中考英语动词的分类及用法

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拓维培优英语动词的分类及用法一、什么是动词动词是用来表示主语做什么(即行为动词),或表示主语是什么或怎么样(即状态动词)的词,例如:The boy runs fast.(这个男孩跑得快。

)runs表示主语的行为He is a boy.(他是个男孩。

)is与后面的表语a boy表示主语的状态二、动词的分类动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词(也称实义动词)、系动词、助动词和情态动词。

(一)行为动词行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。

它的词义完整,可以单独作谓语。

例如:I live in Beijing with my mother. live,住It has a round face. has,有(二)系动词系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词,它虽有词义,但不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语,例如:We are in Grade Two this year. are,是are 这个词的词义“是”在句子中常常不译出。

系动词可具体分为三类:1、表示“是”的动词be。

这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,is,am,are,was,were,have/has been等要特别予以注意。

例如:He is a teacher.He was a soldier two years ago.We are Chinese.2、表示“感觉”的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound (听起来),taste(尝起来)等,例如:She looked tired.I feel ill.Cotton feels soft.The story sounds interesting.The flowers smell sweet.The mixture tasted horrible.3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词,如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为“变”、“变得”,She became a college student.He feels sick. His face turns white.The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.He grew old.[难点解释]注意区别以下一些动词的用法,它们既可以作为行为动词,又可以作为连系动词。

1、look看;看起来He is looking at the picture. 行为动词It looks beautiful. 连系动词2、fell摸;感觉1)I felt someone touch my arm. 行为动词Are you felling better today than before? 连系动词3、smell嗅;闻起来My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it. 行为动词Great! The flowers smell nice. 连系动词4、sound弄响,发音;听起来The letter “h”in hour is not sounded. 行为动词The gun sounded much closer. 连系动词5、taste辨味;尝起来Please taste the soup. 行为动词The soup tastes terrible. 连系动词6、get得到,获得;变There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one. 行为动词7、grow生长,种植;变Do you grow rice in your country? 行为动词It’s too late. It’s growing dark. 连系动词8、turn转动,翻动,使变得;变The earth turns around the sun. 行为动词When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out. 连系动词上述句子中的动词如grow、get、turn等,既可以作连系动词,又可以作行为动词。

如何来辨别它们呢?有一个最简便的方法,即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是连系动词;反之,不能替换的,就是行为动词。

例如:The trees turn/are green when spring comes.The earth rurns around the sun.这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词,意为“转动”。

无法以is替换。

(三)助动词这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问,例如:He does not speak English well.句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not一起构成否定形式。

A dog is running after a cat.句中的is 是助动词,和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。

Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast ?句中的did是助动词,既表示一般过去时,又和动词have一起构成疑问。

(四)情态动词它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如“可能”、“应当”等。

这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。

它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语,表示完整的意思,例如:I can dance. can, 能, 会He can’t walk because he is a baby. can’t, 不必May I come in?may, 可以第二节及物动词与不及物动词行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否需要宾语,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。

一、及物动词后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,例如:Give me some ink, please.If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.二、不及物动词后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。

不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动词。

例如:He works hard.Jack jruns faster than Mike.Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.He got and “A”this time because he went over his lessons carefully.[难点解释]1、许多动词可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词,他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别,例如:Who is going to speak at the meeting? speak, 不及物动词Few people outside China speak Chinese. speak, 及物动词2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。

某些词在英语中是不及物的,而在汉语中却是及物的。

有时则相反。

例如:He is waiting for you.英语wait为不及物动词,汉语“等”为及物动词。

Serve the people.(为人民服务。

)英语serve为及物动词,汉语“服务”为不及物动词。

第三节持续动词与瞬间动词一、持续性动词表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。

常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write,clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。

二、瞬间性动词表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。

亦称终止性动词。

常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。

以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。

三、用法1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时,表示动作到现在为止已结束,例如:He has studied English for three years.(他学英语已有3年了。

)He has joined the Party.(他已入党了。

)Mum isn’t at home. She has gone to the library.(妈妈不在家,她去图书馆了。

)2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。

例如:His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。

)My mother has lain in bde for 3 days.(我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。

)My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。

)3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法:(1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换,例如:He has been in the army/a soldier for htree years. 不能用has joinedShe has been up for quite some time. 不能用has got upHas your brother been away from home for a long time? 不能用has left常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:1、go——be away2、come——be here3、come back——be back4、leave——be away(be not here)5、buy——have6、borrow——keep7、die——be dead 8、begin——be on9、finish——be over 10、open——be open11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost13、get to know——know 14、turn on——be on15、get up——be up 16、sit down——sit/be seated17、join——be in(…)或be a…member18、become——be(2)用it is…since…结构来替换瞬间动词,例如:The film has been on for five minutes.It’s five minutes since the film began.(两种方法)He has been away from Shanghai for three days.It is three days since he left Shanghai.(一种方法)It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.(一种方法)How long is it since be found his sister?4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如:I haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。