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Marketing plan for Procter&Gramble班级：11营销y(1)姓名：魏弯弯学号：111220212013.12Brief ContentsPart1 Executive Summary (2)Part2Current Marketing Situation (2)1、Market Description2、Product Review3、Competitive Review4、Channels and Logistics ReviewPart3 Strengths,Weakness,Opportunities and Threat Analysis (6)5、Strengths6、Weakness7、Opportunities8、WeaknessPart4 Objectives and Issues (9)Part5 Marketing Strategy (10)Part6 Action Program (14)Part7 Budgets (15)Part8 Controls (16)Part9 Marketing Plan (17)Marketing Plan for p&gExecutive summaryProcter & gamble company has been committed to create a people-oriented, customer is god's service market, always with an eye to the future for consumers around the world to providefirst-class quality products, let consumers every day in the life to the fullest.Procter & gamble company plans in the future five years(2008-2012), the minimum production value of 2008 dollars to the relatively small environmental impact of products. Like tide or concentrated detergent products such as cold water can make substantial and significant improvement of the environment. Current Marketing SituationProcter & gamble company operating in China product category have shampoo hair care products, skin care beauty products, personal cleaning products, oral care products, women's health supplies, baby care products, household fabric care products, food etc. Eight categories of products, product barcode in more than 400, in today's society emphasizes sustainable development, p&g can face challenge actively seize the opportunity to continuously introduce new green productsOpportunities and challenges coexist. Unilever is p&g's main rival,procter & gamble if you want to keep the position of the industry first, you need to continuous improvement in technology, marketing strategies, rather than a conformist, stagnant. In the host country, there are some competitors, more or less, or grab its share of the market, p&g needs to make corresponding countermeasure, to the challengeMarket DescriptionProcter & gamble before entering the Chinese market before entered the Chinese market, China shampoo market, almost no high profile of shampoo, hair care products, bee flowers, the shampoo has dominated the market, but they also rely on low price strategy to win, so at the time, they have a relatively high-end products. Due to the traditional concept of life and consumption, there are more Chinese consumers still use shampoo shampoo and bulk. Today's market environment. In p&g's new idea of shampoo after entering China, and there are many brands of washing hair lotions appeared in China market. Its shampoo market has experienced 10 years of development, gradually mature, competition is increasingly fierce, by the 80 s era of procter & gamble into such as the conditions for the development of nowadays, procter & gamble's products can meet the demand of social progress by people's increasing material requirements, and also can satisfy the consumers' personalizedconsumption, procter & gamble company has powerful productivity, high requirement to the product technology content, its strong brand strength, strong capital, as well as the huge consumer groups, product coverage, none is not to prove it. P&g will make great efforts on the existing target achieved consumer desire for ideal valueProduct ReviewProcter &gamble's more than hundreds kinds of products, in the field of shampoo in China, the company introduced more brand differentiation market segmentation strategy, which owns rejoice, head & shoulders, pantene, yan, stage, and many other strong brands, the establishment of a high brand loyalty, occupy absolute advantage position in the shampoo market. The individual products emphasize the personality of its own characteristics:L head and shoulders: persistent dandruffL rejoice: make your hair more smoothL pantene: vitamin b5L stage: fashionable avant-courierL of ica moves: plant concept, herbal essence, hair is specialIn addition to wash hair conditioner, procter & gamble in the oral care and personal cleaning products are also no less, all highlight the unique creativity of each product.Competitive ReviewIn today's society increasingly fierce competition, p&g is noexception, his main rival, has a few:Unilever: market share in China occupies a considerable proportion of, in terms of hair products is form tripartite confrontation with procter & gamble, the company since its inception in 1987, the enterprise scale, product variety growth year after year, for example from the original single lux 2 kinds of specification development in 1996 to four categories of 72 kinds of specifications, the company has developed into a famous national daily chemical products enterprises.Hengan: heng group was founded in 1985, is one of the first companies to enter the Chinese health supplies market. The three main products of sanitary pads, baby diapers and paper for many years among the top market shareColgate palmolive: the commodity co., LTD is a leading global consumer goods company, in the oral care, personal care, household care and pet food, etc, to provide high-quality consumer goods, many famous brand is familiar, especially in the cavity care, liquid soaps and underarm care is a big powerful competitors procter & gambleChannels and logistics reviewProcter & gamble's sales channel channel mainly has the following kinds: Modern retail channels (35%), including the international retail chains, such as wal-mart, carrefour, etc. Regional chain stores, Beijing hualian, trust-mart, etc. Traditional distribution channels (65%) : such as region of supermarkets,department stores, convenience stores, cosmetic stores, grocery stores, wholesale market, city scope including the category, second, three types of cities and towns.Strengths,weaknesses ,Opportunities and Threat analysis P&g has several powerful strengths on which to build ,but our major weakness is Lack of creativity and new brand creativity,The main opportunity is procter & gamble has a good reputation and in today's world of economic globalization. However the main threats we face is also due to the economic globalization brings new competitive challenges, as well as honest and trustworthy value problemstrengths1.A high safety degree. Procter & gamble buying is more daily consumer goods, have a very large consumer groups, it's safe to say everyone can be p&g consumers, and this product is not influenced by outside factors such as season, climate environment. High stability2 the company strength, high credibility.A 3 interest appeal and emotional appeals to improve the cultural connotation of the brand.4 unique brand marketing strategy: brand, more personality. In the same field successfully launched several brands, is a feature of p&g in the brand marketing.5 operation model: both inside and outside the stereoscopic. Procter & gamble to distributor by modern distributing storage and transportation center, builds up the distributor network composed of strategic customers, distributors in addition to have scale, efficiency, professional service and the characteristics of specification, also need to have strong financing ability, at the same time reduce the number of distributors, expand provides space for existing distributors business.6 concealed weapon - unique market research. Procter & gamble in observation, understanding, understanding consumers, pay great attention to the communication with Chinese consumers at all levels, in the China market research, established a huge database, in a timely manner to capture the opinions of the consumers.7 the brand image: people-oriented. Only close to the human nature, to capture the heart, can talk about consumers to the brand has know there. Procter & gamble products technology and advertising strategy comes from respect for the people, to create more value for humaweaknesses1 lack of creativity. Advertising is similar to each other between, no idea, only emphasis on pure product function and characteristics. There is no creative brand publicity.2. dispersion is higher because of money and energy on different brands, so for a product in quality and other aspects, the hard to avoid attention more dispersed.. 3. to international management by procter & gamble refuses to accept the traditional concept of the product life cycle. Believe that as long as the brand management and innovation unceasingly, can maintain consumer loyalty.opportunitiesFrom just established, at the beginning of the similar products in the domestic market, a lot of similar domestic enterprise has not yet arisen, p&g don't have to worry about the loss of market share. For now, as a result of the procter & gamble's brand already enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad, the enterprise can use its good reputation and abundant capital, through innovation, establish a better corporate brand. Take a bigger share of the market. As China's comprehensive national strength has increased, the international economic integration, China product class sells abroad, to p&g provides the opportunity to compete with other foreign companies.threats1.The world economic integration, multiple brands into the Chinese market. As the world economic integration, foreign goods with China, many people hold the concept of the other. Think that domestic goods far from WaiLaiHuo good. Especially the peer brands such as l 'oreal, unilever brands also impact the procter & gamble. It only to see who is more to be tested.2. the integrity of China. As the 08 the big doll of sanlu milk powder incident and 10 years of shuanghui ham clenbuterol security issues. People such as "sanlu", "shuanghui" brand has lost the faith of the so-called also lost confidence in domestic at the same time, "brand is the absolute principle" is no longer the bibles by people.3. the rise of Chinese companies. Chenming paper, etc. Objectives and LssuesThe target1. Procter &gamble plans over the next five years, the minimum production value of 20 billion dollars to the relatively small environmental impact of products. Like tide or concentrated detergent products such as cold water can make substantial and significant improvement of the environment.2 p&g company promises, in the next five years (2008-2012), will now produce carbon dioxide emissions per unit of production,energy and water consumption and the waste output on the basis of their respective each minus 10%.3. P&g will continue through the social responsibility activities continue to improve people's livelihood.4. Procter & gamble company will motivate </zcxl/jili/ > and attract its 138000 employees, will be "the sustainable development thought and behavior" into each employee's daily work.5. Procter & gamble company will continue to cooperate with external stakeholders, to meet the challenges of the global sustainable development provides new opportunities and solutions , the lack of customized products of the company, can't satisfy the nowadays consumer demand, the simplification of existing products, and the same, no innovation, no good implement localization in the Chinese market development, result in loss of consumer group, the competition of the company, and diversified development, advance occupied low-end consumer market, the company's crisis public relations consciousness is insufficient, lead to the company's image is damaged, part of the product positioning is high, the distance with consumerMarketing stategyProcter & gamble for difference market positioning strategy, it is theproduct of the overall market is divided into several segments, select two or more or all of the segment of the market as a target market, also is to take the overall marketing strategy. Procter & gamble's brand to more than 300. More than the implementation of brand strategy, makes the p&g in customer mind set up strength of the large family brand image. In addition, procter & gamble's brand marketing has very strong pertinence, p&g's multiple brand strategy is not simply as a product to several trademarks, but the pursuit of differentiation between different brands of similar products, including function, packaging, publicity, etc, so as to form the each brand of distinct character. Field.PositioningA statement that summarizes company or brand positioning –it takes this form .to(taget segment and need)our (brand)is (concept)that (point-difference0.Procter & gamble company advocating consumer is supreme principle, constant innovation. Their products to consumers can always ensure the quality, satisfied people in the process of use, and are willing to buy again. The basis of good product produce good advertising, advertising broad play space. P&g insist for a long time to implement the "Unique Selling advice" theory (namely the Unique shot Proposition, USP theory). Rejoice "shampoo, conditioner, head and shoulders"dandruff ", "professional hairdressing supplies" stage, safeguard the sterilization and inhibit bacteria regeneration for a long time, ariel's "strong decontamination", starting from the product itself to develop functional "points", as the connection with consumers, make consumers feel real products.Project stragey1,More than 1, the brand strategyP&g products are involved in all fields, in the Chinese market, treasure section eight kinds of detergent brands, 8 kinds of soaps, 5 kinds of shampoo brand and 3 toothpaste brand, etc2, the new product development strategyProcter & gamble company attaches great importance to the quality of the products and localization, constantly committed to the development of new products, especially payattention to the development and manufacture of special design products for Chinese market.Pricing strategyP&g entered China has been taking the market skimming pricing strategy, which is high price strategy, but in the face of increasingly fierce competition, procter & gamble with their competitors in many kinds of products in succession the price strategy. The following arethe main types of1, mantissa pricing strategies, such as 9.9 yuan rejoice2, penetration pricing strategy: is suitable for the demand elasticity is big, substitute for more new products. 3, skimming pricing strategy: pantene price increases at the same time, there are series of olay 4, discount pricing strategy: head and shoulders preferential pack (400 ml) buy with 400 ml increase customer purchase quantity, and repeat purchase.Distribution stategy1, reasonable division of labor2, the integration of marketingIntegrated marketing plans is refers to the transformation of procter & gamble to help dealers for procter & gamble, after modification, and marketing the relevant functional departments have similar to p&g organization and operate.3, retailers to education policyProcter & gamble in each sales region employing locals as promoters, responsible for regular visit retailers, save a lot of cost for channel system, and collected a large amount of information about consumers. 4, and share informationSales promotionMarketing communications strategy1, the combination of standardization and differentiation strategy 2, the seamless distribution strategy3, advertising strategyProcter & gamble every new product, can rely on advertising enhance brand awareness, promoting consumption boom. Since then, the ads to maintain at a reasonable level, branding tips Marketing researchProcter & gamble by the demand for Chinese consumers makein-depth investigation and study, produce with localization, high quality and low price products, successfully shaped the good corporate image. P&g attaches great importance to the scientific research and technology development, accelerate the process of localization of raw materials, together with the power system to coordinate action force, with personalized products long life cycle, with rich customer value management by objectives, obtained consumer's consistent high praiseAction Programs1. uses the multi-brands the brand to extend the strategy, has carried on the full investigation based on the valuable clean company to the customer demand, based on to the consumer demand thorough understanding, makes the unceasing innovation product the decision2 to use is the brand management system management system, managesin the personnel on, uses is the user friendly management, humanist management idea3. The product basis different expense demand designs the manufacture, implements the variation sale, satisfies the different level crowd the need, thus further seizes the market, forms monopolizes the market nearly the aspect..4. The variety innovation, does not separate sends out the product which welcome to be suitable for sale, meanwhile has the product mix innovation, the improvement existing product discovers the more reasonable product mix.Sets up the special technical research and development department, the safeguard company's product can obtain the unceasing renewal promotion.5 maintains own multi-brand strategy, researches and develops the product besides oneself, but also relies on the abundant fund foundation to purchase other company brand, forms the present to have involves the different domain like product type fabric and lives at home nursing, styles hair the cosmetology, the baby and family nursing, health nursing, food and the drink and so on brand approximately 300.Simultaneously guarantees the strict quality requirement.BudgesManagers use budges to project profitability and plan for each marking program’s expenditures,scheduling and operation.Total first-year salesrevenue for the p&g is projected at $200 million ,with an average wholesale price of $120 per unit and variable cost of $100 per unit for a unit sales volume of 400,000 breakeven calculations indicate that the p$g will become proitable after the sales volume exceeds 500,000 early in the product’s second year.our break-even analysis of p&g’s first product assumes per-unit wholesale revenue of $200per unit.ControlsControls help management assess results after the plan is implemented.identify any prolems or performance variations and initiate corrective action.we are planning tight control measures to closely product’s quality and customer service satisfaction.this will enable us to react very quickly in correcting any problems that may occur.other early warning signals that will be monitored for signs of deviation from the plan include monthly sales and monthly expenses.developing contingency plans to address fast-moving environmental changes such as new technology and new competition .Marketing plan toolsP&g offers two valuable resources to assist you in developin a marketing planThe marketing plan handbook explains the process of creating a marketing plan .complete with detailed checklists and dezens of real-world exampleMarketing plan pro is an award-winning software package thatincludes sample plans,step-by-step guides an introductory video.hep customizable charts for documenting a marketing plan。

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电气、机械等专业英语词汇大全(总结)(最新整理)

电气、机械等专业英语词汇大全(总结)(最新整理)

自动化专业词汇induction machine 感应式电机 horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁 magnetic field 磁场 eddy current 涡流 right-hand rule 右手定则 left-hand rule 左手定则 slip 转差率 induction motor 感应电动机 rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场 winding 绕组 stator 定子 rotor 转子 induced current 感生电流 time-phase 时间相位 exciting voltage 励磁电压 solt 槽 lamination 叠片 laminated core 叠片铁芯 short-circuiting ring 短路环 squirrel cage 鼠笼 rotor core 转子铁芯 cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子 bronze 青铜 horsepower 马力 random-wound 散绕 insulation 绝缘 ac motor 交流环电动机 end ring 端环 alloy 合金 coil winding 线圈绕组 form-wound 模绕 performance characteristic 工作特性 frequency 频率 revolutions per minute 转/分 motoring 电动机驱动 generating 发电 per-unit value 标么值 breakdown torque 极限转矩 breakaway force 起步阻力 overhauling 检修 wind-driven generator 风动发电机 revolutions per second 转/秒 number of poles 极数 speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线 plugging 反向制动 synchronous speed 同步转速 percentage 百分数 locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩 full-load torque 满载转矩 prime mover 原动机 inrush current 涌流 magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗 line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的 staor winding 定子绕组 leakage reactance 漏磁电抗 no-load 空载 full load 满载 Polyphase 多相(的) iron-loss 铁损 complex impedance 复数阻抗 rotor resistance 转子电阻 leakage flux 漏磁通 locked-rotor 锁定转子 chopper circuit 斩波电路 separately excited 他励的 compounded 复励 dc motor 直流电动机 de machine 直流电机 speed regulation 速度调节 shunt 并励 series 串励 armature circuit 电枢电路 optical fiber 光纤 interoffice 局间的 waveguide 波导波导管 bandwidth 带宽 light emitting diode 发光二极管 silica 硅石二氧化硅 regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大 coaxial 共轴的,同轴的 high-performance 高性能的 carrier 载波 mature 成熟的 Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带 coupling capacitor 结合电容 propagate 传导传播 modulator 调制器 demodulator 解调器 line trap 限波器 shunt 分路器 Amplitude Modulation(AM)调幅 Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)移频键控 tuner 调谐器 attenuate 衰减 incident 入射的 two-way configuration 二线制 generator voltage 发电机电压 dc generator 直流发电机 polyphase rectifier 多相整流器 boost 增压 time constant 时间常数 forward transfer function 正向传递函数 error signal 误差信号 regulator 调节器 stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器 time delay 延时 direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数 transient response 瞬态响应 solid state 固体 buck 补偿 operational calculus 算符演算 gain 增益 pole 极点 feedback signal 反馈信号 dynamic response 动态响应 voltage control system 电压控制系统 mismatch 失配 error detector 误差检测器 excitation system 励磁系统 field current 励磁电流 transistor 晶体管 high-gain 高增益 boost-buck 升压去磁 feedback system 反馈系统 reactive power 无功功率 feedback loop 反馈回路 automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器 reference Voltage 基准电压 magnetic amplifier 磁放大器 amplidyne 微场扩流发电机 self-exciting 自励的 limiter 限幅器 manual control 手动控制 block diagram 方框图 linear zone 线性区 potential transformer 电压互感器 stabilization network 稳定网络 stabilizer 稳定器 air-gap flux 气隙磁通 saturation effect 饱和效应 saturation curve 饱和曲线 flux linkage 磁链 per unit value 标么值 shunt field 并励磁场 magnetic circuit 磁路 load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线 air-gap line 气隙磁化线 polyphase rectifier 多相整流器 circuit components 电路元件 circuit parameters 电路参数 electrical device 电气设备 electric energy 电能 primary cell 原生电池 energy converter 电能转换器 conductor 导体 heating appliance 电热器 direct-current 直流 time invariant 时不变的 self-inductor 自感 mutual-inductor 互感 the dielectric 电介质 storage battery 蓄电池 e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势 unidirectional current 单方向性电流 circuit diagram 电路图 load characteristic 负载特性 terminal voltage 端电压 external characteristic 外特性 conductance 电导 volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性 carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡 ideal source 理想电源 internal resistance 内阻 active (passive) circuit elements 有（无）源电路元件 leakage current 漏电流 circuit branch 支路 P.D. = potential drop 电压降 potential distribution 电位分布 r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值 effective values 有效值 steady direct current 恒稳直流电 sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数 complex number 复数 Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系 modulus 模 real part 实部 imaginary part 虚部 displacement current 位移电流 trigonometric transformations 瞬时值 epoch angle 初相角 phase displacement 相位差 signal amplifier 小信号放大器 mid-frequency band 中频带 bipolar junction transistor (BJT)双极性晶体管 field effect transistor (FET)场效应管 electrode 电极电焊条 polarity 极性 gain 增益 isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振 emitter 发射管放射器发射极 collector 集电极 base 基极 self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻 triangular symbol 三角符号 phase reversal 反相 infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益 feedback component 反馈元件 differentiation 微分 integration 积分下限 impedance 阻抗 fidelity 保真度 summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节 Oscillation 振荡 inverse 倒数 admittance 导纳 transformer 变压器 turns ratio 变比匝比 ampere-turns 安匝(数) mutual flux 交互(主)磁通 vector equation 向(相)量方程 power frequency 工频 capacitance effect 电容效应 induction machine 感应电机 shunt excited 并励 series excited 串励 separately excited 他励 self excited 自励 field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组 speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性 dynamic-state operation 动态运行 salient poles 凸极 excited by 励磁 field coils 励磁线圈 air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布 direct axis 直轴 armature coil 电枢线圈 rotating commutator 旋转（整流子）换向器 commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线 mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器 armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波 Geometrical position 几何位置 magnetic torque 电磁转矩 spatial waveform 空间波形 sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度 external armature circuit 电枢外电路 instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率 instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率 effects of saturation 饱和效应 reluctance 磁阻 power amplifier 功率放大器 compound generator 复励发电机 rheostat 变阻器 self – excitation process 自励过程 commutation condition 换向状况 cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机 operating condition 运行状态 equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路 rotor (stator) winding 转子（定子绕组） winding loss 绕组（铜）损耗 prime motor 原动机 active component 有功分量 reactive component 无功分量 electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩 retarding torque 制动转矩 inductive component 感性（无功）分量 abscissa axis 横坐标 induction generator 感应发电机 synchronous generator 同步发电机 automatic station 无人值守电站 hydropower station 水电站 process of self – excitation 自励过程 auxiliary motor 辅助电动机 technical specifications 技术条件 voltage across the terminals 端电压 steady – state condition 瞬态暂态 reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性 active in respect to 相对….呈阻性 synchronous condenser 同步进相（调相）机 coincide in phase with 与….同相 synchronous reactance 同步电抗 algebraic 代数的 algorithmic 算法的 1--master element 主要元件，是指控制开关等元件。

交通专业英语词汇整理

交通专业英语词汇整理

Traffic Engineering 交通工程Transportation Engineering 运输工程Rail Transportation 铁路交通Air Transportation 航空交通Pipeline Transportation 管道交通Traffic Characteristic交通特性Human Characteristics人的特性Vehicular Characteristics车辆特性Traffic Stream Characteristics交通流特性Roadway Characteristics道路特性Traffic Flow Theory交通流理论Traffic Statistics交通统计学Automobile Machanics汽车力学Automatic Control自动控制Bus 公共汽车Trolley Bus无轨电车Tram Car有轨电车coach大客车sedam小轿车Truck 载货客车Bicycle Flow Characteristics自行车流特性Driver Characteristics驾驶员特性Stimulation 刺激Reactive Characteristics反应特性Traffic Volume交通量Traffic Density交通密度Spot Speed 地点车速Instantaneous Speed瞬时车速Time mean Speed时间平均车速Space mean Speed 空间平均车速Time Headway车头时距Traffic Flow Model交通流模型Free-Flow Speed自由行驶车速Jam Density阻塞密度Speed-Density Curve 速度密度曲线Flow- Density Curve流量密度曲线Optimum Concentration最佳密度Flow-Speed Curve流量速度曲线Optimum Speed最佳速度Uninterrupted Traffic连续流Interrupted Traffic间断流Traffic Survey and Analysis交通调查与分析Traffic Volume Survey交通量调查Capacity Survey通行能力调查Energy Consumption Survey车辆耗油调查Trip Survey居民出行调查Vehicle Trip Survey车辆出行调查Parking Area Survey停车场调查Traffic Accident Survey交通事故调查Traffic Noise Survey交通噪声调查Vehicle Emission Survey车辆废气调查Average Daily Traffic(ADT)平均日交通量Annual Average Daily Traffic年平均日交通量Peak Hour Volume高峰小时交通量Highest Annual Hourly Volume年最大小时交通量Thirtieth Highest Annual Hourly Volume年第30位最高小时交通量Peak Ratio高峰小时比率Peak Hour Factor高峰小时系数Time Variation时间变化Spatial Variation空间变化Selection Sample样本选择Size of Sample样本大小Speed Distribution车速分布Cumulative Frequency累计频率Level of Service服务水平Capacity Studies通行能力调查Simulation of Traffic Flow交通流模拟Queueing Theory排队论Stopping Wave停车波Starting Wave起动波Urban Traffic Planning 城市交通规划Origin-Destination survey起讫点调查Desire line期望线Trip Generation出行发生Trip Production 出行产生Trip Attraction 出行吸引Model Split,Mode Choice交通方式划分Marking标线Yield Sign 让路标志Stop Sign停车标志No-Entry禁止进入Traffic Control and Management交通控制与管理Traffic Signal 交通信号Split 绿信比Urban Traffic Control System 城市交通控制系统Traffic Simulation交通仿真饱和流量——Saturation Flow交通监视——Traffic Surveillance渠化交通——Channelization traffic人行天桥——Passenger Foot-Bridge人行地道——Passenger Subway栅栏——Gate立体交叉——Underpass(Overpass)无信号控制交叉口——Uncontrolled Intersection禁止超车——Prohibitory Overtaking单点定时信号——Isolated Pre-timed Signal信号相位——Signal Phase周期长度——Cycle Length优先控制——Priority Control流量比——Flow Ratio有效绿灯时间——Effective Green Time绿灯间隔时间——Intergreen Interval信号配时——Signal Timing (or Signal Setting)交通感应信号——Traffic Actuated Signal城市交通控制系统——Urban Traffic Control System联动控制——Coordinated Control区域控制——Area Control时差——Offsetventilation 通风first gear －档reverse——倒车档tread 轮距chassis 底盘bonnet 发动机盖roof rack/luggage rack 行李架license plate/number plate 车号牌bumper 保险杠front blinker 前信号灯trunk/boot 行李箱tailpipe 排气管horn 喇叭hooter 汽笛starter 起动钮transmission 传动piston 活塞shaft 传动轴valve 阀门carburettor 汽化器radiator 散热器silencer 消音器中途调度站imtermediate control office。

[整理版]常用骨科医学专业英语词汇

[整理版]常用骨科医学专业英语词汇

常用骨科医学专业英语词汇骨科 ORTHOPEDICS1、概论 INTRODUCTION*fracture n.骨折pathological fracture 病理骨折fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折*open fracture 开放骨折close fracture 闭合骨折*comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折compressed fracture 压缩骨折shock n.休克*deformity n.畸形tenderness n.压痛swelling n.肿胀ecchymosis n.瘀斑obstacle n.功能障碍*bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤surrounding nerve 周围神经*fat embolism 脂肪栓塞bedsore n.褥疮arthroclisis n.关节僵硬ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩*traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎hematoma n.血肿*callus n.骨痂heal n.愈合*synovitis n.滑膜炎*ligament n.韧带*tendon n.肌腱* pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎*reduction n.复位*bone traction 骨牵引*osteoporosis n.骨质疏松2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨*humerus n.肱骨*rotation n.旋转supracondyle n.髁上blister n.水疱pulsate n.搏动thrombus n.血栓*cancellous n.松质骨*epiphysis n.骨骺*injury n.损伤*joint n.关节stability n.稳定ulna n.尺骨radius n.桡骨metacarpal bone 掌骨bone graft 植骨hemostasis 止血*periosteum n.骨膜tension n.张力adhesion n.粘连*skin grafting 植皮*arthrodesis n.关节融合extrusion n.挤压gangrene n.坏疽pallor n.苍白、灰白*amputation n.截肢plaster n.石膏paralysis n.瘫痪bandage n.绷带2、手外伤 HAND TRAUMAavulsion n.撕脱*dislocation n.脱位stiff adj.僵硬3、下肢骨折与关节损伤 FRACTURE OF LOWER EXTREMITIES AND ARTICULAR INJURYfemur n.股骨adduction n.内收separate v.分离cartilage n.软骨*synovialis n.滑膜*spinal column 脊柱5、脊柱及骨盆骨折 FRACTURE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND PELVIS column n.椎体cervical column 颈椎*lumber vertebra 腰椎sacrum n.骶椎sense n.感觉movement n.运动reflect v.反射*pelvis n.骨盆6、关节脱位 ARTICULAR DISLOCATIONcongenital dislocation 先天性脱位pathological dislocation 病理性脱位*osteoarthritis n.骨关节炎*total hip replacement 全髋置换术7、运动系统慢性损伤 CHRONIC STRAIN OF MOVEMENT SYSTEM strain n.劳损*cystis n.滑囊*stenosed tenosynovitis 狭窄性腱鞘炎*ganglion n.腱鞘囊肿degenerative adj.退行性变multiply v.增生abnormal sense 感觉异常8、腰腿痛和颈肩痛LUMBAGO AND SHOULDER PAINSstenosed column 椎管狭窄9、骨与关节化脓感染OSTEOARTICULAR PURULENT LNFECTION channel n.窦道drill hole 钻孔*drainage n.引流10、骨与关节结核 OSTEOARTICULAR TUBERCULOSISbone tuberculosis 骨结核spinal cord compression 脊髓压迫11、骨肿瘤BONE TUMORbone tumor 骨肿瘤*osteochondroma n.骨软骨瘤*osteosarcoma n.骨肉瘤chemotherapy n.化疗*synoviosarcoma n.滑膜肉瘤医学英语分科常用词汇人体解剖学 HUMAN ANATOMY之运动系统 LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM 1、中轴骨 AXIAL BONES*bone n.骨*vertebrae n.椎骨*cervical vertebrae 颈椎*thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎*sacrum n.骶骨coccyx 尾骨atlas n.寰椎axis n.枢椎*sternum n.胸骨sternal angle 胸骨角sternal manubrium 胸骨柄xiphoid process 剑突*rib n.肋*thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅SKULL*skull n.颅*frontal bone 额骨*parietal bone 顶骨*occipital bone 枕骨*temporal bone 颞骨*sphenoid bone 蝶骨*ethmoid bone 筛骨*mandible n.下颌骨hyoid bone 舌骨vomer n.犁骨*maxilla n.上颌骨palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲zygomatic bone 颧骨*coronal suture冠状缝*sagital suture 矢状缝*lambdoid suture 人字缝orbit n.眶cranial fontanelle 颅囟2、附肢骨TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONES *clavicle n.锁骨*scapula n.肩胛骨*humerus n.肱骨*radius n.桡骨*ulna n.尺骨carpal bone 腕骨metacarpal bone 掌骨phalanges n.指骨，趾骨*hip bone 髋骨*ilium n.髂骨*ischium n.坐骨*pubis n.耻骨*femur n.股骨patella n.髌骨*tibia n.胫骨*fibula n.腓骨tarsal bone 跗骨metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节学 ARTHROLOGY*articulation n.关节*ligament n.韧带*flexion n.屈*extension n.伸*adduction n.收*medial rotation 旋内*lateral rotation 旋外pronation n旋前.supination n.旋后circumduction n.环转*vertebral column脊柱*thoracic cage 胸廓*intervertebral disc 椎间盘*temporal-mandibular joint 颞下颌关节*shoulder joint 肩关节*elbow joint 肘关节*radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节*pelvis n.骨盆*hip joint 髋关节*knee joint 膝关节*ankle joint 踝关节5、肌肉系统 MUSCULATURE(1)肌学系统INTRODUCTION OF MUSCULATURE *muscle n.肌肉muscle belly 肌腹tendon n.肌腱aponeurosis n.腱膜*fascia n.筋膜*tendinous sheath 腱鞘（2）躯干肌TRUNK MUSCLEStrapezius n.斜方肌latissimus dorsi 背阔肌erector spinae 竖脊肌*sternocleidomastoid adj.胸锁乳突的*scalenus n.斜角肌pectoralis major 胸大肌intercostales n.肋间肌*diaphragm n.膈（肌）*inguinal canal 腹股沟管*sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘（3）头肌 HEAD MUSCLESorbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌masseter n.咬肌*temporalis n.颞肌*deltoid n.三角肌*biceps brachii 肱二头肌*triceps brachii 肱三头肌*axillary fossa 腋窝（4）附肢肌 MUSCLES ATTACHED TO EXTREMITTES *gluteus maximus 臀大肌piriformis n.梨状肌*sartorius n.缝匠肌*quadriceps femoris 股四头肌triceps surae 小腿三头肌*femoral triangle 股三角popliteal fossa 腘窝医学英语分科常用词汇诊断学——骨关节系统OSTEOARTICULAR SYSTEM*Codman’striangle 骨膜三角，科德曼三角H-shaped vertebra,butterfly vertebra 蝴蝶椎Rugger-Jersay vertebra 夹心椎体Scheuermann’s disease 绍尔曼病Schmorl’s nodule 施莫尔结节Shenton’s line 沈通氏线apophysis n. 骺状突*arthrography n.关节造影basilar impression,basilarinvagination 颅底凹陷block vertebra 融合椎bone island 骨岛bursography n.泪囊造影compacta n.骨密度cortical porosity 皮质骨疏松症craniolacunia,luckenschadel n.颅骨陷窝*empty sella 空蝶鞍endosteal proliferation 骨内膜增生*epiphysis n.骨骺Intratrabecular resorption 骨小梁内吸收ivory vertebra 象牙椎marrow-packing disease 骨髓充填疾病massive osteolysis 大片骨溶解melopheostosis n.蜡油骨症ossification n.骨化osteopathia striata 纹骨症*osteopenia n.骨质减少osteopetrosis n.石骨症osteopoikilosis n.斑骨症pars interarticularis 椎弓峡部periosteal reaction 骨膜反应physis n.骨生长端*pseudofracture, Looser zone n.假骨折spina ventosa 骨气鼓spongiosa 骨疏松woven bone 编织骨*zone of provisional calcification 临时钙化带。

农学专业英语单词整理

农学专业英语单词整理

Aa series of 一系列的a set of 一组abnormalities 异常acidic 酸的acre 英亩acreage 农场，面积actual 有效的adapt 适合adaptability 适应性address 解决adequate 充足的adequate 足够的adhere 粘着adopted 采用advance 提升advent 生效adversely 负面的aerated 通气良好的affected 感病aggravate 加剧agronomic college 农学院agronomic 农作物agronomy 农学alfalfa 苜蓿algebra 代数alkalinity 碱性alleles 等位基因alleviate 消除alternative 可选择的amended 修正案amino acid 氨基酸ammonia 铵ammonium citrate柠檬酸铵ammonium nitrate二氧化氮ammonium 胺amplify 扩增anaemia 贫血anaerobic 无氧analyze 分析，分解angiosperm 被子植物animal manures 动物厩肥anticipate 预计anticipate 预见到application 接种application 应用apply 施用appropriate 适宜的arrange 安排，排布artificial mutation人工诱变asexual 无性的assist 帮助associate 联合associated with伴随…发生assurance 保证atmospheric 大气authority 授权availability 有效性available p 有效磷available soil moisture 土壤有效水分avoid 避免Bbarley大麦basic slag 托马斯磷肥basis 基础b-globin 球蛋白binary fissi二分裂binary 分裂biology 生物学biomass 生物量bionic仿生学bioplasm 原生质biosphere 生物圈biotechnology 生物技术blasting 萎蔫blend 混合blight 枯萎blood group 血型blotting 杂交技术breeder 育种学家breeding basis 育种基础breeding 育种bruising 挫伤b-thalassemia 地中海贫血buckwheat荞麦bulletin 公告bushel 蒲式耳（量词）Ccalculate 计算出canola 加拿大油菜canopy 冠层capacity 能力carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbonates 碳酸盐cash 兑现certified合格的，经过认证的chain 链条chance 漂变channel 渠，引导chemical 化学chromosome 染色体circumstances 区域citrate-soluble 柠檬酸溶解性磷civil 国内的civilian 平民的civility 礼貌的civilizable 可文明化的clay 粘质，粘土climate 气候climatic 气候上的clone 克隆close 缩短co-dominance 共显性codon 密码子colloidal phosphate 焦庄磷酸盐combination 合作，排列combination 混合物，综合combine 联合commercial 商用的commercially 商业上commit 趋近于compaction 压实，紧实competitive 竞争力concentrated 集中的concentration 含量concentration 浓度condition 处理conditions 情况，条件conduct 执行confuse…with 和…混淆conservation 保水consistently 持续contaminate 污染content 含量controversial 受争议的conventional 传统的converted 变成copy 复制corn 玉米correct amounts 适量correct 改正，修正corresponding 符合，一致cost 成本costly 贵cover crops 绿肥作物criteria 标准critical 关键的cropping pattern 种植方式cross 杂交组合crossingover 交换crust 板结cultivation 耕作cultural practices 栽培措施culture 培养物currently 最近cyst nematode 孢囊线虫cyst 孢囊cytoplasm 细胞质遗传Ddam 坝damping off 腐烂date资料decline 下降decompositio分解deduction 推论defect 缺陷deficiency 缺乏deficient 缺乏defoliation 落叶degradation 降解delay 推迟deletion 缺失demand 需求denitrification 反硝化denove 重新开始，从头合成dent corn 马齿形department 系，专业deposit 储存deposited 沉积depression 凹陷处derived 起源descendent 子代（个体）designate 特指的desire 渴望desired harvest moisture 适宜的收获含水量destruction确定detect 确定detection 检测determine 决定determining 确定detrimental 致命的develop 培育development 发育diagnosis 诊断diagnostic methods诊断方法diagnostic method诊断方法diameter 直径dideoxy 双脱氧differentiation分化dip to 下降disease intection 感病disease resistance 抗病性disorders 紊乱disprove 证明…是虚假的dissolve 溶解diverse 各种division 分裂domestication 驯化dominance 显性性状优势dominant 显性的double cross 双交double-haploid 双单倍体dhdraft 草图drain 沟drainage 排水drift 漂变drill 播种机dry down rate 干燥速率dry plant tissue 干物质duplication 重复Eear 穗economically 经济有效地effective 生效efficiency 效率，效果efficient 有效的element 元素elevator 传送带eliminate 消除emerge 伸出emmigation 淘汰劣质基因employ 聘请entries 列，项equilibrium 进化论equilibrium 平衡era 时代erosion 侵蚀erroneous 错误的establish 建立eukaryotes 真核细胞european corn borer 玉米螟evaluate 评价evaluation 评价evaporation 蒸发evaporative 蒸腾evenly 平坦地，均匀地evolution 进化examine 验证exceed 超过excess 过多的，多余的excessive 延长exchangeable 可交换态的ex-changeable 可中和的exclude 排除experiment station 实验站explanation 解释extension 推广extensive 广泛的extra 额外的Ffacilitate 为…提供便利facilities 设备factor 因素favorable microbial 有益微生物favorable 令人满意的fertility 肥力fertility可育性fertilizer 肥料filial 子代first era 早期时代fission 融合fixation 固定flax麻flow 水流foliar n“burn”氮肥灼伤foot 英尺forages 牧草foreign material 杂质forethought 事先计划formation 孕穗期formulation 剂型four popular 广泛应用的fraction 部分frequency 频率frequency-dependent频率依赖性frost 霜冻fructose 果糖function 功能fungicide 杀菌剂fuse 融合Ggametes 配子（体）gametogenesis 配子体形成过程garden 狩猎gene mapping 基因定位generate 产生，生殖genetics 遗传学genome 基因组genotype frequency 基因型频率genotype 基因型genotyping platform 基因型gently 轻轻地germ cell 生殖细胞germination 发芽率germplasm 种质get by 应付glucose 葡萄糖grade 筑坡/筑平grain drill 谷物播种机grain fill 灌浆期，鼓粒期grain 籽粒，谷粒，谷物gymnosperm 裸子植物Hhabitat 栖息地hail 冰雹halve 减半haploid 单倍体haploit单倍体hardy-weinberg equilibrium达尔文进化论harvest 收获harvestability 收获性herbicide damage 除草剂，药害herbicide-resistant抗除草剂herbicides 除草剂heredity 遗传（侧重理论）heterozygous 杂合的higher plant 高等植物high-magnesium高镁high-value crops 经济作物high-yielding 高产的home-grown 自产的homozygote 纯合子homozygous 纯和的horizontal leaf method水平叶host cell 寄生细胞humidity 空气湿度hunter采集hybrid vigor 杂种优势hybrid 混合物hybrid 杂交种，杂交hydroxides 氢氧化物Iimbalance 失衡immigation 添加优良基因impermeable 不可渗透的implies 暗示improper application 不当施用in essence 实际上inadequate 不足的inbred line 自交系inch 英寸incomplete dominance 不完全显性independent assortment 独立分配indicate 表明industrial 工业的infiltration 渗透性inherit 继承inheritance 遗产，遗传（侧重先天的）inherited 可以遗传的initiate 采用inoculant 接种剂inoculation 接种inoculum 施用inorganic 无机的insect feeding 虫食insecticide 杀虫剂insert 插入insoluble 非溶解性install 构建insufficient 不足的intake 吸收inter matter 无生命的物质interception 截获interest 目的基因interested 相关的intermediate 中间型introduce 提出，引进introduce 引进introduction 引种inversion 倒位investment 投资irregular 不规则的isoenzyme 同工酶isogamy 同形配对isoguafe 同形移植isolate 分离，使隔离Jjustify 证明…是正确的Kkernel row 粒行kernel 谷粒Llabel 标签，标注labeled标注，标签labeler 标注者land plain 土地平整机larvae 幼虫lateral drain 支渠layer 层layout 排布layout布局设计leaching淋失leaf blights 叶枯病legume 豆科植物lime-stone 石灰石liming material石灰性物质liming 石灰linkage 连续livestock 牲畜locus 位点（loci的复数）lodged 倒伏的lodging 倒伏率loss of stand 缺苗lower case 小写字母Mmaintain 保证maintenance 维护，维持mammals 哺乳动物management 管理manipulation 操作map 定位mark 纪念mass selection 大量（混合）选择materials 原料，材料maturity 熟期meadow 牧草means 方法mechanical cultivation 机械化耕作mechanisms 机制medium 中等的meet 满足meiosis 减数分裂metering 间距microbial 微生物micronutrients 微量元素microorganisms 微生物midseason 中期生长季migration 迁移，移民mild 中度的mineral 矿质元素mixture 混合物mo 钼modification 改变modified 改进的moist 湿润的moistened 湿润的moisture 含水量moisture 水分molecular markers 分子标记molecular 分子monocotyledon 单子叶植物monohybrid cross 单因子杂交育种monoploid 单倍体motion 概念multifactorial 多因子的multimedia 多媒体multiple alleles 复等位基因multiple cross 复交multiplying 扩繁mutation （诱导）突变mutation 突变NN-containing 含氮化合物nematode worm 线虫net profits 纯利润neutral 中性的nitrate硝酸盐nitrogen 氮nodules 瘤，根瘤nomadic 游牧的note that 注意no-tillage 免耕noxious 有毒害的nucleioc 细胞核遗传nucleotide 核苷酸nursery 实验圃nutrient deficiencies 缺素症状nutrient 营养Ooats 燕麦objective 目的observation 观察obtain 获得offset 补充offspring 子代（群体）oligogene 寡基因open-pollinated 自花授粉open-structured profiles 开放式结构土层operation 管理措施optimal 适宜的order 预定organic matter 有机质organic 有机的origin 起源original 最初的ounce 盎司outlet 出口over time 随时间的推移Pparallel 平行particular 指定的pass on to 传递给patch 斑点pattern 方式，模式PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链式反应pea 豌豆pedigree 纯种的pedigree 家系percent base saturation 演技饱和度percent germination 发芽率perennial forages 多年生杂草perennial 多年生的performance tests 产量鉴别实验permeability 渗透性persist 保持，维持pest problem 病虫害问题pestcide 农药，杀虫剂pesticide 杀虫剂pests 病害petal 花瓣phenotype 表现型phenotypic information 表型数据采集phenotypic 表型的phosphate 磷phosphorus 磷photosynthesis光合作物physical condition理化性质phytophthora 腐酶根腐病pistil 雌蕊plane平面plow 犁，耕地pollen 花粉pollination 授粉，授粉期polymeranse聚合酶polymerase chain聚合酶polyploid 多倍体ponding 积水pone to 倾向于population genetics 群体遗传学population 密度porous 孔隙portion 部分possess 具有potassium 钾potassium—supplyingfertilizer 钾肥potential 潜力pound 磅pounding积水practical 可行的precipitation 降水量predict 预测predominant 占优势地位的pre-existing已存在premature 未成熟prevent 防止previous 前年primary 主要的principle 主要的prior 在…之前privately私人地probe 探测器procedure 过程，方式processing use 工业用途processing 处理produce 形成，产生production 生产professionally 专业的profile 土层，剖面progeny 子代progeny后代prohibited 禁止prolificacy 多穗性promote 促进prone to 易于propagation 繁殖，扩繁proper 最适宜的，正常的properly 适当地proprietary 品种权protection 保护法proteins 蛋白质public developed 公共培育的purchase 购买pure limes variety 纯系品种pure 纯度pure-breeding lines 纯系品种purify纯化purpose 目的Qquality 质量quantity 数量Rrace 亚种，小种radiative heat 辐射热radiative辐射random mating 随机交配rank order 顺序排列rapid 速度rariation 变异rariefy 品种ratio 比率real 最恰当的rearrange 重新排列recede 退却recession 衰退recessive 隐性的recessiveness 隐性recombinant gametes 重组形配子recombinant vector 重组载体recombinant 重组recommend 建议recovered 重获，回收recurrent parent 轮回亲本recurrent 轮回选择reduce 降低refer…as 定义成reflect反映regenerate 再生region 区域regularly 定期地relative maturity 相对成熟期relatively 相对地release 释放remove 排出/吸收repeat 重复represent 占，表现reproduce 繁殖reproduction 繁殖，生殖reproduction 授粉期，繁殖reproductive stages 生殖生长阶段requirement 需水量residual soil 原积土壤，残积土residual soils 冲积土residual 残留residue cover 残株覆盖residue 残渣respond…to 对…产生反应restrict 胁迫，限制return 收益rhizobium inoculation 根瘤菌接种rhizobium nodules 根瘤菌ridge 垄作ril recombinant inbred line 重组自交系rind 外皮rock phosphate 磷矿石rock 矿石rocombinant vector 重组载体root 根系rot 腐烂rotation 轮作rotation循环，轮作row application 条施row spacing 行距runoff 径流RZL重组自交系Ssaturated （水）饱和saturation 饱和度secure 确保sedentary 固定的seed coat 种皮seed vigor 种子活力seed 种子seeding rate 播种量seeding stage 苗期select 选择self-fertilize 自花授粉sensitive 敏感的sequence 序列sequencing 测序severity 严重程度sexual 有性的shallow depth 浅层shed 散，散布shell 壳shelled grain 脱壳粒shovel 土铲significant 明显的，严重的silage 青贮饲料silicates 硅酸盐single cross 单交site 地点skip-row 空行snapdragons 金鱼草snapshot 瞬间somewhat 一点儿sound 合理的soybean 大豆spacing 间距species 种类spores 孢子spread 延长stability 稳定性stage of development 生长阶段stait 特性stalk rots 茎腐病stalk 茎stand uniformity 群体整齐度stand 株丛（群体）standing 积水status 状态stay green 持绿性steadily 稳定地storage 储存store 储存stover 秸秆strain 小种，品系stress胁迫，压力strip rests 条状，小区试验stunted 发育迟缓的subject 使服从于submersion 淹没subsample 小铲substitute 代替sufficient 充足sulfur-free 无硫supersede 替代supplements 补充surface drainage 地表排水susceptible 敏感suspected 疑似symdrome 病症symptoms 症状Ttag 标签tassel blasting 雄穗萎蔫tasseling 抽穗tasseling-silking雄穗吐丝template 模板term 术语termination 终止testcross variety 测交种tester 测验种thalassemia 地中海贫血thawing 解冻the amount to apply 施用量the elevator 传送带therapy 治疗thermal time热量时间tile drains 瓦管tile 瓦管排水tillage 耕作tilth 耕地，耕性timely 及时地tip 小窍门tire 轮胎tissue analysis 组织分析tissue 组织tolerance 耐病性tolerant 耐，耐受tolerate 耐受total p 全磷toxic 有毒的track 痕迹traffic 机械trait 特点translocation 易位transpiration 蒸腾trials实验trillion 万亿two-way 双向的typically 通常地Uunbiased无偏差的，公正的unicellular 单细胞的uniform 均匀地uniformity 整齐度unpredictable 不可预测的upper case 大写字母upright 直立uptake 吸收urea 尿素V 1value 数据variance 方差variant 变异体variants （自然）变异体variation 变异varies widely 差异显著variety performance trials 品种产量鉴定试验variety 品种，多样性vary with 随…变化vector 载体vegetative growth 营养生长期vegetative propagation 营养体繁殖vegetative 植被vein叶脉vigor 活力vigorous 生长旺盛的violet 紫色virtually eliminate 从根本上杜绝vulnerable容易Wwater soluble 水溶性磷weed 杂草wet spot 水坑widespread 广泛地wilt 枯萎，萎蔫Yyeast 酵母yield 产量Zzigzag pattern 之字形zone 区域zygote 合子。