四级冲刺讲义(最近定稿)

⏹语法学习综述⏹什么是语法？⏹语言的法则；也就是遣词造句的规律。

⏹为什么学习语法？？⏹ 1.语法教会我们如何理解句子——阅读⏹ 2.语法教会我们如何写出句子——写作语法不是“死”的造句规则，而是“活”的语言思维！语法应用举例1. 阅读⏹2007年6月CET-4⏹Section B . Passage One 第三段第一句⏹The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write iswhat Elbow calls “free writing.”(24w)⏹The practice‖that can help you past your learned bad habits ‖of trying to edit as youwrite （主语）‖is（系动词）‖what Elbow calls “free writing.”（表语）⏹骨架：The practice is what Elbow calls “free writing.”2.写作2006年6月24日大学英语新四级(CET-4)真题Part I Writing (30 minute)⏹ 1. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师⏹ 2. 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素⏹ 3. 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题⏹范文: 中段扩展句：⏹There are several factors that students consider when they choose a lecturer, including theteaching style of the lecturer, the lecturer‟s academic background, and the lecturer‟s reputation among students.3.翻译⏹2007年6月23日CET-4 Part VI Translation⏹88. The prevent and treatment of AIDS is __________ (我们可以合作的领域).⏹翻译汉语长定语时用定语从句！⏹the field where/in which we can cooperate⏹⏹语法学习的一个基础、两条主线⏹①基础：简单句⏹②主线——词法、句法⏹词法：动词的变化⏹句法：从句⏹语法课程教学计划⏹时态、语态，非谓语动词⏹倒装，虚拟语气⏹定语从句⏹状语从句⏹名词性从句⏹【综合练习】长难句分析⏹词法：动词的变化一. 时态和语态⏹时态⏹时间状态⏹“时”分为四种：过去时、现在时、将来时和过去将来时。

四级高级语法讲义：虚拟语气导读：本文四级高级语法讲义：虚拟语气，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

英语四级高级语法：虚拟语气1. if 引导的虚拟语气2. 倒装形式Were I you (=if I were you) , I would get up early in the morning.Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday(=If you had arrived…), you could have caught the train.Should it rain (=If it should rain), the crops would be saved.【2】馒头面条原理【3】固定句型It is time that ...Would rather that .....(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(4).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中的虚拟语气1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule ofschool.练习1. He’ll be busy this afternoon. If he ___ free, he ___ to the cinema with you.A.were to be; might goB. am going to be; will goC.will be; might have goneD. is; will go2. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _____ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.A. turn offB. turned offC. would turn offD. had turned off3. Had I known her name, _____.A. or does she know mine?B. and where does she live?C. I would have invited her to lunchD. she would be beautiful4. I’d rather you ______ by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.A. would goB. should goC. wentD. had gone5. The victim ________ (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time.would have a chance to survive (06.12翻译)6. The professor required that ________ (我们交研究报告)。

人力资源管理师四级知识点薪酬：1、结构工资制也称为：多元化工资、组合工资、分解工资；2、福利包括：带薪年假和各种社会保险；福利分为：法定福利（五险一金、法定带薪假日、特殊情况下的工资支付）和企业福利（工作餐、交通服务、企业带薪年假等）。

3、特殊情况下的工资支付包括：婚假工资、丧假工资、探亲假工资。

4、收入：员工获得的所有报酬（薪资、奖金、津贴、加班费等总和）。

5、奖励：员工超额劳动的报酬。

6、工资：按工时或完成产品件数计算员工应获得的报酬。

（包括计件工资和计时工资）。

7、薪酬关系实质是：雇佣关系（前提）、交换关系（劳动交换）。

8、企业薪酬制度的设计与完善包括：薪酬结构完善（即调整不同员工薪酬项目的构成）、薪酬等级标准设计、薪酬支付形式设计。

9、最适用于销售人员的工资制度：销售提成制。

10、技术等级工资制的确定原则包括：劳动复杂程度、繁重程度、工作责任大小；由工资等级表、技术等级标准、工资标准三项构成。

10、在技术等级工资制中，工种等级线是用来确定各工种起点登记和最高等级的等级线。

11、结构工资包括：基本（基础）工资、职务（岗位）工资、技能工资、年功（工龄）工资、奖励（效益）工资。

12、计件工资制中，劳动定额规定着单位生产时间内完成合格产品数量的标准尺度；工作等级是计算计件单价的基础。

13、直接薪酬包括：基本工资、绩效工资、奖金、津贴、补贴等（不包含福利），一般按现金形式支付；间接薪酬包括：社会保险、员工福利、股票期权等，一般按非现金形式支付或延期支付。

14、绩效评价等级：卓越、优秀、合格、基本合格、不合格，将员工的基本工资上下浮动10%。

15、最低工资率：单位劳动时间的最低工资数额。

16、法定平均月工作时间：20.83；日工资=月工资标准/21.75（月制度工作天数）17、工资线愈陡，各等级之间工资差距愈大。

18、法定节假日工作的员工得到的加班工资属于补贴。

19、津贴和补贴的特点：单一性、灵活性、补偿性。

第一节：四六级仔细阅读基础最大考点：同义替换The final potential cause is an increase in snacking and eating out over recentdecades-both in terms of how often they happen and how much they contribute to our overall energy intake.Again,there is evidence that food consumed out of the home is one of the most poorly recorded categories in surveys.What often goes unnoticed in surveys on food consumption?A)The growing trend of eating out.C)People's home energy consumption.B)The potential causes of snacking.D)People's changing diet over the years.Recent open debates on scientific research,health,and policy have aroused greater public attention and encouraged more diverse voices.If this trend spurs scientists to agree more quickly about the best solutions to our problems-and at the same time helps the public observe the process of scientific discourse more clearly-then this is good for everyone, including scientists.A recent debate published in The New York Times discussed the question of how quickly medicine should be developed and produced.Issues such as safety of the product and perception of the public were examined and considered.But some experts worried that such public speculation might lead people to believe that disagreement about the details meant a lack of adequate scientific consensus over the safety and efficiency of modern-day medicine.52.Why did a recent debate published in The New York Times arouse concerns among experts?A)It might hinder the progress in medical research.B)It might breed public distrust in modern medicine.C)It might add to the difficulty of getting research funds.D)It might prevent medical scientists reaching consensus.At the minimum,most of us work because we want to be able to support ourselves,our families,and the people around us.In the ideal world,we're all doing work that we're proud of and that provides meaning and purpose to us.But even if your job doesn't give you shivers of joy each new day,working is a part of what each of us does and the contribution we make to society.When you separate work and life,it's a little bit harder to make that connection.But when you think of work as part of a full life and a complete experience,it becomes easier to see that success in one aspect often supports another. What does the author say we do in an ideal world?A)We do work that betters the lives of our families and friends.B)We do work that gives us bursts of joy each new day.C)We do meaningful work that contributes to society.D)We do demanding work that brings our capacity into full play.第二节：四六级仔细阅读基础（强化基础训练）Forests in countries like Brazil and the Congo get a lot of attention from environmentalists,and itis easy to see why.South America and sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing deforestation on anenormous scale:every year almost5million hectares are lost.But forests are also changing in richWestern countries.They are growing larger,both in the sense that they occupy more land and that thetrees in them are bigger.What is going on?51.What is catching environmentalists'attention nowadays?A)Rich countries are stripping poor ones of their resources.B)Forests are fast shrinking in many developing countries.C)Forests are eating away the fertile farmland worldwide.D)Rich countries are doing little to address deforestation.The second is government policy and subsidy.Throughout history,governments have protected and promoted forests for diverse reasons,ranging from the need for wooden warships to a desire to promote suburban house-building.Nowadays forests are increasingly welcome because they suck in carbon pollution from the air. The justifications change;he desire for more trees remains constant.54.What accounts for our increasing desire for forests?A)Their unique scenic beauty.B)Their use as fruit plantations.C)Their capability of improving air quality.D)Their stable supply of building materials.The report concludes that creativity should not inhabit the schoolcurriculum only as it relates to drama,music,art and other obviously creative subjects,butthat creative thinking ought to run through all of school lifeinfusing the way humanities and natural sciences are learned.47.What is the conclusion of a recently-published report?A)Natural sciences should be learned the way humanities courses are.B)Cultivation of creativity should permeate the entire school curriculum.C)Art courses should be made compulsory for all students.D)Students should learn more obviouslyWhen children are regarded as vessels to be filled with facts,creativitydoes not prosper;nor does it when teachers'sole objective is coaching childrentowards exams.48.What does the report say is detrimental to the fostering of creativity?A)Alleviation of pressure.B)Teacher-led school activities.C)Test-oriented teaching.D)Independent learning.2023-6Passage OneSupermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest-margined businesses in existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit.For more than a decade,they have been under attack from e-commerce giants,blamed for making Americans fat,and accused of contributing to climate change.Supermarkets can technically be defined as giants housing15,000to60,000different products.The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery,where people could hunt and gather food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter,first came about in America.There is some debate about which was the very first,but over the years a consensus has built around King Kullen Supermarket,founded in New York in1930.For some300years,Americans had fed themselves from small stores and public markets.Shopping for food involved mud,noisy chickens,clouds of flies,nasty smells,bargaining,and getting short-changed.The supermarket imitated the Fordist factory,with its emphasis on efficiency and standardization,and reimagined it as a place to buy food.Supermarkets may not feel cutting-edge now,but they were a revolution in distribution at the time. They were such strange marvels that,on her first official state visit to the United States in1957,Queen Elizabeth II insisted on an impromptu（即兴的）tour of a suburban-Maryland Giant Food.The typical supermarket layout has barely changed over the past90years.Most stores open with flowers,fruit and vegetables at the front as a breath of freshness to arouse our appetite.Meanwhile,they keep the milk,eggs, and other daily basics all the way back so you'll travel through as much of the store as possible,and be tempted along the way.In the early days,as the supermarket multiplied,so did our suspicion of it.We have long feared that this “revolution in distribution”uses corporate black magic on our appetite.The book The Hidden Persuaders, published in1957,warned that supermarkets were putting women in a“hypnoidal trance（催眠恍惚状态），”causing them to wander aisles bumping into boxes and“picking things off shelves at random."46.What problem have supermarkets been facing?A)They are actually on the way to bankruptcy.B)They have been losing customers and profits.C)They are forced to use e-commerce strategies.D)They have difficulty adapting to climate change.47.What does the passage say about the idea of a self-service grocery?A)It was put forward by King Kullen.B)It originated in the United States.C)It has been under constant debate.D)It proves revolutionary even today.48.What did supermarkets do by adopting the Fordist factory approach?A)They modernized traditional groceries in many ways.B)They introduced cutting-edge layout of their stores.C)They improved the quality of the food they sold.D)They revolutionized the distribution of goods.49.What is the typical supermarket layout intended to do?A)Arouse customers'appetite to buy flowers,fruit and vegetables.B)Provide customers easy access to items they want to buy.C)Induce customers to make more unplanned purchases.D)Enable customers to have a more enjoyable shopping experience.50.What have people long feared about supermarkets?A)They use tricky strategies to promote their business.B)They are going to replace the local groceries entirely.C)They apply corporate black magic to the goods on display.D)Th ey take advantage of the weaknesses of women shoppers.2023-3Passage TwoOf the endless troubles that come with being driven from one's home country,losing educational certificates may seem small.But it isn't.Refugees who settle in other countries often find themselves unable to continue on their previous career path due to a new set of employer standards or skills requirements.To solve this problem,the U.S.State Department is posing a solution:online learning.The State Department will announce a partnership with an online education platform called Coursera.The platform will allow refugees worldwide to take thousands of online courses for free.“Coursera for Refugees”will be available for any non-profit group that supports refugees in any country,as well as individual refugees.They can apply for fully funded access to Coursera's course catalog,which means they can take all of the platform's classes and obtain professional certificates for free.The platform currently offers professor-led lectures on a broad range of topics,from data science to fashion design.As the world migrant crisis intensifies,employment is becoming a global concern.The new program aims to aid refugees by offering“important skills that will help them in the global economy,”Evan Ryan,U.S.assistant secretary of state for educational and cultural affairs,said on a press call last week.“What we don't want to do is not act,"added Coursera chief operations officer Lila Ibrahim.The idea isn't without problems.For one,starting a new career path isn't as simple as watching a few videos and obtaining an online certificate;even those looking to continue previous careers can't simply rely on an online lecture to get them up-to-date on standards,policies,and practices.For another,most of the classes on Coursera are in English,and though there are plans to add translations,language barriers can be a big obstacle.Then there are the questions over the value of massive open online courses(MOOCs)themselves-both for refugees and for average learners.But it's still early days and there are signs of hope.In2015,a joint study found72%of people taking the MOOCs saw career benefits afterwards.51.Why is the U.S.State Department launching an online learning program for refugees?A)To enable them to settle down in host countries.B)To allow them to learn as many job skills as possible.C)To offer them a platform to pursue advanced degrees.D)To help them to meet new employment standards.52.What do we know about“Coursera for Refugees"?A)It provides refugees with a wide range of courses free of charge.B)It offers free online data services for refugees around the world.C)It allows refugees to obtain degrees in various academic fields.D)It supplies refugees with a great variety of job opportunities.53.What does the passage say is a consequence of the global migrant crisis?A)Instability increases in host countries.B)The global economic crisis intensifies.C)A lot more refugees die during migration.D)Refugees find it more difficult to get a job.54.What does the author say causes refugees'difficulty in taking online courses?A)Cultural environment.B)Changed academic requirements.C)Lack of language skills.D)Difference in teaching platforms.55.What did the joint study find about the MOOCs several years ago?A)They helped solve learners'financial problems.B)They benefited most of the learners.C)They changed some learners'career path.D)They provided the most needed vocational skills.2022-6Passage TwoIn the coming era of budget cuts to education,distance learning could become the norm.The temptation for those in charge of education budgets to trade teachers for technology could be so strong that they ignore the disadvantages of distance learning.School facilities are expensive to build and maintain,and teachers are expensive to employ.Online classes do not require buildings and each class can host hundreds of people simultaneously,resulting in greater savings,thus increasing the temptation of distance education for those concerned more about budgets than learning.But moving away from a traditional classroom in which a living,breathing human being teaches and interacts with students daily would be a disaster.Physically attending school has hidden benefits:getting up every morning,interacting with peers,and building relationships with teachers are essential skills to cultivate in young people.Moreover,schools should be more than simple institutions of traditional learning.They are now places that provide meals.They are places where students receive counseling and other support.Those policy-makers are often fascinated by the latest technology in education and its potential to“transform”education overnight.But online education does not allow a teacher to keep a struggling student after class and offer cational videos may deliver academic content,but they are unable to make eye contact or assess a student's level of engagement.Distance education will never match the personal teaching in a traditional classroom. In their first18years of life,American children spend only9%of their time in school.Yet teachers are expected to prepare them to be responsible citizens,cultivate their social skills,encourage successful time management,and enhance their capacity to flourish in an increasingly harsh labor market.Given these expectations,schools should not become permanently“remote”.The power of the classroom is rooted in the humanity of the people gathered in the same place,at the same time.Personal teaching is about teachers showing students a higher path,and about young people going through the process together.Technology,no matter how advanced,should simply be a tool of a good teacher.51.What mainly accounts for the possibility that distance learning could become the norm?A)Advances in education technology.C)Shortage of school facilities.B)Shrinking financial resources.D)Lack of qualified teachers.52.What does the author say is one possible benefit of students attending school physically?A)Developing the habit of getting up early.B)Eating nutritionally well-balanced meals.C)Growing into living and breathing human beings.D)Cultivating relationships with peers and teachers.53.What does the author think of the latest technology in education?A)It may have potential disadvantages.B)It may render many teachers jobless.C)It may add to students'financial burden.D)It may revolutionize classroom teaching.54.What does the author say teachers are expected to do?A)Enhance students'leadership capacity.B)Elevate students to managerial positions.C)Enable students to adapt to the changes in life.D)Prepare students to be competitive in the future.55.Why couldn't technology replace a good teacher?A)It lacks humanity.B)It is still immature.C)It cannot track students'growth.D)It cannot cater to personal needs.2022-6Passage OneSocial media can be a powerful communication tool for employees,helping them to collaborate,share ideas and solve problems.Research has shown that82%of employees think social media can improve work relationships and60%believe it can support decision-making processes.These beliefs contribute to a majority of workers connecting with colleagues on social media,even during work hours.Employers typically worry that social media is a productivity killer;more than half of.U.S.employers reportedly block access to social media at work.In my research with277employees of a healthcare organization I found these concerns to be misguided.Social media doesn't reduce productivity nearly as much as it kills employee retention.In the first part of the study I surveyed the employees about why and how they used platforms like Facebook, Twitter,or Linked In.Respondents were then asked about their work behaviors,including whether they felt motivated in their jobs and showed initiative at work.I found employees who engage in online social interactions with co-workers through social media blogs tend to be more motivated and come up with innovative ideas.But when employees interact with individuals outside the organization,they are less motivated and show less initiative.In the second part of the study I found76%of employees using social media for work took an interest in other organizations they found on social media.When I examined how respondents expressed openness to new careers and employers,I found that they engaged in some key activities including researching new organizations and making new work connections.These findings present a dilemma for managers:employees using social media at work are more engaged and more productive,but they are also more likely to leave your company.Managers should implement solutions that neutralize the retention risk caused by social media.They can create social media groups in which employees will be more likely to collaborate and less likely to share withdrawal intentions or discussions about external job opportunities.Managers can also use social media to directly reduce turnover（跳槽）intentions，by recognizing employees'accomplishments and giving visibility to employees'success stories.46.What does previous research about social media reveal?A)Most employees think positively of it.B)It improves employees'work efficiency.C)It enables employees to form connections.D)Employees spend much of their work time on it.47.What did the author's own research find about social media?A)It influences employees'work negatively.B)It does much harm to employee loyalty.C)It kilIs employees'motivation for work.D)It affects employers'decision-making.48.What did the author find in his study about the effect of online social interactions?A)It differs from employee to employee.B)It tends to vary with the platform used.C)It has much to do with whom employees interact with.D)It is hard to measure when employees interact with outsiders.49.What problem was found with employees using social media for work?A)They seldom expressed their inner thoughts.B)Most of them explored new job opportunities.C)They were reluctant to collaborate with others.D)Many of them ended with lower productivity.50.What does the author suggest managers do to neutralize the retention risk?A)Give promotions to employees for their accomplishments.B)Create opportunities for employees to share success stories.C)Acknowledge employees'achievements through social media.D)Encourage employees to increase their visibility on social media.2022-12Passage TwoResearch shows that in developed countries,more affluent and educated people tend to consume higher-quality diets-including more fruits and vegetables,fish and whole grains.On the contrary,economically disadvantaged people report diets that are nutrient-poor and energy-dense.They are less likely to have food-purchasing habits that conform to public health recommendations.These dietary differences are often accompanied by higher rates of obesity and diabetes among lower-income people.This relationship between social class and diet quality and health is extensively documented.However,the research does not explain why this is the case-a question that has significant implications for designing effective policies and initiatives to improve diets and prevent chronic diseases.Public-health initiatives to promote healthy diets often focus on providing nutrition education and recipes（食谱）.These approaches，however，often presume less food literacy(i.e.food knowledge and skills)among low-income people.Are unhealthy diets really the result of poor choices,limited food skills and knowledge?Research suggests that adults in food-insecure households are just as likely as those in food-secure households to adjust recipes to make them more healthy.They are also just as proficient in food preparation and cooking skills.There is no indication that increasing food skills or budgeting skills will reduce food insecurity.Instead,disadvantaged groups are constrained by their economic,material and social circumstances.For example,low income is the strongest predictor of food insecurity in Canada,where one in eight households experiences insufficient access to nutritious foods.It's well-established that food prices are an important determinant of food choice.Low-income households report that they find it difficult to adopt dietary guidelines because food prices are a barrier to improving their diets.When researchers estimate the cost of diets people actually eat,higher-quality diets are typically more costly.While this may be so,it does not,in itself,prove that healthy diets are necessarily more expensive or cost-prohibitive.After all,not all socioeconomically disadvantaged people consume poor diets.We can easily think of a number of foods and recipes that are both inexpensive and nutritious.The internet is full of recipes for"eating well on a budget.”51.What can we learn from research on diets in developed countries?A)Dietary recommendations are not fit for underprivileged people.B)People from different social groups vary in their dietary habits.C)People's choice of food depends on their individual taste.D)There is no consensus on what high-quality diets are.52.What does the author say is important in formulating policies to improve diets and health?A)A better understanding of the relationship between social class and health.B)A greater emphasis on studying the cause of obesity and chronic diseases.C)Prioritizing the provision of better nutrition for lower classes.D)Designing education programs and initiatives on public health.53.What does research reveal about adults in food-insecure households?A)Their eating habits need to be changed.B)Their food literacy has been improving.C)They do not pay much attention to their food recipes.D)They do not lack food knowledge or budgeting skills.54.What would help improve food security among the disadvantaged groups in Canada?A)Teaching them budgeting skills.B)Increasing their food choices.C)Enabling them to have more access to nutritious foods.D)Taking more effective measures to increase food supplies.55.What does the author suggest disadvantaged people do to improve their health?A)Adopt a positive attitude towards dietary guidelines.B)Choose diets that are both healthy and affordable.C)Make sure to purchase healthy foods on the internet.D)Change their eating habits and consumption patterns.。