西南交大网络教育习题2012届大学英语主观题答案

本次作业是本门课程本学期的第1次作业，注释如下：大学英语I 第1单元作业题一、单项选择题(只有一个选项正确，共40道小题)1. –Hi, Tom. How is everything going –(A)No, I don’t.(B)Yes, please.(C)Thank you a lot.(D)Not bad.正确答案：D解答参考：[第一单元]D 当对方问“你最近怎么样”的时候，你应该直接回答，不能用yes 或no 来回答，一般也不直接道谢。

2. –Long time no see. How are you –(A) Yes, how are you(B) Thank you.(C) Fine, thank you.(D) I’m glad to see you.正确答案：C解答参考：[第一单元]C 当对方说：“好久不见，你好吗”的时候，你应该回答自己的状况。

3. –Nice to meet you. –(A) I’m ok.(B) Nice to meet you, too.(C) Thank you.(D) Not too bad.正确答案：B解答参考：[第一单元]B 当对方说：“很高兴认识你”的时候，一般用同样的句子回答：“我也很高兴认识你”。

4. –How is life –(A) Same as ever.(B) Thanks. And you(C) I hope all goes well with you.(D) It is nice meeting you!正确答案：A解答参考：[第一单元]A 当对方问“最近怎么样”的时候，你应该根据自己的真实情况作答，而不是道谢或言他。

5. –How are you doing –(A) You’re welcome.(B) Just so-so.(C) I don’t know.(D) I don’t like it at all.正确答案：B解答参考：[第一单元]B 当对方问“你好吗”的时候，你应该根据自己的真实情况作答。

第一次离线作业二、主观题(共15道小题)6.铁路线路由轨道、路基、桥梁、隧道、车站及其他附属设备组成。

7.我国钢轨长度分为12.5m和25m两种。

8.江西上饶地区最高气温为39.4℃，铺设钢轨时轨温为10℃，钢轨长度为12.5m，螺栓阻力值为1mm，计算预留轨缝。

δ=0.0118 •（tmax-t）L- C=0.0118*(59.4-10)*12.5-1=6.4(mm)预留轨缝可取6毫米。

9.名词解释：轨距是钢轨轨头顶面下（16mm）范围内两钢轨作用边之间的最小距离。

10.名词解释：变坡点平道与坡道、坡道与坡道的交点，叫做变坡点11.名词解释：限制坡度在一个区段上，决定一台某一类型机车所能牵引的货物列车重量（最大植）的坡度，叫做限制坡度。

12.名词解释：方向是指轨道中心线在水平面上的平顺性13.什么是轨底坡？轨底坡的作用是什么？轨底坡：为了使钢轨轴心受力，钢轨向轨道内侧倾斜，因此轨底与轨道平面之间就形成一个横向坡度。

它可使其轮轨接触集中于轨顶中部，提高钢轨的横向稳定性，延长钢轨使用寿命。

14.什么道岔的有害空间？如何消除有害空间？1、从辙叉咽喉至实际尖端之间，有一段轨线中断的空隙，车轮有失去引导误入异线而发生脱轨事故的可能，所以此处被称为有害空间。

2、道岔号数愈大，辙叉角愈小，有害空间愈大。

车辆通过较大的有害空间时，叉心容易受到撞击。

为保证车轮安全通过有害空间，必须在辙叉相对位置的两侧基本轨内侧设置护轨，借以引导车轮的正确行驶方向。

15.提高列车直向过岔速度的主要措施有哪些？（1）采用大号码道岔（2）适当延长翼、护轨的缓冲段，减小冲击角（3）采用可动心轨或可动翼轨道岔（4）采用整铸式辙叉（5）尖、基、心、翼轨进行淬火处理（6）加强养护16.无缝线路强度的影响因素有哪些？（1）动弯应力（2）温度应力（3）附加应力（4）列车制动应力17.简述工务系统的构成。

1）工务局（铁道部）——制定规章（2）工务处（铁路局）——制定计划与执行计划（3）工务段——具体实施（管辖维修线路200～250km）（4）养路领工区——管辖维修线路40～50km （5）养路工区——管辖维修线路7～8km 18.什么是路堤式路基？它由哪几部分组成？线路高出自然地面，经填筑而成的路基称为路堤式路基路堤式路基的构成：①路基面②边坡③护道④取土坑⑤纵向排水沟19.名词解释：跨度1、建筑物中,梁、拱券两端的承重结构之间的距离，两支点中心之间的距离。

2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语绝密启用前本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。

第Ⅰ卷1至14页。

第Ⅱ卷15至16页。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第Ⅰ卷注意事项：1．答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0．5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将目己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。

请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。

2．短小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题：每小题1．5分，满分7．5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小脱．从题中所给的A．B．C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例:How much is the shirt?A．￡19．15．B．￡9．15．C．￡9．18．答案是B。

1．Where does this conversation probably take place?A．In a bookstore．B．In a classroom．C．In a library．2．At what time will the film begin?A．7:20B．7:15C．7:003．What are the two speakers mainly talking about?A．Their friend Jane．B．A weekend trip．C．A radio programme．4．What will the woman probably do?A．Catch a train．B．See the man off．C．Go shopping．5．Why did the woman apologize?A．She made a late delivery．B．She went to the wrong place．C．She couldn't take the cake back．第二节（共15小题;每小题1．5分，满分22．5分）听下面5段对话。

Section ⅠUse of English2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”一文。

选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章，而且和当年一样，也是包含几个小段落，不像以往的文章，三段或者四段论，脉络比较清晰，结构容易把握。

而且，较去年比较“平易近人”的文章，这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识，比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学，会相应得心应手一些。

另外，20道题目中，多达13题都是在考查动词，虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项，除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外，其他的选项含义都差别甚远，按理说值得高兴。

但是这些考查动词的题目中，许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况，往年就是08年出现了3处，今年也出现3处。

仅有2道题考查逻辑词，而且这两道题是送分题，不需要考虑太多。

一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现(19题)。

下面就真题作一个详细解析。

和以往一样，第一句话不设空，帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题：美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。

题1选B。

maintain. 此空有赖于对后文的理解。

这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路，也就是首先通读全文。

尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议：希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性，因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。

同时，题2答案(when)也顺势而出：如果法官们和政治家一样，法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。

题2选A。

这里的when其实表示条件关系，即“如果……。

”题3选择weakened。

上下文语义题+词义辨析。

选项含义差别较大，要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。

Yet表示一个转折：“即使这样，还是有很多法官这样做，损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。

” 本题如果能把导向把握准，即可定位在B和D两项，D项eliminated 过于绝对，排除。

西安交大2012年9月考试《英语2(新录)》考前复习题参考答案仅供同学复习参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问。

课程名称: 英语2（新录）书名：大学英语作业集（二）作者：徐梅出版社：西安出版社单价：11ISBN：978-7-80712-486-3Unit 6III7. Mankind's knowledge of the universe has increased measure.A. throughoutB. withinC. ignoreD. beyond8. Some states in the United States people to carry guns.A. applyB. charmC. ignoreD. forbid9. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for refreshments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random参考答案：DDBUnit 3III1. Many in the credit industry expect that credit cards will eventually paper money for almost every purchase.A. exchangeB. reduceC. replaceD. trade2. Be quiet, it is rude to people when they are speaking.A. interfereB. interruptC. interviewD. introduce参考答案：CBUnit 1III1. Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as other musicians.A. superior toB. more superior thanC. more superior toD. superior than2. He was strongly to his home.A. attachedB. appealedC. affectedD. assigned3. He took the in organizing a football team after his wedding.A. initialB. initiateC. initiative D initiation4. He the key in the lock but could not open the door.A. insertedB. inputC. investedD. introduced5. Penny was already being by the police on suspicion of murder.A. interviewedB. inquiredC. investigatedD. inspected参考答案：AACACUnit 5IVDC Hilton was one of the first Americans to find out that there was money to be made in the middle of the night.42 years ago he bought a small restaurant on US highway 69, in Okahoma. His main customers were truck drivers and ___1___ selesmen who drank coffee and ate cheeseburgers when they stopped to ___2___ their journey.It was they who first tried to persuade Hilton to remain open all night. He thought about it for a while,and then suddenly made up his mind. He took the door key and threw it across the road. He hasn't closed the door ___3___.Over the years his simple burger cafe has expanded into a 24-hour roadside empire, with a 100-seat restaurant, a petrol station, a mini shopping market, a car park ___4___ mobile homes(活动住房) and all-night self-help laundry.Hilton was a pioneer in a 24-hour ___5___ which has now caught on around the world. Today not only restaurants but also banks, supermarkets, mail-order firms, travel agencies and many other businesses are ___6___ to be open all night. ___7___ is this really a good thing?A lot of research has been done in America on the effect of 24-hour working, and there is growing ___8___ about the long-term dangers of a society that doesn't sleep. Americans are said to be sleeping 20% less than they did 100 years ago, and 55% claim to suffer at least occasionally from over-tiredness. ___9___ of the worst man-made disasters happened in the last few hours before dawn, when even the most experienced night-worker has difficulty ___10__ awake.1.A.travelling B. walking C. entering D. coming2.A.start B. continue C. break D. enjoy3.A.ever B. since C. later D. then4.A.on B. at C. of D. for5.A.working trend B. touring businessC. banking serviceD. delivering system6.A.performing B. pretending C. beginning D. hesitating7.A.Thus B. And C. But D. Furthermore8.A.concern B. understanding C. interest D. sense9.A.Few B. Several C. None D. All10.A.preserving B. becoming C. maintaining D. staying参考答案：ACBDA CCABDUnit 6IVIn Renee Smith's classroom, attendance is up, trips to the headmaster's office are down and students are handing in assignments on time. The Springfield High School teacher says she has seen great 1 since adding a few new students to her class -- five Labrador puppies and their father.The seven 2 students in Smith' s class have a history of discipline 3 . But since they' ve started teaching the dogs obedience(顺从), their own 4 has improved. A dog trainer Chuck Reynolds 5 the students a new trick each week that they then work on with the puppies. At night, the dogs go home with the staff members who have raised them. They get dropped off in the morning, 6 a parent would take a child to day care.Smith said she came up with the idea when her dog had puppies and she saw how 7 her own children responded to them. She consulted with school psychologist Kristin Edinger, 8 they took the idea -- along with letters from students 9 the programme -- to the school board. A pet therapist said, "What you are trying to teach is 10 and that there are consequences for the decisions you make."1. A. promotion B. progress C. disturbance D. disappointment2. A. human B. dog C. new D. Labrador3. A. problems B. questions C. issues D. troubles4. A. habit B. attitude C. action D. behaviour5. A. guides B. teaches C. permits D. aids6. A. such as B. much as C. so that D. even if7. A. well B. quickly C. poorly D. carelessly8. A. but B. so C. and D. because9. A. revising B. describing C. opposing D. supporting10. A. self-criticism B. self-respect C. self-control D. self-importance参考答案：BBADB BACDCUnit 7VPassage OneImagine a classroom missing the one thing that's long been considered a necessary part to reading and writing? Paper. No notebooks, no textbooks, no test paper. Nor are there any pencils or pens, which always seem to run out of ink at the critical moment. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mA "paperless classroom" is what more and more schools are trying to achieve.Students don't do any handwriting in this class. Instead, they use palm (手掌) size, or specially-designed computers. The teacher downloads texts from Internet libraries and sends them to every student's personal computer.Having computers also means that students can use the Web. They can look up information on any subject they're studying: from maths to social science.High school teacher Judy Herrell in Florida, US, described how her class used the Web to learn about the war in Afganistan (阿富汗) over one year ago."We could touch every side of the country through different sites: from the forest to refugee camps (难民营)," she said. "Using a book that's three or four years old is impossible."And exams can go online too. At a high school in Tennessee, US, students take tests on their own computers. The teacher records the grades on the network for everyone to see and then copies them to his own electronic grade book.A paperless classroom is a big step towards reducing the waste of paper. High school teacher Stephanie Sorrell in Kentucky, US, said she used to give about 900 pieces of paper each week to each student."Think about the money and trees we could save with the computers," she said.But, with all this technology, there's always the risk that the machines will break down. So, in case of a power failure or technical problems, paper textbooks are still widely available for these hi-tech students.1. What does the part of the last sentence in the first paragraph, “run out of ink at the critical moment”, mean?A. Pens may not write well at the critical moment.B. Pens get lost easily, so you may not find them at the critical moment.C. Pens may have little or no ink at the critical moment.D. Pens use ink, while pencils don't.2. In a paperless classroom, what is a must?A. Pens.B. Computers.C. Information.D. Texts.3. The high school teacher, Judy Herrell, used the example of her class to show that _______.A. the Web could take them everywhereB. the Web taught them a lotC. the Web is a good tool for informationD. the Web, better than the textbooks, can give the latest and comprehensive (全面的) information4. The paperless classrooms will benefit _____ the most.A. studentsB. teachersC. treesD. computers5. What does the phrase in the last paragraph, “break down”, mean?A. Break into pieces.B. Stop working.C. Fall down.D. Lose control.参考答案：CBDCBUnit 4VPassage TwoLanguage learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners .Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child .Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight, pain, friendliness, and so on. But since these can’t be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate ,they can ha rdly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store. This self-imitation(模仿)leads on to deliberate(有意的)imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.It is a problem we need to get out teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world .Thus the use at seven months of “mama” as a greeting fo r his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself, I doubt, however whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds .1.Before children start speaking________.A.they need equal amount of listeningB.they need different amounts of listeningC.they are all eager to cooperate with the adults by obeying spoken instructionsD.they can’t understand and obey the adult’s oral instructions2.Children who start speaking late ________.A.may have problems with their listeningB.probably do not hear enough language spoken around themually pay close attention to what they hearD.often take a long time in learning to listen properly3.A baby’s first noises are ________.A.an expression of his moods and feelingsB.an early form of languageC.a sign that he means to tell you somethingD.an imitation of the speech of adults4.The problem of deciding at what point a baby’s imitations can be considered as speech________.A.is important because words have different meanings for different peopleB.is not especially important because the changeover takes place graduallyC.is one that should be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with ageD.is one that should be completely ignored(忽略)because children’s use of words is often meaningless5.The speaker implies________.A.parents can never hope to teach their children new soundsB.children no longer imitate people after they begin to speakC.children who are good at imitating learn new words more quicklyD.even after they have learnt to speak, children still enjoy imitating答案：1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.DUnit 2VPassage OneThough war is something people hate, Director Feng Xiaoning often exposes his audience to it.“If we don’t impress the audience, who are without the painful experience of war, with the cruel injury to life and human nature war causes, how can we bring them a love of peace and objection to war?” asked the director with a glance in his eyes.After Red River Valley and Lover’s Griefover the Yellow River, both of which star Chinese model and actr ess Ning Jing, Feng drew a satisfactory full stop to his war trilogy(三部曲) last month with Purple Sunset.The film tells a story which took place in 1954,at the very moment when World War II was drawing to an end , a Chinese peasant and a Soviet woman soldier flee into a forest , where they seize a Japanese girl. They follow the girl in the hope that she will take them out of the forest , but instead they arrive in a Japanese base. Humanity(人道主义) prevents them from killing the young , innocent victim of Japanese militarism. This humanity, the longing for peace and eagerness to survive make the three unite.“If people are touched by justice, tolerance and unselfishness, I think I have achieved my goal.” Feng said.Feng admits that there are violent and bloody scenes in the film , such as tanks fighting and Japanese burning Chi nese people alive, to show the cruelty of war . But that’s never his personal preferences, he says.“Everyone who has watched my films can tell how much I detest war.”He said. “I wrote all the things for my war films by myself . Whenever I finished one , I felt as though I had suffered great pain.”Feng regards every one of his productions as an opportunity to learn about human nature and humanity. In spite of violent scenes that frighten and sicken the audience, a balance is sought with beautiful scenery. Just like the snowy mountains in Red River Valley and the grand plateau in Lover’s Grief over the Yellow River, a beautiful vast grassland appears in this film. “I used to study art , and I appreciate beautiful things ,”Feng said. “I believe that filmssh ould offer the audience a chance to enjoy beauty .”1．Director Feng Xiaoning shot war film because ________.A．he was deeply interested in such a topicB．he wanted to give the audience the painful experience of warC．he hoped to arouse people’s love o f peace and objection to warD．he dreamed of becoming a world-famous director2．All the following belong to Feng’s three trilogy except ________.A．Red River Valley B．Lover’s Grief over the Yellow RiverC．Purple Sunset D．In he Mood for Love3．A Chinese peasant and a soviet woman soldier seized a Japanese girl so that ________.A．they could find the Japanese base easilyB．she could take them out of the forestC．they could kill her for revengeD．it would cause the Japanese militarism to give in4. Scenes of Japanese burning Chinese people alive in the film are to _____.A.show that war is cruelB.attract people's interestC.show Feng's personal preferance in dealing with detailsD.make the film moving and interesting5．The underlined w ord “detest” in this passage refers to ________.A．hate B．like C．flee D．know about参考答案：CDBAAUnit 8VPassage OneThere are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people, and to develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom.But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of students. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools.You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want and need to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They wouldnot study those subjects if they did not have to.1．Open education allows the students to ________.A．grow as the educated B．be responsible for their futureC．develop their own interests D．discover subjects outside class2．Open education may be a good idea for the students who ________.A．enjoy learning B．worry about gradesC．do well in a traditional classroom D．are responsible for what they do in life.3．Some students will do little in an open classroom because ________.A．there are too few rules B．they hate activitiesC．open education is similar to the traditional education D．they worry about the rules 4．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A．Some traditional teachers do not like it. B．Many teachers do not believe in open education.C．Teachers may have problems in open classrooms.D．The teacher’s feelings and attitudes are important to the students.5．Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A．Open education is a really complex idea.B．Open education is better than traditional education.C．Teachers dislike open education.D．The writer thinks that open education is a good idea in practice.参考答案：CBADAUnit 1VI3. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot.参考答案：他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概丝毫不比他偶尔成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣少。

2021年秋季西南交通大学网络教育英语入学测试模拟题及答案1一、单项选择1.Why are you reading a novel?You should ________ your text book now.A.have read B read C.be reading D.have been reading2.We haven’t decided which restaurant _______ yet.A.to eatB.to eat atC.for eatingD.eating in3.The children are ______ into three age groups.Jack is five and he stays in the first group.A.dividedB.connectedC.cutD.separated4.Just as a famous Chinese saying goes,a timely heavy snow is the_______ of good harvest.A.markB.signC.trackD.scene5.Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of _______.A.theirB.theirsC.herD.hers6.Go and have ________ before we set out.A.sleepB.a good sleepC.the sleepD.good sleep7.It takes a long time to go there by train;it’s _______ byroad.A.quickB.the quickestC.much quickD.quicker8.We offered him our congratulations _____ his passing the college entrance exams.A.atB.ofC.forD.on9.Was it during the Second World War _____ he died?A.thatB.whileC.in whichD.then10.You _______ return the book now.You can keep it till next week if you like.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.may not11.All but one villager survived(从……逃生)the earthquake,but all their houses were _____.Villagers have to live _____ at present.A.on fire;in the wildB.in ruins;in the open airC.in danger;on earthD.in trouble;for help12.We are living in an age _____ many things are done on computer.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.when13.The driver tried to _____ the accident by bringing the car to the roadside but he failed.A.stopB.rescueC.preventD.reduce14.All his efforts in the competition _____ failure,whichdiscouraged him and his family ____.A.came across;in allB.ended up with;as wellC.brought in;in totalD.led to;at last15.--By the way,whats your opinion about that,Jack?--To be practical,I prefer to live in the country farming _____ stay in the city living poorly.A.rather thanB.would ratherC.more thanD.had better16.--How about going for a walk with me?--_____,but maybe it would be better to play cards.A.Thats a good suggestione onB.C.Youre welcome D.Congratulations17.The steady(稳步的)rise in the quality of products owes much _____ the improvementof our equipment.A.forB.inC.toD.on18.--Could I borrow your MP3?---_____.A.Of course you couldB.Yes,you might borrowC.Yes,go to borrowD.Yes,help yourself19.The reason _____ she gave us for being late for school was _____ her bike broke down.A.why;becauseB./;thatC.that;whyD.why;that20.The argument _____ because they were talking about politics.A.brought aboutB.cared aboutC.came aboutD.set about参考答案：CBABD BDCAC BDCBA ACDBC。

西南交大《形式逻辑主观题》作业主观题高分答案第一次作业10.下列推理是否有效？如无效，请指出违反了哪条推理规则？答：都是错误的!推理是根据两个前提所表明的中项与大项和小项之间的关系,通过中项的媒介作用,从而推导出确定小项与大项之间关系的结论.1234中三个概念,在其分别重复出现的两次中,没有所指的是同一个对象,不具有同一的外延.犯四概念的错误.56中中项在前提中一次也没有被断定过它的全部外延(即周延),那就意味着在前提中大项与小项都分别只与中项的一部分外延发生联系,这样,就不能通过中项的媒介作用,使大项与小项发生必然的确定的联系,因而也就无法在推理时得出确定的结论.如6中中项的“缺了课”在两个前提中一次也没有周延(在两个前提中,都只断定了“没有通过逻辑考试”、“通过逻辑考试”是“是缺课”导致的一部分对象),因而“没有通过逻辑考试””和“通过逻辑考试”究竟处于何种关系就无法确定,也就无法得出必然的确定结论,所以这个推理是错误的.所以犯了“中项不周延”的错误67两个特称前提不能得出结论；前提之一是特称的,结论必然是特称的.当前提中有一个判断是特称命题时,其结论必然是特殊命题；否则,如果结论是全称命题就必然会违反另几条规则(如出现大、小项不当扩大的错误等).11.什么是归纳推理？什么是完全归纳推理和不完全归纳推理？答：所谓归纳推理，就是以个别性的知识作为前提而得出一般性结论的推理。

就是说归纳推理中的结论是以前提中所提供的许多个别知识为依据而得到的。

所谓完全归纳推理，就是根据某类事物中每一个对象都具有（或都不具有）某种属性，从而推出某类事物的全部对象都具有（或都不具有）某种属性的结论。

换句话说，就是通过考察某类事物的全部对象，从而得出该类事物的一般性知识的结论。

所谓不完全归纳推理，是根据某类事物的不分对象都具有（或都不具有）某种属性，由此推出某类事物的全部对象都具有（或都不具有）某种属性的结论。

换句话说，通过考察某类事物的部分对象，而得出该类事物的一般性知识的结论。

2012年英语A级试题及答案本套试题包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译四个部分。

听力部分包含四个小节，阅读部分包含三篇阅读材料及相关问题，写作部分要求写一篇短文，翻译部分则包含英译汉和汉译英各一段。

听力部分第一节短对话理解1. What does the man mean?A. He was not interested in the lecture.B. He was not able to attend the lecture.C. He was late for the lecture.D. He was bored by the lecture.2. What does the woman imply?A. She is not satisfied with the meal.B. She is allergic to seafood.C. She is not used to eating spicy food.D. She is not feeling well.第二节长对话理解3. Why does the man want to change his flight?A. He wants to arrive earlier.B. He wants to leave later.C. He has to attend an important meeting.D. He forgot to book his flight.4. What is the woman's suggestion?A. The man should book a new flight.B. The man should cancel his current flight.C. The man should wait for the next available flight.D. The man should try to change his flight online.第三节短文理解5. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The importance of physical exercise.B. The benefits of a balanced diet.C. The effects of stress on health.D. The role of sleep in daily life.6. What does the speaker suggest to reduce stress?A. Taking a walk.B. Listening to music.C. Practicing yoga.D. Taking a short nap.第四节填空题7. The company has recently _______ a new marketing strategy.8. The _______ of the meeting has been changed to next Monday.9. The project is _______ to be completed by the end of the year.10. The manager is _______ with the progress of the project.阅读部分Passage 1The rise of social media has changed the way people communicate and share information. It has also had asignificant impact on businesses, as they now have newplatforms to reach their customers. Companies are no longer limited to traditional advertising methods such as television, radio, and print media. Instead, they can use social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to engagewith their audience directly.11. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Social media has revolutionized communication.B. Businesses are struggling to adapt to social media.C. Traditional advertising is still the most effective method.D. Social media platforms are only useful for personal use.12. What is the advantage of social media for businesses?A. It allows for direct communication with customers.B. It is more expensive than traditional advertising.C. It requires less creativity than print media.D. It is limited to a specific demographic.Passage 2In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the environment. Many people are now taking steps to reduce their carbon footprint and live more sustainably. This includesusing public transportation, recycling, and conserving energy. Governments around the world are also implementing policiesto encourage environmental responsibility. For example, some countries have introduced carbon taxes to discourage the useof fossil fuels.13. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The negative effects of industrialization on the environment.B. The individual actions people can take to protect the environment.C. The role of government in promoting environmental sustainability.D. The global efforts to combat climate change.14. What is one way governments are addressing environmental issues?A. By providing subsidies for renewable energy.B. By imposing strict regulations on industries.C. By introducing carbon taxes.D. By banning the use of single-use plastics.Passage 3Traveling can be a great way to learn about new cultures and experience different ways of life. It can also be a source of inspiration and creativity. Many artists, writers, and musicians have found inspiration in their travels. However, traveling can also be challenging, especially when visiting a foreign country where the language and customs are unfamiliar. It is important to be respectful of local customs and tolearn a few basic phrases in the local language.15. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To encourage people to travel for inspiration.B. To highlight the challenges of traveling to foreign countries.C. To provide tips for travelers visiting a foreign country.D. To discuss the benefits of learning about different cultures.16. What is the author's suggestion for travelers?A. To avoid visiting countries with different customs.B. To learn the local language before traveling.C. To be respectful of local customs.D. To focus on the challenges rather than the benefits of traveling.写作部分17. Write a short essay on the topic "The Importance of Time Management". You should write。

西南交通大学网络教育入学考试专升本英语模拟题及答案理科4西南交通大学网络教育入学考试专升本英语模拟题及答案（理科4）二、阅读理解、完形填空题126. Is it difficult for you to get up in the morning? Do you sometimes oversleep? Are you often late for work or school? Yes? Then Hiroyuki Sugiyama of Japan has a special bed for you. Hiroyuki’s bed will get you up in the morning! Here is how it works: The bed is connected to an alarm clock. First, the alarm clock rings. You have a few minutes to wake up. Next, a tape recorder in the bed plays soft music or other pleasant sounds. A few minutes later, a second recording plays. The second recording can be loud music or unpleasant sounds. If you don’t get up after the second recording, you’ll be sorry. A mechanical “foot” is in the bed. The mechanical foot kicks you in the head. Then the bed waits a few more minutes. What! You’re still in bed! Slowly, the top of the bed rises higher and higher. The foot of the bed goes lower and lower. Finally, the bed is vertical. You slide off the bed and onto the floor. You are awake and out of bed. Hiroyuki made his bed because he wanted to win a contest. He works forHonda Motor Company. Once every two years, Honda has a contest—the “All Honda Idea Contest”. In 1996 Hiroyuki wona prize for his bed. [共5题](1) The purpose of the passage is ________.(A) to praise Hiroyuki(B) to tell a story(C) to introduce a special bed(D) to wake somebody up正确答案：C(2) What does the special bed do first in the morning?(A) Its tape recorder plays soft music.(B) Its tape recorder plays loud music.(C) It kicks you in the head.(D) Its alarm clock rings.正确答案：A(3) If you don’t wake up after the clock rings, what will happen?(A) The bed becomes vertical and you slide off the bed.(B) The tape recorder plays pleasant sounds.(C) You will be late for work.(D) The mechanical “foot” kicks you in the head.正确答案：D(4) Hiroyuki made such a special bed because ________.(A) he wanted to win the contest held by his company.(B) he was good at inventing new things.(C) he wanted to make money.(D) he sometimes overslept.正确答案：A(5) Who is Hiroyuki?(A) A scientist. (B) A company worker. (C) An inventor. (D) A carpenter.正确答案：B参考答案：127. Bullying (欺凌弱小) is a big problem that affects lots of kids. Three-quarters of all kids say they have been bullied or teased. Being bullied can make kids feel really bad. The stress of dealing with bullies can make kids feel sick. Bullying can make kids not want to play outside or go to school. It’s hard to keep your mind on schoolwork when you’re worried about how you’re going to deal with the bully near your locker. Bullying bothers everyone—and not just the kids who are getting picked on. Bullying can make school a place of fear and can lead to more violence and more stress for everyone. Some bullies are looking for attention. They might think bullying is a way to be popular orto get what they want. Most bullies are trying to make themselves feel more important. When they pick on someone else, it can make them feel big and powerful. Sometimes bullies know that what they are doing or saying hurts other people. But other bullies may not really know how hurtful their actions can be. Most bullies don’t understand or care about the feelings of others. Bullies often pick on someone they think they can have power over. They might pick on kids who get upset easily or who have trouble sticking up for themselves. Sometimes bullies pick on someone who is smarter than they are or different from them in some way. Sometimes bullies just pick on a kid for no reason at all. [共5题](1) According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT TRUE?(A) Bullying makes kids frightened.(B) Bullying usually happens in school.(C) Bullying brings about more violence.(D) Bullying is not a serious problem.正确答案：D(2) Bullying happens because bullies ________.(A) want people to pay attention to them(B) feel they are unimportant(C) feel big and powerful(D) both A and C正确答案：D(3) We can infer from paragraph 4 that ________.(A) most bullies just care for themselves(B) most bullies don’t know they are hurting people(C) most bullies stop bullying when they know they are hurting people(D) most bullies conduct hurtful actions正确答案：A(4) Bullies usually pick on someone who is ________.(A) more powerful than themselves(B) weaker than themselves(C) totally different from themselves(D) as clever as themselves正确答案：B(5) The author writes the passage in order to ________.(A) describe bullying (B) argue about bullying(C) analyze bullying (D) narrate bullying正确答案：C参考答案：128. What will man be like in the future—in 5,000 or even 50,000 years from now? We can only make a guess, of course, butwe can be sure that he will be different from what he is today. For man is slowly changing all the time. Let us take an obvious example. Man, even five hundred years ago, was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, men are about three inches taller. Five hundred years is a relatively short period of time, so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller. Again, in the modern world we use our brains a great deal. Even so, we still make use of only about 20% of the brain’s capacity. As time goes on, however, we shall have to use our brains more and more—and eventually we shall need larger ones. This is likely to bring about a physical change too: the head, in particular the forehead, will grow larger. Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over a very long period of time it is likely that man’s eyes will grow stronger. On the other hand, we tend to make less use of our arms and legs. These, as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however, our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life. But what about hair? This will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future, then, both sexes are likely to be bald. Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will notbe a very attractive creature to look at. This may well be true. All the same, in spite of all these changes, future man will still have a lot in common with us. He will still be a human being, with thoughts and emotions similar to our own. [共5题](1) Future man is likely to be different from us ________.(A) in quite a few ways(B) in almost every way(C) in great many ways(D) in one or two ways正确答案：A(2) The reason for believing that future man will be different is that man ________.(A) began to change five hundred years ago(B) never stops changing(C) never stops growing(D) has recently begun to change正确答案：B(3) People’s heads will eventually grow larger. This is because their brains ________.(A) will grow faster than at present(B) will need more room than at present(C) will play an important part(D) will be in constant use正确答案：D(4) Future man will probably ________.(A) have bigger eyes (B) get weaker eyes(C) see better (D) have to wear better glasses正确答案：C(5) Future man’s hair will ________.(A) grow darker (B) stop growing completely(C) fall out more often (D) get longer正确答案：B参考答案：129. This product is guaranteed by Philips for a period of one year after the date of purchase against defects due to faulty workmanship or materials. The guarantee covers both parts and labor. Service under guarantee is only provided upon presentation of reasonable evidence (e.g. completed guarantee card or purchase receipts) that the date of the claim is within the guarantee period. The guarantee is not valid if the defect is due to accidental damage (including in transport), misuse or neglect and in case of alterations or repair carried out by unauthorized persons. The guarantee may not apply if the product requires modification or adaptation to enable it to operate in any country other than the country forwhich it was designed, manufactures, approved and/or authorized or if any damage result from these modifications. Service (during and after guarantee) is available in all countries where this product is officially distributed by Philips. In countries where Philips do not distribute the product, the local Philips Service organization will also provide service although there may be a delay if the appropriate spare parts and technical manuals are not readily available. These statements do not affect your statutory (法定的) rights as a consumer. In the event of difficulty please contact the Philips Information Center in any country (see encloses addresses). [共5题](1) Service under guarantee is available when ________.(A) the purchase date meets with the guarantee period(B) a purchase receipt within the validity of the guarantee is presented(C) the product is damaged(D) repair needs to be carried out正确答案：B(2) The guarantee is not provided if the defect is the result of ________.(A) mishandling(B) moditication for use in other countries(C) unauthorized alterations(D) all of the above正确答案：D(3) What is necessary when one claims for the guarantee?(A) The damaged part of the machine.(B) The purchase receipt for the machine.(C) The technical workbook for the right model.(D) The official approval of the local Philips Information Center.正确答案：B(4) As a rule, the guarantee service is ________.(A) delayed for some time(B) delayed for some time(C) given to local consumers(D) ignored in some countries正确答案：C(5) What can be inferred from the passage?(A) Philips Service has a very large network over the world.(B) A Philips product call be used in all countries in the world.(C) One will surely need the guarantee service after the purchase of a Philips product.(D) There is some difficulty contacting the PhilipsInformation Center.正确答案：A参考答案：130. Generations of Americans have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast is one of life’s essentials. Eating breakfasts at the start of the day, we have all been told, and told again, is as necessary as putting gasoline in the family car before starting a trip. But for many people the thought of food first thing in the morning is by no means a pleasure. So despite all the efforts, they still take no breakfast. Between 1977 and 1983, the latest year for which figures are available, the number of people who didn’t have breakfast increased by 33 percent from 8.8 million to 11.7 million—according to the Chicago-based Market Research Corporation of America. For those who feel pain of guilt about not eating breakfast, however, there is some good news. Several studies in the last few years indicate that, for adults especially, there may be nothing wrong with omitting breakfast. “Going wit hout breakfast does not affect performance,” said Amold Bender, former professor of nutrition at Queen College in London, “nor does giving people breakfast improve performance.” Scientific evidence linking breakfast to better health or better performance is surprisingly inadequate, and most of the recentwork involves children, not adults. “The literature,” says one researcher, Dr. Emesto Polite at the University of Texas, “is poor.” [共5题](1) The latest year for which figures could be obtained is ________.(A) the year the author wrote the article(B) any year between 1977 and 1983(C) 1977(D) 1983正确答案：D(2) For those who do not take breakfast, the good news is that ________.(A) several studies have been done in the past few years(B) the omission of breakfast does no harm to one’s health(C) adults have especially made studies in this field(D) eating little in the morning is good for health正确答案：B(3) “…, nor does giving people breakfast i mprove performance” (in Para.3 ) means ________.(A) anyone without breakfast does improve his performance(B) not giving people breakfast improves performance(C) having breakfast does not improve performance, either(D) people having breakfast do improve their performances, too正确答案：C(4) The word “literature” in the last sentence refers to ________.(A) stories, poems, plays, etc.(B) written works on a particular subject(C) any printed material(D) the modern literature of America正确答案：B(5) What is implied but NOT stated by the author is that ________.(A) not eating breakfast might affect the health of children(B) Dr. Polite is engaged in research work at an institution of higher learning(C) breakfast does not affect performance(D) Professor Bender once taught college courses in nutrition in London正确答案：A新手必看：2018年远程网络教育新手指南2018年12月网络教育统考疑难问题解答。