English Teaching Methodology
Part I Definitions
（1）Denotative meaning（指示意义/外延意义）;
The primary, literal meaning of a word, which is used to label real objects.
（2）Connotative meaning (内涵意义/隐含意义)；
The associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word
（3）implicit learning;
-learning without conscious attention or awareness
-Implicit learning is a passive process, where students are exposedto information, and acquire knowledge of that information simply through that exposure
Example: learning new words by meeting them repeatedly
（4）explicit learning;
learning with conscious awareness and intention
-Explicit learning is an active process where students seek out the structure of information that is presented to them.
Example: learning new words by memorizing , imagining, comparing, etc.
（5）synonym（同义词）;
Items that mean the same, or nearly the same
（6）Spontaneity for speaking（自发性）;
In most situations, people do not plan ahead of time what they are going to say. The fact that speech is spontaneous means that it is full of false starts, repetitions, incomplete sentences, and short phrases.
（7）assessment（评估）;
The collecting of information of a learner’s learning progress and achievement over a period of time for the purpose of improving teaching and learning.Not based on one test or one task, nor on a mark or grade.
（8）evaluation;
The systematic gathering of information for the purpose of making decisions (Weiss, 1972).
（9）validity（有效正确）;
The extent to which inferences made from assessment results are appropriate, meaningful, and useful in terms of the purpose of the assessment.A test measures what it is supposed to measure.
（10）reliability;
The extent to which the results can be considered consistent (一致的) or stable.
A test is reliable if it gives the same results when it is given on different occasions or when it is used by different people.
（12）Washback(反驳作用);
The effect that tests have on learning and teaching.It can be beneficial (positive) or detrimental (negative).
（13）Portfolios（学习档案袋）;
A purposeful collection of students’work that demonstrates to students and others their efforts, progress, and achievements in given areas over a period of time (Genesee & Upshur, 1996).
（14）linguistic competence（语言能力）.
Linguistic competence is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language. It is in contrast to the concept of linguistic performance, the way the language system is used in communication.
Part II Short-answer questions and Discussions.
1.Give the differences between British English and American English.
American English is evolved from British English. But the differences between them are noticeable.
The differences between them:
①.V ocabulary
a.Past Simple/Past Participles
b.Prepositions
②Pronunciation
（1）[ æ ]—[ɑ:]:
（2）[ɑ: ]—[ ɔ] :
（3） [ i l ] - [ l ]
（4）[ u: ] —[ ju :]:
（5）[ i: ] —[ ai ]:
（6）the same word
③. Spelling (suffix) 拼写（后缀）
④. Grammar 语法
(1)Use of present perfect tense and simple past tense.现在完成式和一般过去式
(2)Verb agreement and collective nouns 主谓一致和集合名词
(3)Past tense forms. 过去时态的形式
First of all, the difference is vocabulary.The following verbs have two acceptable forms of the past simple/past participle in both American and British English, however, the irregular form is generally more common in British English (the first form of the two) and the regular form is more common to American English.
(1)Past Simple/Past Participles
⏹Dream dreamt OR dreamed
⏹Lean leant OR leaned
⏹Learn learnt OR learned
⏹Smell smelt OR smelled
⏹Spell spelt OR spelled
⏹Spill spilt OR spilled
⏹Burn Burnt OR burned
(2) Prepositions
⏹American English - on the weekend
British English - at the weekend
⏹American English - on a team
British English - in a team
⏹American English - please write me soon
British English - please write to me soon
