Intracellular Copper Does Not Catalyze the Formation of Oxidative DNA Damage in Escherichia coli
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Published Ahead of Print 22 December 2006. 2007, 189(5):1616. DOI: 10.1128/JB.01357-06. J. Bacteriol. Lee Macomber, Christopher Rensing and James A. Imlay Escherichia coliFormation of Oxidative DNA Damage in Intracellular Copper Does Not Catalyze the
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IntracellularCopperDoesNotCatalyzetheFormationofOxidative
DNADamageinEscherichiacoliᰔ
LeeMacomber,1ChristopherRensing,2andJamesA.Imlay1*
DepartmentofMicrobiology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Illinois61801,1andDepartmentofSoil,Water,and
EnvironmentalScience,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,Arizona857212
Received26August2006/Accepted12December2006
BecausecoppercatalyzestheconversionofH2O2tohydroxylradicalsinvitro,ithasbeenproposedthat
oxidativeDNAdamagemaybeanimportantcomponentofcoppertoxicity.Eliminationofthecopperexport
genes,copA,cueO,andcusCFBA,renderedEscherichiacolisensitivetogrowthinhibitionbycopperand
providedforcingcircumstancesinwhichthishypothesiscouldbetested.Whenthecellsweregrowninmedium
supplementedwithcopper,theintracellularcoppercontentincreased20-fold.However,thecopper-loaded
mutantswereactuallylesssensitivetokillingbyH2O2thancellsgrownwithoutcoppersupplementation.The
kineticsofcelldeathshowedthatexcessiveintracellularcoppereliminatediron-mediatedoxidativekilling
withoutcontributingacopper-mediatedcomponent.MeasurementsofmutagenesisandquantitativePCR
analysisconfirmedthatcopperdecreasedtherateatwhichH2O2damagedDNA.Electronparamagnetic
resonance(EPR)spintrappingshowedthatthecopper-dependentH2O2resistancewasnotcausedbyinhi-
bitionoftheFentonreaction,forcopper-supplementedcellsexhibitedsubstantialhydroxylradicalformation.
However,copperEPRspectroscopysuggestedthatthemajorityofH2O2-oxidizablecopperislocatedinthe
periplasm;therefore,mostofthecopper-mediatedhydroxylradicalformationoccursinthiscompartmentand
awayfromtheDNA.Indeed,whileE.colirespondstoH2O2stressbyinducingironsequestrationproteins,
H2O2-stressedcellsdonotinduceproteinsthatcontrolcopperlevels.Theseobservationsdonotexplainhow
coppersuppressesiron-mediateddamage.However,itisclearthatcopperdoesnotcatalyzesignificant
oxidativeDNAdamageinvivo;therefore,coppertoxicitymustoccurbyadifferentmechanism.
Highconcentrationsofintracellularcopperaretoxicfor
botheukaryoticandprokaryoticcells.Thehumandiseases
IndianchildhoodcirrhosisandendemicTyroleaninfantile
cirrhosisbothresultfromhighdietarylevelsofcopper(44,
62),whereasWilsondiseaseoccursduetoageneticmuta-
tionthatpreventstheliverfrompumpingcopperintothe
bile.Wilsondiseasepatientshaveadefectivecopyof
ATP7b,anATP-drivencoppereffluxpump,andhepatocytes
aredamagedbythehighcopperlevelsthatresultfromthis
defect(7,58,63,64).
EscherichiacolicontainsahomologofhumanATP7b,
CopA,with31%proteinidentity(54).CopApumpsexcess
copperoutofthecytosolintotheperiplasm(54).Onceinthe
periplasm,copperissubjecttotwoothersystems,CueOand
CusCFBA,thatassistCopAincontrollingintracellularcopper
levels(23,33,45).CueOisamulticopperoxidasethatcoverts
Cu(I)toCu(II),aless-toxicform(23,33,60).TheCusCBA
systemisacationdiffusionpumpthatisbelievedtopump
periplasmiccopperacrosstheoutermembraneandoutof
thecell(17,45).CusFisaperiplasmicCu(I)andAg(I)
bindingproteinthatmaydelivermetalstotheCusCBA
system(4,34,40).E.colimutantsthatlackCopA,CueO,
andCusCFBAcannotgrowinmediumthatcontainslarge
amountsofcopper(24).
Themechanismsbywhichcopperinhibitsorkillsoverloadedcellsarenotknown.Instudiesofeukaryoticcellstreated
withexcesscopper,workersdetectedelevatedlevelsof
DNAlesions,proteinoxidation,lipidperoxidation,andre-
activeoxygenspeciesgeneration(3,36,53,55,59).Invitro
studiesshowedthatcopperiscapableofgeneratinghydroxyl
radicalsfromH2O2andtherebyfacilitatesoxidativeDNA
damage(26):
XredϩCu(II)3XoxϩCu(I)
Cu(I)ϩH2O23Cu(II)ϩOHϪϩHO⅐
HO⅐ϩDNA3damage
Infact,therateconstantsforCu(II)reductiontoCu(I)by
sulfhydryls(21)andforoxidationofCu(I)byH2O2(27)indi-
catethatthisFenton-likeprocesscouldoccurataphysiologi-
callyrelevantrate.Theseobservationshaveledtothetheory
thatDNAdamagemaybeanimportantcomponentofcopper