Arr-2014-sub

Product Safety Commission (AfPS)GS SpecificationTesting and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the course of awarding the GS mark- Specification pursuant to article 21(1) no. 3 of the Product Safety Act (ProdSG) –AfPS GS 2014:01 PAKState of revision: August 4th, 2014Disclaimer: G erman i s t he o riginal t ext v ersion. I n c ase o f a ny d oubt, l ack o f c larity o r a ny o ther n on clear interpretation the content of the original version is valid.Management: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthFriedrich-Henkel-Weg 1 – 2544149 DortmundTelefon: 0231/9071-0Telefax: 0231/9071-2364 '.Table of ContentsPreliminary observations (3)1 Purpose / Intention (3)2 Basics (3)3 Procedure (3)3.1 Risk assessment (3)3.2 Categorisation (4)3.3 Testing and assessment (6)4 Transitional regulations/periods (6)4.1 GS mark certificates, issued from July 1st, 2015 onwards (6)4.2 GS mark certificates, issued before July 1st, 2015 (6)4.3 Reissuing of existing GS mark certificates – exemptions (6)Annex: Testing instructions (8)1 Aim and purpose (8)2 Method (8)2.1 Brief description (8)2.2 Equipment (8)2.3 Chemicals and solutions (8)3 Preparation and execution (9)3.1 Sample preparation (9)3.2 Measuring procedure (10)3.3 Special characteristics (11)Annex: Measuring conditions for gas chromatography (for information) (12)Testing and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the course of awarding the GS markPreliminary observationsOn Aug. 4th 2014 the Product Safety Commission (AfPS) has assigned the requirements of PAH testing in the course of GS mark certification as specification according to art. 21 Product Safety Act (ProdSG) para. 1 no. 3. The implementation is achieved by means of this PAH document.1. Purpose / IntentionProducts (pursuant to the Product Safety Act) must comply with legal requirements to avoid health risks, e.g. art. 30 & 31 of the LFBG (Foodstuffs, Consumer Goods and Feedstuffs Code –LFGB), the Prohibition of Chemicals Ordinance, and the art. 3 of the ProdSG (Product Safety Act). This document and, in particular, the testing instructions (see Annex) specify the requirements with respect to the level of PAHs in products. In addition, the document harmonises the testing methodology for assessment by GS bodies.2. BasicsPAH contamination of materials is primarily due to the use of:- PAH contaminated softening oils in rubber and flexible (soft) plastics- PAH-contaminated carbon black as a black pigment in rubber, plastics and paints.PAH contamination has previously been detected not only in rubber but also in various types of plastic, e.g. ABS and PP, and various paints/coatings, as well as in a variety of natural materials.3. ProcedureThe GS body must take the following steps into account both in the process of awarding a new GS mark and within the framework of monitoring existing GS mark certificates:1. Risk assessment2. Categorisation3. Testing and assessment3.1 Risk assessmentThe GS body must carry out a risk assessment and, in doing so, define which relevant contact/grip and operating surfaces of the product are to be considered for testing and which are not, and must make a record of these (this means that the GS body must first specify the contact/grip and operating areas to which the requirements of the PAH document must be applied (specification of PAH relevance)). The risk assessment should be not applied, where appropriate, if the respecti ve “Erfahrungsaustauschkreis” (“Exchange of Experience Group”, EK) has already defined a procedure for the product or product group with regard to the contact/gripand operating surfaces to be tested. A reference to the EK’s definition is to be included in the documentation accordingly.Materials that cannot be accessed or that can only be accessed by using tools need not be assessed, with the exception of samples with a conspicuous odour.In principle, account must be taken of all contact/grip and operating surfaces that can come into direct contact with the skin or that can be put into the mouth during proper or foreseeable use (but not misuse).13.2 CategorisationDepending on the results of the risk assessment, the corresponding product parts are then to be categorised (see Table 1) and to be analysed on their actual PAH content according to the analysis method below. Existing test reports can be taken into account if they are compliant with the “Grundsatzbeschluss” (“principle decision”) ZEK-GB-2012-01 of the ZEK (“Central Exchange of Experience Group”) and the requirements of this PAH document. Categorisation can be dispensed with if the respective ”Erfahrungsaustauschkreis” (“Exchange of Experience Group”, EK) has already defined a categorisation of the contact/grip and operating surfaces for a product or product group. Definitions for products or product groups from the individual EKs are published on the ZLS website2 and apply from the time of publication.Table 1 presents the maximum levels of PAH in product materials, which must not be exceeded. The provisions of this document with regard to the PAH content do not apply if other legislation lays down corresponding or further requirements for the PAH content. This applies only to the material or component/assembly and not to the product as a whole. Materials and parts of the product that are not covered by other legislative provisions must be assessed within the framework of the procedure for awarding the GS mark in accordance with the requirements of the PAH document.It must be ensured that the method of testing can actually achieve the limit of quantification of 0.2 mg/kg for each individual PAH component3.At the same time, method and matrix effects, as well as the measurement uncertainty, the efficiency of extraction and losses during purification must be considered.Based on the findings of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (according to the list in the ZEK document 04-11), the total of 18 PAHs (extended substance list of the AtAV, the predecessor committee of the AfPS) only considers PAH components whose level in the material is found to exceed 0.2 mg/kg.1 However, in order to ensure a consistent and appropriate procedure during the awarding of GS mark, it is not generally necessary to analyse all freelyaccessible surfaces. It is this document’s intention to limit the consideration to relevant contact/grip and operating surfac es. It is not expedient to test all product parts or surfaces in order “to be on the safe side”.2 Homepage of ZLS (Central Authority of the Laender for Safety):3 Example: Water-carrying parts in coffee machines that come into contact with foodstuffs (e.g. water, etc.) are subject to the Food and Feed Code legislation and are therefore excl uded from the PAH document’s field of application. However, grip surfaces on the coffee machine must still be assessed accord ing to the requirements of the PAH document.Table 1: Maximum PAH levels to be complied with for the materials in relevant contact/grip and operating surfaces that are to be categorised based on the results of the risk assessment.* Wording “short-term repetitive skin contact” from supplement to REACH annex XVII no. 50 (REGULATION (EU) No 1272/2013)3.3 Testing and assessmentThe testing instructions found in the annex describe the steps of sample preparation, extraction of the PAHs, purification of the extract, identification and quantification; these must be applied uniformly by all laboratories carrying out testing.The GS body assesses the test results and decides whether the GS mark can be awarded in compliance with the other requirements.4. Transitional regulations/periodsFrom July 1st 2015 (issue date of the GS mark certificate), it is compulsory to apply this document when awarding the GS mark to products.The document ZEK 01.4-08 will cease to be valid from June 30th 2015.Since testing for PAH levels in products constitutes an overarching requirement for almost all of the members of all of the ”Erfahrungsaustauschkreise” (“Exchange of Experience Groups”), the following procedure is defined:4.1 GS mark certificates, issued from July 1st 2015 onwards(incl. ongoing procedures that are concluded after July 1st 2015)Compulsory application of this GS specification from July 1st 2015 onwards (exception: see 4.3).4.2 GS mark certificates, issued before July 1st2015Existing GS mark certificates initially remain valid.Within the framework of regular checks to monitor the manufacturing process (at the latest within one year or, in cases where the regular monitoring period is two years, within two years), the requirements under no. 3 of the ZEK (“Central Exchange of Experience Group”) document with regard to the risk assessment must be taken into account, regardless of whether the product was found in the manufacturing facility or not. If, in the process, it is found that the corresponding requirements are not met, the GS mark certificate must be withdrawn immediately. T he ZEK ”Grundsatzbeschluss” (“principle decision”) ZEK-GB-2006-01 must be complied with.4.3 Reissuing of existing GS mark certificates – exemptionsFor the reissuing of an existing GS mark certificate, immediate consideration is not required in the following circumstances:If the company name is changed, new GS mark certificates are usually issued. However, since the product does not change in terms of construction or other properties, and the reissuing of the GS mark certificate is more or less a pure formality, it is not necessary to consider the requirements of the PAH decision until the time of the check which must be performed for the purposes of monitoring the manufacturing process.(Please note: The reissuing of the GS mark certificate does not alter the previously defined periods for carrying out checks on the product’s manufacturing process.)The same applies by analogy when the holder of the GS mark certificate changes address provided none of the product’s properties change and the product does not r equire an additional safety check.The above procedure can also be applied in relation to duplicate certificates (also referred to as OEM certificates). In such cases, a review pursuant to the requirements of the PAH document must strictly be carried out by the time of the next product-manufacturing check according to the periods already defined in the “main certificate” or, at the latest, by December 28th 2015. Monitoring intervals beyond this date are not permissible in such cases.With regard to the OE M certificates and therefore also the “main certificates”, the PAH document – as specified – must be applied by December 28th 2015 at the latest.Annex: Testing instructionsHarmonised method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in polymers1 Aim and purposeDetermination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in polymer samples.2 Method2.1 Brief description2.1.1 Standard methodA representative partial sample is taken of the material and cut up into pieces with a maximum size of 2–3 mm using scissors, wire cutters, etc. Then, 500 mg of the sample is weighed into a container and extracted with 20 ml of toluene (to which an internal standard has been added) for 1 h at 60 °C in an ultrasonic bath. An aliquot is taken from the extract once it has cooled down to room temperature. In the case of polymers (e.g. plastics or rubber products) for which matrix problems arise during the analysis, an additional purification step is carried out using column chromatography. Quantification is performed on a gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector (GC/MSD) using the SIM method.2.1.2 Method for insufficient quantitiesIf the total mass of material to be analysed is less than 500 mg, one should proceed as follows: Identical materials from the product can be combined and considered as one sample. However, additional product specimens must not be used.If less than 50 mg of material is available for individual samples, these are not tested.If the available mass of chopped-up material is between 50 mg and 500 mg, the sample must be tested according to 2.1.1 and the quantity of toluene converted or adapted in proportion. The actual mass of the sample is to be recorded in the test report accordingly.2.2 Equipment•Ultrasonic bath with a minimum power of 200 W and a bath area of 706 cm2, corresponding to 0.28 W/cm2, without a basket and with an internal or external thermostat•Gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector2.3 Chemicals and solutions2.3.1 Chemicals•Toluene•Internal standardso Standard 1: Naphthalene-d8o Standard 2: Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10o Standard 3: Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzeneAt least three internal standards must be used; these are added to the extraction solvent (toluene).•External standard: 18 PAH substances according to Table 1 or those listed under no. 3.2, as a mix or individually•Petroleum ether•Silica gel•Sodium sulfate2.3.2 Calibration solutionsThe concentrations of the calibration solutions must be chosen so that a three-point calibration covers a working range of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg in the samples. This corresponds to a concentration range of 2.5 to 250 ng/ml in the calibration solutions.3 Preparation and execution3.1 Sample preparationA representative partial sample is taken of the material. The fragments produced by chopping up the samples to be analysed (using scissors, wire cutters, pliers, etc.) should have a maximum size of 2 – 3 mm.3.1.1 Extraction500 mg of the sample is placed in a glass ”Bördelglas” (“vial”). To this 20 ml of tolue ne, previously amended with internal standards, are added. The sample is then extracted for 1 h in the ultrasonic bath at a temperature of 60 °C throughout. For this purpose, the vials are placed or suspended in the ultrasonic bath without using a basket. The vials are then removed, the extract is left to cool to room temperature and shaken briefly, and an aliquot is taken from the extract and measured either directly or following dilution with toluene.3.1.2 Column chromatography extraction stepFor some polymers (e.g. plastic or rubber products), especially those that dissolve well in toluene under the described extraction conditions, it is necessary to clean the extract using adsorption chromatography on silica gel.For this purpose, a clean-up column with “Hahnschliff” (“stopcock”) (approx. 220 mm x 15 mm) is filled with glass wool, 4 g of silica gel and 1 cm of sodium sulfate.The silica gel is deactivated beforehand by adding 10% water (the corresponding volume of water is added to the silica gel in a glass flask, and the mixture is homogenised on the rotaryevaporator for 1 h at standard pressure and room temperature. The silica gel can then be stored in the sealed glass flask at room temperature).The packed column is conditioned with 10 ml of petroleum ether.The aliquot of toluene extract is then evaporated to a volume of approx. 1 ml on the rotary evaporator and poured into the column. The pointed flask is rinsed out with approx. 20 ml of eluent, which is then also transferred to the clean-up column. Elution is performed with 50 ml of petroleum ether. The collected petroleum ether eluate is amended with 1 ml of toluene and evaporated to a volume of approx. 1 ml under a nitrogen stream (e.g. on the TurboVap). This is then made up to a defined volume with toluene, and the extract is analysed by GC-MS.3.2 Measuring procedureThe method of determination to be applied is gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector in the SIM mode.The following 18 PAHs are to be determined:•Naphthalene•Acenaphthylene•Acenaphthene•Fluorene•Phenanthrene•Anthracene•Fluoranthene•Pyrene•Chrysene•Benzo[a]anthracene•Benzo[b]fluoranthene•Benzo[k]fluoranthene•Benzo[j]fluoranthene•Benzo[a]pyrene•Benzo[e]pyrene•Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene•Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene•Benzo[g,h,i]perylene3.2.1 Measuring conditions for gas chromatographyThe equipment parameters (temperatures, columns, mass traces) may be chosen by the individual laboratory or are determined by the analytes.3.2.2 AnalysisInternal standards: at least three internal standards must be used. For these three standards, the internal standards and the correction ranges are defined as followed:Parameter Internal standards with recommended reference•Naphthalene Naphthalene-d8•Acenaphthylene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Acenaphthene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Fluorene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Phenanthrene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Anthracene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Fluoranthene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10•Pyrene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10•Benzo[a]anthracene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10 •Chrysene Pyrene-d10 or anthracene-d10 or phenanthrene-d10•Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[e]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene •Benzo[g,h,i]perylene Benzo[a]pyrene-d12 or perylene-d12 or triphenylbenzene•External calibration: for each individual PAH, at least a three-point calibration must be carried out with reference to the internal standardisation set out above. A working range of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg is recommended here.•Concentrations above the calibration range can be determined by diluting the extract.3.2.3 Limit of quantificationThe limit of quantification for material samples is 0.2 mg/kg per parameter.3.3 Special characteristicsBecause it is relatively volatile compared to the other 17 PAHs, naphthalene constitutes a parameter that is hard to assess in products that come into contact with the skin. Experience from the testing institutes indicates that it is possible to identify instances of both naphthalene depletion in materials and secondary contamination. The result obtained for naphthalene therefore only ever reflects the test specimen’s current situation at the time of measurement.Annex: Measuring conditions for gas chromatography (for information) Injected volume: 1 µl pulsed splitlessColumn: HT8 25m, ID 0.22mm, film thickness: 0.25µmInjector temperature: 280°CTransfer-line temperature: 260°CInitial temperature: 50°CInitial time: 2 min Heatingrate: 11°C/min Finaltemperature: 320°C Finaltime: 8 min3,418 D-naphthalene8,186 D-phenanthrene23,182 D-benzo[a]pyrene3,459 Naphthalene5,586 Acenaphthylene5,845 Acenaphthene6,634 Fluorene8,235 Phenanthrene8,337 Anthracene11,217 Fluoranthene11,914 Pyrene16,830 Benzo(a)anthracene16,982 Chrysene21,860 Benzo(b+j)fluoranthene21,964 Benzo(k)fluoranthene23,055 Benzo(e)pyrene23,302 Benzo(a)pyrene27,974 Indeno(ghi)perylene28,121 Dibenzo(ah)anthracene28,549 Benzo(ghi)perylene。

2014年生效之IMO强制性规定国际公約决议案案号生效日期主要內容MAPOLMEPC.193(61)决议案2014/01/01国际防止船舶污染公約73(MARPOL)之1978年议定書附录之修正案(国际防止船舶污染公約附录Ⅲ修正) 1，修改海洋污染物定义标准，以与刚经过修订的全球协调系统(GHS)相协调2，修改单证规定，以与SOLAS VII/4条款的建议修正案协调3，对操作性要求的港口国检查(第8条1和2段)做了改进性文字修改SOLASMSC.325(90) 决议案2014/01/011，SOLAS公約II-1修正案。

适用于120米及以上或有3个及以上主竖区。

修正案增加了进水事故后向船长提供操作资料的要求，可以在船上配备稳性计算机或者具有岸基支持。

2，SOLAS公約III章修正案。

适用于客船与GT≥500货船。

在第III 章第20 条中明确对自由降落救生艇释放操作试验时，应仅搭载操艇船员进行自由降落， 或者按防止救生艇事故的措施（MSC.1/Circ.1206/Rev.1）进行模拟降落。

3，SOLAS公約V章修正案。

适用于客船和总吨≥500 的货船。

对SOLAS 公约第V/14.2 条进行了修改，要求按A.1047（27）决议通过的《最少安全配员原则》确定适当的最少安全配员。

4，SOLAS公約VI章修正案。

适用于GT≥500载运散装液体货物的船舶. 在第VI 章A 部分新增第5－2 条，禁止船舶航行过程中混合散装液体货品（对2 种或多种货品进行混合形成新货品）和进行生产（船上货品与其他物质或货品发生化学反应）。

如货物混合或生产是用于科研和海底资源勘探开采目的，则可不受上述限制。

5，SOLAS公約VII章修正案。

适用于所有载运包装危险货物的船舶 对第VII 章A 部分第4 条全部替换。

要求有关载运包装危险货物的运输信息和集装箱/车辆装箱证书，应满足IMDG 规则相关规定，以供港口国当局指定的人员或组织使用。

2014新型轻武器精选作者：郭萍来源：《轻兵器》 2014年第15期郭萍德国HK公司VP9半自动手枪VP9半自动手枪是HK公司2014年推出的新产品。

该枪放弃了USP系列手枪的回转式击锤设计，而是改用与格洛克手枪类似的平移式击针击发的设计，未设击锤。

VP9半自动手枪发射9mm巴拉贝鲁姆枪弹，采用枪管短后坐式自动方式。

钢制套筒左侧刻有HK VP9及口径铭文，套筒座由聚合物制作，其前方下部制有导轨，可安装战术灯、激光指示器等附件。

钢制弹匣容弹量15发或10发，售价719美元。

该枪出厂时带一个精致枪箱，手枪及弹匣等均收纳在枪箱中。

美国罗克河武器公司LAR8 X-1步枪罗克河武器公司LAR8 X-1半自动步枪发射7.62×51mm枪弹，其457mm长的枪管采用不锈钢制成，截面为六边形的护手上方设有导轨，护手其他侧面设有多个长圆形散热孔，护手左右侧面前部预留有导轨安装孔，握把带有指槽，两道火扳机，弹匣为聚合物制弹匣，弹匣容弹量20发。

LAR8 X-1半自动步枪总共有两款，一款采用A2固定枪托，另一款采用CAR伸缩枪托。

根据测试，该枪100m精度小于1MOA。

该枪售价1 850美元。

图为采用CAR伸缩枪托的款式。

美国吉斯通武器公司Crickett彩色版运动“手枪”CricKett彩色版运动“手枪”是一款0.22英寸口径的特殊“手枪”，说其特殊，是因为其外形与传统手枪相距甚远，像一支去掉枪托的非自动步枪。

从原理看，该枪的确应归属“步枪”——其采用旋转后拉枪机式操作方式。

该枪另一个特点是，拉机柄并不是设在传统的右侧，而是设在左侧，很适合左撇子使用。

该枪枪管长227mm，空枪质量1.13kg，有发射0.22英寸LR枪弹和0.22英寸WRM枪弹两种口径型号，每种口径型号均有粉色涂装或红色涂装款式，更受女性射手喜爱。

黑山TARA武器公司TM-9半自动手枪TM-9手枪外形酷似格洛克手枪，采用平移式击针设计，未设击锤。

2014年新品枪械速报作者：张雨翔来源：《轻兵器》 2014年第8期随着国际大型武器展会的登场，一些新品轻武器也纷纷亮相，但大多新武器的信息仅限于广告宣传式的描述，缺乏更多技术内涵，本文则追踪2014年SHOTA展上3支特色新品，进一步挖掘其更多信息，作一呈现——□张雨翔Six12霰弹枪以生产“青蛙服”而闻名的克莱精密（Crye Precision，简称为CP）公司从成立以来，一直以生产和销售各种迷彩作战服和战术背心等单兵装具为主要业务。

但不曾想，这样一家服装和单兵装具公司会突然涉足枪械领域，该公司在2014年SHOT展上展出了一种设计新颖的霰弹枪，并命名为“Six12”，意为“六连发12号”。

Six12的设计初衷是提供一种类似M26这样的既能独立使用又能不挂于步枪的霰弹枪，但与M26不同的是，该枪发展出了一系列型号，其中两款为下挂式霰弹枪，一款为独立使用式霰弹枪，而M26则是通过加装或卸掉握把/枪托部件实现独立使用式与下挂式之间的转换。

1 9 9 0年代后期，美国陆军开展一项模块化霰弹枪附件系统（Mo d u l a rAccessory Shotgun System，简称MASS）研制计划，C-More系统公司便在2000年研制了一种轻巧短小、采用5发可拆卸弹匣供弹的霰弹枪，这种霰弹枪后来被正式定型为M26。

M26不仅可以挂在M4枪管下面使用，还可以装上握把和枪托作为独立武器使用。

该枪于2012年由部署到阿富汗的美军部队进行实战试验。

CP公司的Six12是一种功能与M26霰弹枪相同的武器，但结构和原理却很新颖。

主设计师埃里克·伯特（EricBurt）采用转轮弹膛供弹方式，由此，容弹量也比M2 6多；还有一点，尽管其枪管比M26长，全枪长则比M26还要短。

首先看一下供弹具。

Six12的转轮弹膛可容纳6发12号霰弹，比M26多1发。

其设计如同转轮手枪一样，通过扣动扳机来驱动转轮弹膛旋转供弹，不仅容弹量大，射击速度也比M26快。