On the Size of Structures in the Solar Corona

浙江省金丽衢十二校2024学年高三最后一卷英语试卷注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。

2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。

3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．—Are you coming to Jeff’s party?—I’m not sure. I ______ go to the concert inste ad.A．must B．wouldC．should D．might2．The real reason why prices ____ , and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.A．were B．will beC．have been D．had been3．---May I help you？You seem to be having some trouble.----____________，thanks. I think I can manage.A．No problem B．It's all rightC．ok D．No way4．I ______ football since I left university.A．didn’t play B．don’t playC．won’t play D．haven’t played5．The teacher told the children ______ quiet in the museum.A．keep B．kept C．keeping D．to keep6．Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?—_______. I really don’t mind.A．Both B．None C．Neither D．Either7．________ well for my job interview, I really had butterflies in my stomach on my way to the company I had applied to.A．Having not prepared B．Not having preparedC．Not to have prepared D．To have not prepared8．—Which do you prefer, the former option or the latter one?—I think the former one is no better than the latter one. So I’ll choose ________.A．the former one B．the latter oneC．either of them D．neither of them9．No decision __A_ about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.A．will be made B．is madeC．is being made D．has been made10．Even a small personal computer store vast amounts of information.A．might B．canC．ought to D．has to11．The health of garden plants depends on the soil _____ --the proper balance of mineral pieces, organic matter, air and water.A．construction B．conservationC．corporation D．composition.12．I'm sorry you ______ so long, but it' ll still be some time before Jim gets back．A．wait B．waited C．had waited D．have been waiting13．--- Could we accomplish the task according to the schedule?--- I doubt that. The problem remains ______ we can get financial aid within this week.A．that B．how C．why D．when14．Look over there! There is a long, winding path ________ up to the house.A．lead B．leadingC．led D．to lead15．—The lecture about 3D technology was very interesting.—It’s a pity. How I wish I ________ time to attend it.A．had B．have C．had had D．have had16．U.S. President Barack Obama arrived in China’s economic center Shanghai on Sunday night, November 15th2009, ______a state visit to China.A．starting B．started C．to start D．having started17．________ back in his chair, the man began to tell us his adventures in the forests.A．Sit B．Sitting C．To sit D．Sat18．_____ the lawyers, volunteers from the Libyan Red Cross Society also joined the efforts in helping the Chinese go home safely.A．Except for B．In spite of C．Apart from D．Instead of19．Lisa wouldn’t ________ the job any more. She had a big argument with her boss and resigned.A．come up with B．keep up withC．make up with D．put up with20．If I _____it w ith my own eyes ,I wouldn’t have believed it.A．didn’t see B．weren’t seeingC．wouldn’t see D．hadn’t seen第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

高三宇宙奥秘英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Black holes are one of the most fascinating and mysterious phenomena in the universe. A black hole is formed when a massive star collapses at the end of its life. The gravitational pull of a black hole is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it.The formation of a black hole begins with the collapse of a massive star. As the star runs out of fuel, it can no longer support its own weight and begins to collapse. The collapse continues until the star reaches a critical density, at which point it becomes a black hole.Black holes have several unique characteristics. One of the most notable is their event horizon, which is the boundary beyond which nothing can escape. Another characteristic is their intense gravitational field, which can distort the space and time around them.Black holes can have a significant impact on the surrounding celestial bodies. They can attract and swallow nearby stars and planets, and their gravitational pull can also affect the orbits of other celestial bodies.Scientists are still working to understand black holes better. They use a variety of tools and techniques, such as telescopes and computer simulations, to study these mysterious objects. Despite significant progressin recent years, there is still much that we don't know about black holes.1. What is a black hole formed by?A. A small star collapsing.B. A massive star collapsing.C. A planet collapsing.D. A moon collapsing.答案：B。

有关自然现象的英文作文The Wonders of NatureNature, a vast and magnificent realm, unfolds an array of breathtaking phenomena that captivate our minds and spark our curiosity. From towering mountain ranges to dazzlingcelestial displays, nature astounds us with its beauty and inherent power. In this essay, we will explore some of the most remarkable natural phenomena that leave us in awe.One of the most enchanting natural phenomena is the majestic display of the Northern Lights, also known as Aurora Borealis. This awe-inspiring phenomenon occurs in the polar regions of the Earth, predominantly near the Arctic. As charged particles from the Sun's solar wind enter the Earth's atmosphere, they collide with atoms and molecules, resulting in a dazzling spectacle of swirling lights. The vibrantcolors, ranging from green to purple and even red, dance across the night sky, mesmerizing all who witness them.Moving from the skies to the depths of the ocean, we encounter another fascinating natural phenomenon known as bioluminescence. It is a mesmerizing light produced by marine organisms, such as dinoflagellates, bacteria, and jellyfish when they are disturbed or agitated. Imagine walking along a moonlit beach, only to be greeted by waves that glow with an ethereal blue-green luminescence. The enchanting glow of bioluminescence adds an otherworldly element to the underwater world, leaving spectators in absolute wonder.Continuing our exploration, let us delve into the intriguing phenomenon of the Grand Canyon. Carved by the mighty Colorado River over millions of years, this immense geological wonder stretches approximately 277 miles and plunges over a mile deep. With its vivid and varied layers of rock, the Grand Canyon is a testament to the sheer power oferosion. Its breathtaking panoramic views and vibrant hues, ranging from rusty red to iridescent orange, paint a pictureof nature's ever-evolving artistry.Venturing beneath the Earth's surface, we encounter a captivating formation known as stalactites and stalagmites. Found in limestone caves, these mineral structures arecreated over thousands of years by the slow precipitation of calcium carbonate-rich water dripping from cave ceilings or rising from the ground. As water drips downward, it leaves behind mineral deposits, resulting in the growth of elongated, icicle-like stalactites from the ceiling and cone-shaped stalagmites emerging from the cave floor. The intertwining of stalactites and stalagmites forms breathtaking underground landscapes that transport us to a realm seemingly untouchedby time.As we ascend back to the sky, we stumble upon the mesmerizing phenomenon of a total solar eclipse. Thiscelestial spectacle occurs when the Moon aligns perfectly between the Earth and the Sun. The Moon's shadow casts a temporary darkness upon the Earth and unveils the Sun's corona, creating a breathtaking sight. The sudden transition from daylight to darkness, the fleeting glimpse of a dazzling solar corona, and the chorus of nature's response to this temporary twilight leave observers with an indescribable sense of wonder and awe.Nature's wonders are not limited to grand scales but also include intricate formations that captivate our senses. One such marvel is the Hexagonal Columnar Basalt formed by volcanic activity. These unique rock formations, showcased in places like Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, Devil's Tower in the United States, and Fingal's Cave in Scotland, appear as symmetrical columns with hexagonal sides. The precise formation of these columns evokes a sense of awe and intrigue, challenging the limits of our understanding of geological processes.In conclusion, nature's realm is adorned with an abundance of mesmerizing phenomena that instill a deep sense of awe and respect within us. From the celestial display of the Northern Lights to the captivating formations found within caves and the intricacies of the Earth's geological wonders, nature continually enthralls us with its grandeur. As we embrace and appreciate these natural phenomena, let us also recognize the importance of preserving and protecting our environment, ensuring that future generations can experience the wonders that nature bestows upon us.。

日冕及其观测演示实验宋琦;徐路耀;闫晗;骆怡;许知涯;钟泽;刘维新【摘要】搭建了日冕演示实验系统，通过模拟STEREO双子卫星围绕太阳轨道观测日冕的工作模式，可直观演示太阳表面的常见日冕结构、外掩式日冕仪遮挡光球观测的原理，以及由双星观测结果进行日冕三维重建的方法。

讨论了将该演示实验系统用于太阳物理和空间探测技术课程教学的意义和实验方法。

%An experimental demonstration of shape of solar corona and its observation was set up for teaching purposes ,which could simulate the operating mode of the two STEREO solar‐corona‐pro‐bing satellites orbiting the sun .Owing to the simulation system ,the common corona structures ,the working principle of externally occulted coronagraph ,and the 3D reconstruction of corona on the basis of the observations of the two satellites could be visually demonstrated .The significance and experi‐mental method of utilizing the simulator in solar physics and space probing technology courses were discussed .【期刊名称】《物理实验》【年(卷),期】2015(000)007【总页数】4页(P10-13)【关键词】日冕;日冕仪;三维重建;STEREO双子卫星【作者】宋琦;徐路耀;闫晗;骆怡;许知涯;钟泽;刘维新【作者单位】山东大学威海空间科学与物理学院空间科学研究院，山东威海264209;山东大学威海空间科学与物理学院空间科学研究院，山东威海264209;山东大学威海空间科学与物理学院空间科学研究院，山东威海264209;山东大学威海空间科学与物理学院空间科学研究院，山东威海264209;山东大学威海空间科学与物理学院空间科学研究院，山东威海264209;山东大学威海空间科学与物理学院空间科学研究院，山东威海264209;山东大学威海空间科学与物理学院空间科学研究院，山东威海264209【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P182.62日冕是很多太阳物理现象的发生地，也是影响近地空间环境和驱动日地空间灾害性天气的主要推手.如日冕物质抛射(Coronal mass ejection，CME)是太阳表面最剧烈的大尺度爆发过程之一，特别是CME朝向地球传播时，将会引起地磁暴、电离层暴以及极光等地球物理效应[1].深入分析日冕演化和爆发过程对太阳物理研究和空间天气预报都至关重要.对日冕的空间观测研究始于20世纪70年代，多个卫星平台携带的日冕仪得到了很多重大发现[2－3].目前，各国正在多方面开展日冕和日冕观测仪器的相关研究，其中STEREO双子卫星就是为了得到日冕的三维结构而特殊设计的，预期的研究成果将能解开日冕加热、CME爆发等诸多难题[4－5]. 在我国，对太阳的深空探测还处于起步阶段，太阳物理专业人才培养也需要从教学环节就重视.由于太阳表面的物理现象在实验室中无法重现，因此相关课程的教学还主要基于课本的理论知识，实验教学手段非常有限.虽然有卫星图像可展示，但学生对获得数据的探测过程并不了解，包括日冕仪的工作原理等，尤其是如何由2D图像得到3D立体结构的技术[6].进一步拓展课堂教学思路，使学生更直观认识日冕结构，了解卫星数据重建的方法，成为专业课开展演示实验教学的主要目的. 本文提出一种可直观展示日冕形态及其3D观测方法的教学演示系统，可用于太阳物理和空间探测技术等课程.该系统基于STEREO双子卫星的运动方式，包括2个模拟的外掩式日冕仪、自动控制系统以及一整套3D重建算法.利用该演示系统可以在课堂上让学生更好地理解日冕的基本形态、空间日冕仪获得图像数据的工作原理和过程，并学会对日冕观测数据的初步处理方法，从而使太阳物理课程教学能够“落地”，加入部分可实际操作的实验及研究内容.1 演示实验系统设计原理日冕及其观测演示实验系统主要包括4部分：模拟的太阳光源(包括不同形态结构的日冕)、双外掩式日冕仪、双子卫星绕太阳轨道的自动运行系统、日冕立体结构3D重建程序.为了最大限度模拟实际情况，各部分的相对大小比例都参照太阳和空间日冕仪的参量.同时为了降低系统成本，元器件都尽可能在满足使用要求的前提下选择用常见的产品部件.系统的原理框图和设计图如图1所示.其中模拟太阳光源采用LED等作为中心发光体，外加直径约为12cm的球形白色半透明玻璃罩，以模拟光球部分.与光球发光相比，日冕的光非常弱，形状也随稀薄等离子体抛射而时刻发生变化.演示系统中采用透光度较强的软塑料条来模拟日冕中的线状结构，即冕流.塑料条本身不能发光，在中心光源的照射下可以形成反射光，部分光通过塑料条根部导入，也可以形成发光.这与实际的日冕发光主要是散射光球光和部分等离子体发光相一致.在日冕仪的探测周期内，日冕的形态变化很小，可以认为是准静态的，因此该设计可基本满足实验要求.图1 演示实验系统日冕探测需要专门的仪器，即日冕仪.STEROE双子卫星上每个都搭载了白光日冕仪，其中COR－2是外掩式日冕仪[3].同样的情况，实验过程中需要在模拟太阳的强光背景下对模拟日冕的弱光进行探测，因此设计模拟日冕仪为外掩式，由摄像头改造而成.在摄像头前的特定位置放置黑色圆形遮光片作为外掩体，其大小与距离关系正好满足遮挡模拟太阳的光球部分，而使日冕部分能够聚焦成像.摄像头选取可手动调焦的摄像头，视场能够覆盖日冕部分.由于遮光片处于离焦位置，不可避免会产生减晕，将其外边缘做得尽量尖锐以减少对光球边缘部分的日冕成像的影响.双日冕仪的实物如图2所示.图2 模拟的双外掩式日冕仪为模拟STEREO双子卫星的工作模式，演示实验系统需要驱动2个日冕仪沿圆形轨道(卫星轨道接近圆周)以一定的角速度差运行.为此设计了由计算机控制2个步进电机，再各自通过齿轮减速，带动双轴转动.步进电机的输出由涡轮蜗杆结构提供，可增大输出力矩.双轴结构各由水平杆连接2个模拟日冕仪的支杆，从而带动其在水平面内围绕居中中心的模拟太阳沿圆周运动.合理选择减速齿轮的传动比以及步进电机的转速，可以模拟STEREO双子卫星的运行，两日冕仪的相对角速度会很小.完成的装置实物如图3所示.图3 双日冕仪自动控制装置演示实验系统的装配为：下平面板为直径约1m的圆形底板，其上固定2套步进电机、控制器及驱动电源等.在底板中心固定双层中心轴，由齿轮连接双轴与步进电机输出轴，实现步进电机控制中心轴转动.在圆板四周装有4根柱形支架，以支撑直径为1m的圆形顶板.顶板上装有2根模拟日冕的支杆，其通过水平杆与双轴连接，可实现双日冕仪的单独控制.演示实验系统在计算机控制下实现自动运行，并实时捕获模拟日冕的图像，输入计算机进行3D重建，完成数据处理.2 系统运行及实验设计根据设计的演示系统，可确定实验步骤为：1)点亮模拟太阳光源，观察光球部分发光引起日冕发光的方式，并根据实物初步了解日冕的结构、分布等外部形态，包括抛射状、环状等，更直观认识太阳外层大气日冕的常见结构.2)设置步进电机控制器，读入单日冕仪运动控制程序，模拟STEREO－A卫星携带日冕仪在绕太阳轨道上运动，直观感受空间日冕仪的工作状态.同时了解外掩式日冕仪的工作原理，初步理解日冕仪在轨运行的实际情况，以及对日冕进行观测的工作机制.3)调整步进电机控制器，读入双日冕仪运动控制程序，模拟STEREO双子卫星携带日冕仪在轨运行，并设定拍摄间隔将模拟日冕仪获得的图像数据经USB接口传输至计算机.摄像头读取程序在Matlab平台上运行，模拟卫星获取日冕图像流程，展示日冕仪的观测过程.4)给整个演示实验系统盖上遮光罩，模拟空间观测环境，设置步进电机进入双日冕仪运行模式，设定日冕仪自动拍摄时间和保存路径.模拟拍摄完成后，在Matlab平台上运行日冕3D重建程序，得到模拟日冕的三维结构图，并与其实际形态相比较，进行误差分析.该模拟实验系统一方面可以在课堂上展示日冕及其探测的相关知识，也可以作为课后实验由学生自己动手设置卫星运行参量，编制重建算法.建议通过该演示实验可实现如下教学任务：1)模拟太阳表面的各种日冕结构形态，让学生直观认识太阳外层大气日冕常见结构，以及日冕发光的物理原因，从而产生对太阳物理和空间观测的学习兴趣.2)根据实物学习日冕仪的构造和遮挡太阳光球拍摄光强很微弱的日冕的工作原理.外掩式日冕仪作为观测太阳的一类重要科学仪器，已经搭载多个卫星平台.通过演示实验学生可实际操作观察日冕仪在强光背景下获得弱光信号的方法.3)由模拟太阳探测卫星在轨运行模式学习空间观测技术的相关内容，包括对STEREO双子卫星轨道的初步认识，利用2个日冕仪进行观测得到不同角度的日冕图像的差异，以及将获取的数据输入到计算机完成3D重建的方法.该演示系统的部分实验内容可根据课堂教学进度和实验室条件选作，尤其是对日冕空间结构实现3D重建的算法还处于研究阶段，可作为研究生课程的实验内容，使课堂学习与研究热点能对接起来，提高学生的学习兴趣.3 数据处理及实验效果为了让学生能够更清楚如何对空间探测卫星的观测数据进行处理，获得日冕得空间结构，在图像处理算法基础上[7]，设计了反演算法进行数据处理，其具体方法为：1)在同一时刻获取模拟日冕的2幅图像数据，并对图像进行预处理，包括对齐图像、去除背景和噪声等干扰信号，得到日冕的二维图像信息.2)基于SIFT算法对2幅图片中的特征点进行匹配，得到部分特征点在2幅图中被认为实际是日冕结构的同一个点.3)根据原图对图像进行分割处理，将日冕的前景分离，并使用数字图像处理中相关算法找出模拟日冕条状结构的骨架.4)建立基于三角法的坐标变换关系，将特征匹配得到的点和分割出来的点进行坐标变换，得到日冕各点的三维坐标.5)在空间坐标系中重画日冕结构，并将其结果与实验中的实际测量值相比较，进行误差分析以评价重建精度.图4中为模拟日冕的重建结果(红线标出)与实测值(白线标出)的比较.从中可以看出，二者符合得很好，重建数据误差在实验误差范围内.图4 日冕三维重建数据结构4 结束语针对空间物理和空间技术专业的本科生和研究生专业课教学，设计了日冕及其观测的演示实验系统，通过模拟在轨的STEREO双子卫星观测情况，实现由日冕二维图像数据反演获得三维空间结构的整个观测流程.通过该演示实验，学生可以直观地了解日冕的形态，学习日冕仪的工作机制和空间探测卫星的工作模式，并掌握3D重建算法的核心思想.在进一步的研究工作中，还需要优化实验系统的硬件设计，尤其是模拟太阳和模拟日冕的结构，使其更能够反映实际情况.对于日冕3D重建算法还需要进一步改进，扩展算法的适用范围，使其能够处理环形的日冕结构.【相关文献】[1]Raymond J C.Imaging the Sun’s eruptions in three dimensions[J].Science，2004，305(5680)：49－50.[2]尤建圻.空间日冕观测进展[J].天文学进展，1999，17(4)：299－308.[3]曾昭宪，彭国义，魏雅利.天基日冕仪发展现状[C]//第22届全国空间探测学术讨论会论文集.2009.[4]Howard R A，Moses J D，Vourlidas A，et al.Sun Earth connection coronal and heliospheric 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