非谓语动词用法小结

非谓语动词用法小结
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词和过去分词），同时有着各种形式变化。

不定式：to do / to be doing / to be done / to have done / to have been done
动名词：doing / having done / being done / having been done
现在分词：同上
过去分词：done
一、主语（to do / doing）
1、不定式作主语
eg. To watch the TV play is very interesting. --- It’s very interesting to watch the TV play.
2、动名词作主语
eg. Walking on the moon is more difficult.
It’s no use sending him to a hospital.
I t’s a great deal of good practising English every morning.
It’s a waste of time arguing with him.
区别：
1、表一般、抽象概念，用doing ; 表具体、个别动作，多用to do.
eg. Reading good books makes us happy.
To read this book is very interesting.
2、在疑问句中多用doing.
eg. Did her being late make her teacher angry?
3、不定式在疑问句或感叹句中作主语，只能用it作形式主语。

eg. To watch the TV play is interesting. --- Is it interesting to watch the TV play? --- How interesting it is to watch the TV play!
二、宾语（to do / doing）
1、直接接不定式作宾语的动词有：wish, hope, refuse, manage, plan, fail, offer, promise, pretend, decide, learn, agree, mean (打算), determine, expect, afford……
eg. Jenney tried to explain.
The boy pretended to have finished it.
2、需用it代替不定式作宾语的动词有：find, make, think, consider, feel……eg. He found it important to study the situation in Russia.
3、接动名词作宾语的动词有：suggest, finish, avoid, mind, enjoy, practice, appreciate, miss, advise, consider, keep, delay, escape, excuse, imagine, risk, resist……
eg. The boy crossed the street to avoid meeting his teacher.
4、既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语的动词有：begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue, want, need, require, remember, forget, regret, try……
eg. When did you begin to learn / learning English?
I want to repair the house. / The house wants repairing.
三、定语（to do / doing / done）
1、不定式作定语与所修饰的名词存在动宾、主谓或所属关系。

eg. He had an important meeting to attend. 动宾
The hunter isn’t a man to bow before difficulties. 主谓
The farmers began to think of ways to kill hawks. 所属
注：①一句中不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现，不定式用主动形式，否则用被动形式，且表动作尚未发生。

eg. Have you anything to send?
Have you anything to be sent? I’ll go to the post office.
②作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后须有相应的介词。

但place后的介词常省略。

eg. I need a room to live in.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
2、动名词作定语表示用途。

eg. In the seventeenth century an adding machine was invented.
3、现在分词作定语表示主动、进行；being done 表示被动、进行。

eg. The lady talking with your teacher is a nurse.
The student being criticized is in Class One.
4、过去分词作定语表示被动、完成。

eg. The book, completed in May, sells well.
注：to have been done, having been done 不能作定语。

四、状语（to do / doing / done）
1、不定式可作目的、原因、结果状语。

eg. She did all she could to save him.①
I’m sorry to hear that.②
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.③
2、分词可作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、结果状语。

eg. Fleeing Germany Einstein went first to France.④
Being blind, how could they see an elephant? ⑤
His wife died in 1962, leaving him with three children. ⑥
注：1、不定式作原因状语多位于形容词之后；分词则常位于句首。

如②⑤
2、不定式作结果状语表示意料之外的结果；现在分词表示意料之中，顺理成章的结果。

如：③⑥
五、宾语补足语（to do / doing / done）
1、接不定式作宾补的动词有：love, teach, ask, get, tell, invite, force, oblige, beg, allow, wish, want, like, prefer, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, forbid……
eg. He didn’t invite him to have dinner with them.
动词make, have, let, see, watch, notice, observe, hear……后须接省略to的不定式作宾补，但变被动语态时，不定式符号to还原。

eg. We saw the boy fall from the tree.
The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
2、接现在分词作宾补的动词有：see, hear, find, get, have, leave, notice, watch, keep, start, set, catch, smell, feel, listen to……eg. Suddenly he heard someone running after him.
3、接过去分词作宾补的动词有：see, hear, find, have, leave, make……
eg. Don’t leave the door unlocked.
区别：1、现在分词表示与宾语有主动关系，且动作正在进行。

2、(省略to的)不定式表示动作的全过程。

3、及物动词的过去分词与宾语有被动关系，不及物动词的过去分词则多表示完成。

eg. He heard the clock striking four o’clock.
I heard him knock at the door three times.
I saw the boy tied to a pole.
The ground was covered with fallen leaves.。