无机化学双语教学参考资料(下册)
Chapter One Nitrogen Family (Group Ⅴ)
Central contents:
1. Know the general properties of elements of the nitrogen group and inert electron pair effect
2. Know the reactions of ammonia, understand the thermal decomposition trend of ammonium
salts
3. Know the properties of nitrous acid and nitrites; understand the structure of nitric acid and
nitrate radical; understand the thermal decomposition trend of nitrates
4. Know well the properties of phosphoric acid and phosphates
5. Know the properties of oxides of As, Sb, Bi and their hydrates; understand the properties of
sulfides of As, Sb, Bi; know the trends of these compounds
6. Understand the properties of the salts of As, Sb, Bi
7. Understand the identification methods for NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO43- and Bi3+
Section One The General Properties of Elements of the Nitrogen Group
1. Know the following:
1) Valence shell configuration ns2np3
2) Nonmetal → metalloid → metal
3) Oxidation number: 0、+3、+5
4) Bonding character
2. Inert electron pair effect:
In the same group, the stability will increase from up to down when the elements have lower oxidation number; but the stability will decrease from up to down when the elements have higher oxidation number
Section Two Nitrogen and Its main Compounds
1.The properties of ammonia and ammonium salts 1) Physical properties of ammonia:
(1) Ammonia is a colorless gas with an exceedingly pungent ordor
(2) Readily soluble in the water, one volume H 2O can dissolve seven hundred volumes NH 3 (15mol·L -1)
(3) It condenses to a liquid at -33℃ at ambient pressure (25℃/9.9 atm)
(4) When liquid ammonia becomes gas, it will absorb a great deal of heat, so we can use it as a refrigeration reagent
(5) Liquid ammonia is in some ways similar to liquid water. Salts dissolve in ammonia to form conducting solutions, but solubilities are usually lower in ammonia than in water. Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia, and the solution is called liquid ammonia solution 2) Chemical properties of ammonia: (1)Addition reaction: H +, M n+, molecules NH 3 + H + → NH 4+
4NH 3 + Cu 2+ → [Cu(NH 3)4]2+ 2NH 3 + Ag + → [Ag(NH 3)2] + 8NH 3 + CaCl 2 →CaCl 2∙8NH 3
(2) Substitution reaction: One hydrogen atom is replaced: NaNH 2; two hydrogen atoms are replaced: Ag 2NH; three hydrogen atoms are replaced: Li 3N (3) Oxidation reaction: O 2, M x O y , X 2 4NH 3 + 3O 2 →C
0400 2N 2↑ + 6H 2O 4NH 3 + 5O 2 −−−→−-Rh
Pt C
0800 4NO↑ + 6H 2
O
2NH 3+3CuO
→
∆
3Cu +N 2↑ +3H 2O 2NH 3 + 3Cl 2 → N 2↑ + 6HCl 3) The properties of ammonium salts
