine is resource of oil.Which one Statement is true according the above first paragraph? ( )The automobile engine is an international combustion engine.The automobile engine is an external combustion engine.The automobile engine is an inner combustion engineWhat do we see from the second paragraphs? ( )High pressure is source of power inside a engine.Crankshaft is rotated without any force.Combustion chamber is not a part of the engine.Which one Statement is true according the above second paragraph? ( )The movement of piston is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft..This lower pressure forces piston to move.Both of A and B are true.Which one Statement is true according the last sentence in the article? ( )The power train is required for a car moving.The rotary motion of crankshaft is enough for a car moving.Both A and B are false.Part 2The engine also needs a cooling system; the combustion of the air-fuel .The mixture in the engine creates a very high temperature (as high as 2000℃to 2700℃). The cooling system takes heat away from the engine by circulating a liquid coolant (water mix with antifreeze) between the engine and a radiator .The coolant gets hot as it goes through the radiator. Thus, the coolant continually takes heat away from the engine, where it could do damage, and delivers it to the radiator .Air passing through the radiator takes heat away from the radiator.What do we see from above paragraph? ( )a cooling system is must for the engine .The engine don’t need a cooling systemThe engine might need a cooling system.7. How much will be created the temperature of the mixture in the engine? ( )A. As high as 2000℃to 2700℃.B. As high as 1300℃to 2000℃.C. Not higher than 2000℃.8. What is liquid coolant? ( )A. water mix with antifreezeB. water used by the cooling system.C. Any liquid used by the cooling system.9. What do we see from above paragraph? ( )A. The coolant gets HOT as it goes through the radiatorB. The coolant gets COOL as it goes through the radiatorC. Both A and B are false.10. Which one Statement is true in the article? ( )A. Air passing through the radiator takes heat away from the radiator.B. Air passing through the radiator gets MORE heat.C. Both A and B are false.Part 3Power stroke: As the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke, an electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark. The spark ignites, or sets fire to, the air-fuel mixture. It now beings to burn very rapidly, and the cylinder pressure increases to as much as 3-5 Mpa or even more. This terrific push against the piston forces it downward, and a power impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it.11. Which topic is fit with the paragraph? ( )A. Power strokeB. Compression stroke.C. Exhaust stroke.12. Which one Statement is TURE according the article? ( )A. The terrific push against the piston forces it downward.B. The slight push against the piston forces it downward.C. This little push against the piston forces it downward.13. Which word or phrase can change the word “ignites”? ( )A. sets fire toB. shoots atC. charges14. Which one Statement is TURE according the article? ( )A. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to begin the spark.B. The ignition system delivers a low-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to defend the spark.C. The ignition system delivers a constant-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark.15. When the air-fuel mixture beings to burn very rapidly, how much does the cylinder pressure increase to? ( )A. As much as 3-5 Mpa or even more.B. As much as 3-5 bar or even more.C. About 3-5 Kpa.Part 4The actions taking place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages, or stroke. “Stroke” refers to piston movement; a stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other. The upper limit of piston movement is called TDC (top dead center). The lower limit of piston movement is called BDC (bottom dead center). A stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes its direction of motion.Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (or two crankshaft revolutions), the engines is called a four-stroke-cycle engine, or a four-cycle engine. The four piston strokes are intake, compression, power, and exhaust.What do we see from the paragraphs? ( )A. What is stroke?B. What is engine?C. What is cylinder?17.Which one Statement is true according the above first paragraph? ( )A. A four-stroke-cycle engine means that four strokes is required when it finish the whole cycle.B. A stroke is not piston movement from TDC to BDC, but from BDC to TDC.C. The lower limit of piston movement is called TDC (top dead center).18. What is BDC in the term of automobile industry? ( )A. Bottom dead center.B. Top dead center.C. Neither of A and B.19. Which one Statement is TRUE according the last paragraph? ( )A. The four strokes occur in two crankshaft revolutions.B. The four strokes occur in four crankshaft revolutions.C. The four strokes occur in one crankshaft revolutions.20. Which one Statement is TURE according the article? ( )A. The four piston strokes are intake, compression, power, and exhaust.B. The four piston strokes are intake, compression, power, and inhauls.C. The four piston strokes are intake, combining, power, and exhaust.三、句子英译汉（每小题5分，共25分）Section A Translation English into ChineseDirections: This part is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese.1. All vehicles must fitted with at least 2 independent brake systems. They were once called the service brake and the emergency brake.所有汽车都必须配备两套独立的制动系统，即行车制动和紧急制动。

汽车英语考试试卷一、词汇与短语（共 30 分，每题 3 分）1、“engine”的中文意思是（）A 轮胎B 引擎C 座椅D 方向盘2、“transmission”常见释义为（）A 传动系统B 刹车系统C 照明系统D 空调系统3、选出“brake”的正确意思（）A 加速B 减速C 刹车D 启动4、“suspension”在汽车领域指（）A 悬挂系统B 燃油系统C 排气系统D 冷却系统5、下列与“steering wheel”意思相近的是（）A 仪表盘B 方向盘C 中控台D 挡风玻璃6、“fuel tank”对应的是（）A 油箱B 水箱C 电池D 滤清器7、“exhaust pipe”的意思是（）A 进气管B 排气管C 油管D 水管8、“dashboard”通常指的是（）A 后备箱B 发动机舱C 仪表盘D 底盘9、“clutch”在汽车中是（）A 离合器B 变速器C 差速器D 传动轴10、“radiator”的释义为（）A 散热器B 起动机C 发电机D 电动机二、句子翻译（共 30 分，每题 6 分）1、 The car's brakes need to be repaired2、 The engine is running smoothly3、 The suspension system of this car is very advanced4、 Please check the fuel level in the tank5、 The steering wheel is not responding properly三、阅读理解（共 40 分）Passage 1Cars have become an essential part of modern life They provide us with convenient transportation and give us the freedom to travel wherever we want However, owning a car also comes with responsibilities Regular maintenance is crucial to ensure the safety and performance of the vehicleOne of the most important aspects of car maintenance is checking the engine oil The engine oil lubricates the moving parts of the engine and helps to reduce friction and wear It is recommended to change the engine oil every 5,000 to 10,000 miles, depending on the type of car and driving conditionsAnother important component to check is the brakes Brakes are essential for safe driving, and any problems with the brakes should be addressed immediately Regularly inspect the brake pads and discs for wear and replace them if necessaryTires are also an important part of a car's safety and performance Check the tire pressure regularly to ensure proper traction and fuel efficiency Rotate the tires every 5,000 to 7,000 miles to ensure even wearIn addition to these mechanical components, it is also important to keep the car clean both inside and out A clean car not only looks better but also helps to prevent rust and damage to the paintQuestions:1、 Why is regular car maintenance important? （8 分）2、 How often should the engine oil be changed? （8 分）3、 What should be done if there are problems with the brakes? （8 分）4、 Why is it important to check the tire pressure regularly? （8 分）5、 What is the benefit of keeping the car clean? （8 分）Passage 2The automotive industry is constantly evolving New technologies are being developed to make cars more efficient, safer, and environmentally friendly Electric cars are becoming increasingly popular as people become more concerned about the environment and the high cost of gasolineHybrid cars, which combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor, are also a viable option for those who want to reduce their fuel consumption without fully committing to an electric vehicle Selfdriving cars are another area of innovation that has the potential to revolutionize the way we travelHowever, these technological advancements also present challenges The infrastructure for charging electric cars needs to be expanded to make them more convenient for longdistance travel Safety regulations for selfdriving cars need to be established to ensure the safety of passengers and other road usersThe automotive industry also faces competition from alternative forms of transportation such as ridesharing and public transportation To stay competitive, car manufacturers need to continue to innovate and improve the quality and features of their vehiclesQuestions:1、 Why are electric cars becoming more popular? （8 分）2、 What is a hybrid car? （8 分）3、 What potential does selfdriving cars have? （8 分）4、 What challenges do the technological advancements in the automotive industry present? （8 分）5、 How can car manufacturers stay competitive? （8 分）。