根据形式增加词语

Teaching Plan in Translation for the Fourteenth Session 1. Teaching Content Chapter Nine Addition of Proper Words (163-174) Part Two Addition of Proper Words According to the Form 2. Teaching Purpose By teaching and learning the remaining part of Chapter Nine, the students are supposed to grasp some special features of Chinese and English and to become aware that addition of proper words is absolutely necessary in the light of the formal characteristics of the two languages. 3. Key Points to Be Learned and Illustrated a) Addition of Proper Words Based on the Form b) Proper Addition of Needed Words c) Addition of Omitted Words in SLT

d) Addition of Proper Conjunctions and Subordinators e) Addition of Proper Words for Rhetorical effects 4. Teaching Process a) The teacher explains the title of 9.2 by pointing out the main differences in form between the source language and the target language. Then, he highlights the necessity of addition of proper words in the version in the light of formal idiomatic usage of the two languages. b) The teacher and the students make joint efforts to deal with all the subdivisions of the second part of Chapter Nine by means of different methods. c) At the beginning of teaching and learning each subdivision, the teacher puts forward one or two questions concerning the reason(s) why it is essential to add some words to the version while dealing the particular cases concerned. Then, the teacher asks one or two students to answer the question(s) before he summarizes the answer(s). d) General methods: the communicative approach and the task-based approach, the deductive and inductive approaches. e) Concrete methods: the raising and answering of questions; pair work; analysis and discussion of key points; group discussion; reading or reciting very good examples; translating some wonderful sentences without referring to the textbook; dictations containing useful words or sentence patterns; creating communicative situations by using examples in the chapter. f) Homework The students are required to finish doing all the exercises on pp. 173-174.

Key Portions in Translation for the Fourteenth Session To Be Shown on the Screen (PPT) 1. Formal differences between English and Chinese Answer: There are many formal differences between English and Chinese.

There exist different tenses in English which are used to show specific times when things, events, or activities occur, whereas in Chinese time-markers are employed. There are articles in English and English nouns and pronouns have their plural forms, whereas Chinese has no articles and Chinese characters and words have no plural forms in themselves. The Chinese language tends to use measure words, classifiers, summarizers, categorizers, etc. which are rarely found in English.

二、根据形式增加词语 英语和汉语在形式上有很大差异，如英文有各种时态而中文则靠标志性词语来表达，英文有冠词，有复数形式，而中文却没有；中文喜欢用量词而英文却很少，中文有许多概括词，范畴词而英文却很少。在翻译的过程中，根据两种语言的习惯表达形式，需要适当增加词 2．1不及物动词后增加合适的宾语 51）Miss Havisham send her out to attract and torment and do mischief, with the malicious assurance that she was beyond the reach of all admirers. 郝薇香小姐把她放出去招蜂引蝶，去折磨男人，去糟害男人，其恶毒用心就是让追求她的男人对她永远可望不可及。 52) She committed the crime of loving wrongly. 她犯了罪过，爱错了人。 53) He rode with her whenever she was free. 她一有空，他就陪她骑马兜风。 54) (农村改革)开始搞并不踊跃呀，好多人在看。我们的政策是允许看的，允许看，比强制好得多。At first, people were not enthusiastic about the rural reform and many waited to see how it would work. It was our policy to permit people to do that, which was much better than coercing them. 2．2增加表示复数的词 55) They carried on the work in spite of the difficulties. 尽管困难重重，他们还是把工作进行下去了。 56) The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. 老人消瘦而憔悴，脖颈上有些很深的皱纹。腮帮上有些褐斑，那是太阳在热带海面上反射的光线所引起的良性皮肤癌变。 褐斑从他脸的两侧一直蔓延下去，他的双手常用绳索拉大鱼， 留下了刻得很深的伤疤。但是这些伤疤中没有一块是新的。它们像无鱼可打的沙漠中被侵蚀的地方一般古老。 57) The five rings represent the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and America. 五个圆圈代表五大洲——欧洲、亚洲、非洲、澳洲和美洲。 中文的数量表达含糊，而英文相对精确，在法律英语或科技文献中，为求精确，中译英有时也要增加说明数量的词。例如： 58) 中方或合营者的一方担任董事长的，由他方担任副董事长。 If the Chinese side or the foreign side assumes the office of the chairman, the other side shall assume the office(s) of the vice-chairman (vice-chairmen). 2．1．3增加合适的量词 英文中也有量词，但主要用于不可数名词，比起汉语少得多。英译汉时往往增加量词。 59) two languages 两种语言 an elephant tusk 一根象牙 three eggs 三个鸡蛋 five students 五名学生 60) There was the red sun, on the low level of the shore, in a purple haze, fast deepening into black; and there was the solitary flat marsh; and above which here and there a melancholy gull. 只见一轮红日低低地压在河岸上，四周是一片紫色的暮霭，愈来愈浓，很快就成了黑色；岸上是一块荒凉萧索的沼泽，沼泽上偶尔有一只孤苦凄凉的水鸟。 61) “May I borrow your record player tonight?” a man asked his neighbor. “今晚我可以借用一下你的录音机吗？”一个男人问他的邻居。 62) The two boys had a fight. 两个男孩打了一架。 2．1．4增加适当的介词 中英文均有介词，但汉语中表示时间的词语之前很少用介词，中译英时要增补介词。 63) 我们早上八点上班。We go to work at 8 o’clock in the morning. 64) 我七月五号会回来。I will come back on July 5. 65) 十号清晨这里发生了一起火灾。On the early morning of the 10th there was a big fire. 66) 1995年1月30日，中共中央总书记、国家主席江泽民在人民大会堂举行的茶话会上，就促进祖国统一大业发表了重要讲话。On January 30, 1995, Jiang Zemin, President of PRC and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, made an important speech on how to promote the reunification of our motherland at a tea party in the