Mixed nitrogen source effect in the hydrothermal synthesis of cubic BN

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MixednitrogensourceeffectinthehydrothermalsynthesisofcubicBNM.Y.Yua,⁎,D.L.Cuib,K.Lib,S.G.Chena,Q.L.Wangc,Y.S.Yina,X.WangaaInstituteofMaterialScienceandEngineering,OceanUniversityofChina,Qingdao266003,China

bStateKeyLabofCrystalMaterials,ShandongUniversity,Jinan250100,PRChina

cSchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,ShandongUniversity,Jinan250100,PRChina

Received16January2006;accepted1April2006Availableonline5May2006

AbstractMixednitrogensourceeffectwasappliedinthesynthesisofboronnitride(BN)byhydrothermalmethod.Theexperimentalresultsrevealedthat,comparedtothoseobtainedbyusingonlytwokindsofnitrogensources,whenthreekindsofnitrogensourceswereusedduringthesynthesisofBN,itwasmoreeasiertoobtainBNsampleswithcBNasthedominantphase.Furthermore,ifthiseffectwasappliedtogetherwiththetwo-stepreactionmethod,nearlypurecBNcanbeobtained.TheresultsofX-raydiffraction(XRD),Fouriertransformationinfraredspectroscopy(FTIR),transmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM),selectiveareaelectrondiffraction(SAED),high-resolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscope(HRTEM)andX-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS)measurementsprovedthatthemajorphasesinthesamplesarecBN.©2006ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:Cubicboronnitride;Mixednitrogensourceeffect;Hydrothermalcrystalgrowth

1.IntroductionBecauseofmanyexcellentproperties,suchashighthermalconductivity,highstability,widebandgapandhighhardnessetc.[1–4],cubicboronnitride(cBN)isanimportantmaterialinthefabricationofbothcuttingtoolsandoptoelectronicdevices.SincethesynthesisofcBNbyhigh-temperatureandhigh-pressure(HTHP)methodin1957[5],someothersynthesisrouteshavebeendevelopedforobtainingcBN.Endoetal.synthesizedcBNbyGa3B2N4pyrolysisathighpressureandhightemperature[6].Haoetal.obtainedcBNusingbenzeneassolution[7].Hiranoetal.preparedcBNat1800°Cand6.5GPa[8].Solozhenkoetal.reportedthatcubicBNcrystalscouldbeobtainedatpressuresaslowas2.0GPainthepresenceofsupercriticalfluids[9,10].Ontheotherhand,ifamorphousBNwasusedasthestartingmaterial,therequiredtemperatureandpressureforsynthesizingcBNcouldbedecreasedfurthermore[11].Nevertheless,rathercomplicatedhigh-pressureequipmentwerestillprerequisiteinthissynthesisroute.InordertosynthesizecBNatmoderateconditions,hydrothermalandsolvothermalsynthesismethodshavebeendeveloped[7,12].Duringtheoptimizationofexperimentalconditions,boththemixtureoftrimethylamineandhydrazinehydrate(N(CH3)3+N2H4·H2O)andthemixtureofsodium

azideandhydrazinehydrate(NaN3+N2H4·H2O)wereusedasnitrogensourcesforsynthesisofBNsampleinhydrothermalsolutions,butthecontentofcBNofthesampleswasratherlow[13,14].Inthispaper,wefoundthatnearlypurecBNcouldbepreparedbyatwo-stepreactionmethodatmoderatetemperatureandpressure,withthemixtureofNaN3,N(CH3)3and

N2H4·H2Oasthenitrogensource.Wecalledthisphenomenon

the“mixednitrogensourceseffect.”

2.ExperimentalprocedureThestartingmaterialsforsynthesizingBNcrystalswereboricacid(H3BO3,AR),sodiumazide(NaN3,AR),Trimethy-

lamine(N(CH3)3,AR;dissolvedinwaterwithconcentrationof30%)andhydrazinehydrate(N2H4·H2O,85%).Inordertocomparetheeffectofmixednitrogensources,twocomparativeexperimentswereconducted.Inoneoftheexperiments,theexperimentalprocesswasasfollows:At

MaterialsLetters61(2007)76–78⁎Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+865322031690;fax:+865322031769.

E-mailaddress:yumeiyan@ouc.edu.cn(M.Y.Yu).

0167-577X/$-seefrontmatter©2006ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2006.04.009first,3.1gH3BO3and2.8mlN2H4·H2Oweredissolvedinto300mldeionizedwaterandstirredfor30min.Secondly,themixturewastransferredintoastainlesssteelautoclavewithcapacityof500ml.Afterairwasexpelledbyhighpuritynitrogen,theautoclavewassealedandheatedto300°Cfor6h.Finally,9.9gNaN3wasaddedintotheautoclaveat300°Cand10MPa,andcontinuedthereactionforanother10h.Thesamplepreparedbythismethodwasdenotedassample(I).Intheothercomparativeexperiment,asolutionofthemixtureof3.1gH3BO3,3.3gNaN3and2.8mlN2H4·H2Owasaddedintoanautoclaveatfirst,thentheautoclavewasheatedto300°Cfor6h.Finally,anothersolutionofthemixtureof3.3gNaN3and32mlN(CH3)3wasaddedintotheautoclaveat300°Cand10MPa,andcontinuedthereactionforanother10h.Whenthereactionfinished,sample(II)wasobtained.X-raypowderdiffraction(XRD)patternsofBNcrystalswereobtainedonaRigakuDmax-γAX-raydiffractometer,withNifilteredCuKαradiation(V=50kV,I=100mA),thescanningspeedwas4°/min.TheFTIRmeasurementwascarriedoutonaNicoletNEXUS670infraredspectrometerusingpressedKBrpellets(BNcontentwasabout5%).Thehigh-resolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscope(HRTEM)photoandselectiveareaelectrondiffraction(SAED)patternofcrystallinecBNweretakenwithaPhilipsTecnai20U-Twinhigh-resolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscope.X-raypho-toelectronspectroscopy(XPS)measurementwasconductedonanESCA-LAB2200-XLXPS.TheX-raysourceisAlKαradiation,andthemeasurementwascarriedoutinavacuumof1–3×10−8Torr.