Intracellular Copper Does Not Catalyze the Formation of Oxidative DNA Damage in Escherichia coli

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Published Ahead of Print 22 December 2006. 2007, 189(5):1616. DOI: 10.1128/JB.01357-06. J. Bacteriol. Lee Macomber, Christopher Rensing and James A. Imlay Escherichia coliFormation of Oxidative DNA Damage in Intracellular Copper Does Not Catalyze the

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IntracellularCopperDoesNotCatalyzetheFormationofOxidative

DNADamageinEscherichiacoliᰔ

LeeMacomber,1ChristopherRensing,2andJamesA.Imlay1*

DepartmentofMicrobiology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Illinois61801,1andDepartmentofSoil,Water,and

EnvironmentalScience,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,Arizona857212

Received26August2006/Accepted12December2006

BecausecoppercatalyzestheconversionofH2O2tohydroxylradicalsinvitro,ithasbeenproposedthat

oxidativeDNAdamagemaybeanimportantcomponentofcoppertoxicity.Eliminationofthecopperexport

genes,copA,cueO,andcusCFBA,renderedEscherichiacolisensitivetogrowthinhibitionbycopperand

providedforcingcircumstancesinwhichthishypothesiscouldbetested.Whenthecellsweregrowninmedium

supplementedwithcopper,theintracellularcoppercontentincreased20-fold.However,thecopper-loaded

mutantswereactuallylesssensitivetokillingbyH2O2thancellsgrownwithoutcoppersupplementation.The

kineticsofcelldeathshowedthatexcessiveintracellularcoppereliminatediron-mediatedoxidativekilling

withoutcontributingacopper-mediatedcomponent.MeasurementsofmutagenesisandquantitativePCR

analysisconfirmedthatcopperdecreasedtherateatwhichH2O2damagedDNA.Electronparamagnetic

resonance(EPR)spintrappingshowedthatthecopper-dependentH2O2resistancewasnotcausedbyinhi-

bitionoftheFentonreaction,forcopper-supplementedcellsexhibitedsubstantialhydroxylradicalformation.

However,copperEPRspectroscopysuggestedthatthemajorityofH2O2-oxidizablecopperislocatedinthe

periplasm;therefore,mostofthecopper-mediatedhydroxylradicalformationoccursinthiscompartmentand

awayfromtheDNA.Indeed,whileE.colirespondstoH2O2stressbyinducingironsequestrationproteins,

H2O2-stressedcellsdonotinduceproteinsthatcontrolcopperlevels.Theseobservationsdonotexplainhow

coppersuppressesiron-mediateddamage.However,itisclearthatcopperdoesnotcatalyzesignificant

oxidativeDNAdamageinvivo;therefore,coppertoxicitymustoccurbyadifferentmechanism.

Highconcentrationsofintracellularcopperaretoxicfor

botheukaryoticandprokaryoticcells.Thehumandiseases

IndianchildhoodcirrhosisandendemicTyroleaninfantile

cirrhosisbothresultfromhighdietarylevelsofcopper(44,

62),whereasWilsondiseaseoccursduetoageneticmuta-

tionthatpreventstheliverfrompumpingcopperintothe

bile.Wilsondiseasepatientshaveadefectivecopyof

ATP7b,anATP-drivencoppereffluxpump,andhepatocytes

aredamagedbythehighcopperlevelsthatresultfromthis

defect(7,58,63,64).

EscherichiacolicontainsahomologofhumanATP7b,

CopA,with31%proteinidentity(54).CopApumpsexcess

copperoutofthecytosolintotheperiplasm(54).Onceinthe

periplasm,copperissubjecttotwoothersystems,CueOand

CusCFBA,thatassistCopAincontrollingintracellularcopper

levels(23,33,45).CueOisamulticopperoxidasethatcoverts

Cu(I)toCu(II),aless-toxicform(23,33,60).TheCusCBA

systemisacationdiffusionpumpthatisbelievedtopump

periplasmiccopperacrosstheoutermembraneandoutof

thecell(17,45).CusFisaperiplasmicCu(I)andAg(I)

bindingproteinthatmaydelivermetalstotheCusCBA

system(4,34,40).E.colimutantsthatlackCopA,CueO,

andCusCFBAcannotgrowinmediumthatcontainslarge

amountsofcopper(24).

Themechanismsbywhichcopperinhibitsorkillsoverloadedcellsarenotknown.Instudiesofeukaryoticcellstreated

withexcesscopper,workersdetectedelevatedlevelsof

DNAlesions,proteinoxidation,lipidperoxidation,andre-

activeoxygenspeciesgeneration(3,36,53,55,59).Invitro

studiesshowedthatcopperiscapableofgeneratinghydroxyl

radicalsfromH2O2andtherebyfacilitatesoxidativeDNA

damage(26):

XredϩCu(II)3XoxϩCu(I)

Cu(I)ϩH2O23Cu(II)ϩOHϪϩHO⅐

HO⅐ϩDNA3damage

Infact,therateconstantsforCu(II)reductiontoCu(I)by

sulfhydryls(21)andforoxidationofCu(I)byH2O2(27)indi-

catethatthisFenton-likeprocesscouldoccurataphysiologi-

callyrelevantrate.Theseobservationshaveledtothetheory

thatDNAdamagemaybeanimportantcomponentofcopper