谈双语词典附录

《中国翻译词典》评介陈　菲 1997年11月,人们期待已久的《中国翻译词典》(以下简称《词典》)终于与我国读者见面了,这是译界的一件大事。

自从1978年改革开放以来,书坊上陆续出版了一些有关翻译理论、翻译技巧、翻译史、翻译人物与翻译评论等方面的书籍,在一定程度上解决了读者的需要,但仍然缺乏一种从全方位介绍翻译诸多方面知识、而且学术份量较重的综合性工具书。

《词典》的问世可说填补了这项空白,部分地满足了读者的需求。

《词典》(主编林煌天,副主编为陈彦田与袁锦翔)始编于1992年,经过许多专家学者六年的努力,最终由湖北教育出版社出版。

书中收词目3700余条,共245万字,1300多页(16开本)。

书的首部刊有季羡林、叶君健、叶水夫、韩素音等名家的序与贺信,以及词目音序表。

词目分综合条目与百家论翻译两大部分,正文后有7个附录:中国翻译大事记、外国翻译大事记、中国文学作品书名汉英对照目录(部分)、外国文学名著书名外汉对照目录(部分)、中国当代翻译论文索引、世界著名电影片名英汉对照索引、联合国及有关国际组织、职务和职称,国际文献与条约译名录。

书后有词目首字笔画索引。

其中综合条目是重头戏,收录了有关翻译理论、翻译技巧与术语、翻译人物、翻译史话、翻译知识、翻译与文化交流、翻译论著、翻译社团与出版机构等方面的条目。

该书涵盖广阔、阐述精要,说它是我国翻译界第一部全面介绍翻译知识的大型百科式工具书、参考书,并不为过。

首先,《词典》大力贯彻了推陈出新的方针。

它以大量篇幅展示我国传统的翻译理论与经验,介绍我国上下两千年的翻译史与主要翻译人物。

关于翻译的定义与性质、翻译标准、翻译思维、风格学等等词目都有简要的叙述。

书中分别评介了我国不同时期重要的翻译典籍,如[梁]僧的《出三藏记集》、[梁]慧皎的《高僧传》与[唐]智癉的《开元释教录》。

我国译史上重要的名论,如彦琮的《辩证论》、周敦义的《翻译名义序》、严复的《〈天演论〉译例言》、梁启超的《论译书》、鲁迅的《“题未定”草》、茅盾的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗》等篇也在不同的词条里得到了扼要的反映。

词典学术语abbreviation 缩略语abbreviative notation 缩略标记abridged 删节的，未足本的abridged dictionary节本词典abridgement 删节，节本absolute equivalent 绝对对应词absolute synonym 绝对同义词abusage 滥用abusive language 辱骂语academic dictionary 学术词典academic lexicography 学术词典学academy dictionary 学院词典accent mark 重音号acceptability 接受性acceptability rating 接受等级access alphabet 检索字母表access point 检索项access structure 检索结构acknowledges 致谢项acrolect 上层方言acronym 首字母缩略词active dictionary 积极词典，主动性词典active vocabulary 积极词汇adjectival noun 形容词性名词adjective complement 形容词性补语adjective compound 复合形容词adjunct 附加性副词adnominal 名词修饰语advanced searches 高级搜索affix 词缀affixation 词缀法，词缀词agglutinative language 黏着型语言alien word 外来词allomorph 语素变体allophone 音位变体allusion 典故alphabetic arrangement 字母顺序排列alphabetic order 字母顺序alphabetic sequence 字母顺序alphabetic writing 字母文字，拼音文字alphabetization 按字母顺序排列alphanumeric combination字母数字组合词alphapedia 字顺百科alternative lexicography 另类词典学ambiguity 歧义ambilogy 双关语amelioration of meaning 词义的扬升Americanism 美国词语，美式英语Ampersand &号（=and）analogical dictionary 类义词典analytic definition 分析式释义analytic language 分析型语言analytical ordering 分析排列angle brackets 尖括号animate noun 生物名词，动物名词anisomorphism 语言差异性antedating 早于已摘录文献的引语anthroponymy 人名学antidictionary 反动词典appendix 附录appreciative 赞赏的，褒义的appropriateness 得体性，适切性approximative equivalent 近义对等词arch 弓形符（即︵）archaic word 古词archaism 古体，古语archaizing dictionary 仿古词典archeography 古文献学archive 引语档案areal linguistics 区域语言学argot 黑话arrow 箭号article 词条，条目artificial language 人工语言asserted meaning 陈述意义association 联想association by contiguity 相邻联想association by contrast 对比联想association by similarity 类似联想association group 联想词群associational word 联想词associative meaning 联想意义asterisk 星号（*）at 单价号（@）attestation isolee 个别使用attributive adjective 修饰性形容词authentic example 真确性例证authentication 求证authenticity 真实性author dictionary 独编词典author’s dictionary 作家词典automatic lemmatization 自动归目automatic lexicography 自动词典学autosemantic word 自义词auxiliary verb 助动词back clipping 截尾缩略back matter 附录部分，后文back matter structure 附录结构back page material 后页材料back-formation 逆构词法backward dictionary 逆序词典，倒排词典barbarism 不纯正的词语，粗野语base 词基，词根base structure 基础结构base word 词目base-repeating 词根重叠释义法basic searches 基本搜索basic sense 基本义项basic vocabulary基本词汇basic word stock 基本词汇bias word 倾向性词语bias-free vocabulary 无偏见词汇biblical expression 圣经词语bibliography书目；目录学bidirectional dictionary 双向双语词典bifunctional dictionary 双功能词典big dictionary 大型词典bilingual dictionary 双语词典bilingual edition双解本，双解版bilingual learner’s dictionary双语学习词典bilingual lexicography双语词典学bilingual thesaurus 双语分类词典bilingualized dictionary双解词典biographical dictionary人名词典biographical entry人名条目biographical lexicography 人名词典学biographical sources传记资料blend 混成词，拼缀词blending 混成法，拼缀法；拼缀词bogey怪字bold-faced type 黑体字borrowed word 外借词borrowing 借词bound equivalent局限对应词bound form 黏附形式bound morpheme黏着词素bound root 黏着词根braces大括号brackets 方括号breve 短音符bridge dictionary桥接词典British National Corpus 英国国家语料库broad notation 宽式标音法broad transcription 宽式音标，宽式记音法browser 浏览器buying guide 购买指南cacography拼写错误cacology 用词不当calque仿照词canonical form 标准形式cant 隐语，黑话capital letter 大写字母caret 脱字号（^）casual style 随便语体，随意文本catachresis 词语误用catchword眉词，导词categorical diversity 范畴的差异性categorical equivalence范畴对应关系categorical identity 范畴一致性categorization 划分范畴，归类caution 提醒号CD-ROM dictionary光盘词典censorship 审查制度census 普查，调查centered period 分节点，音节号，中黑点（·）character dictionary 字典character set 字集check mark 核对号（√）children’s dictionary 儿童词典chronological dictionary 序时词典circular definition 循环释义circularity 循环释义，互训circumflex音调符号，长音符号circumlocution 迂回曲折表达法，遁词citation 引语，书证，例证citation file引例档案classificatory label 分类标注，类别标记clause idiom 成语性分句cliché陈词滥调clipped form 截短形式clipped word 截短词clipping 截短法close construction 封闭结构closed combination 封闭型组合closed corpus 封闭式语料库closed-class words 封闭性词类code 代码codification 编码coding代码化cognate 同源词cognitive meaning 认知意义coherence 连贯性co-hyponym 共下义词，共同受支配词coinage 新造词语coined term 新造术语coined word 新造词，新创词college dictionary大学词典collegiate dictionary 大学词典collocation 搭配（关系）collocational information 搭配信息collocative meaning 搭配意义colloquial language 口语colloquial standard 口语标准语colloquial word 口语词colloquialism 口语词colorpedia 彩图百科comb effect 梳子效应combinatory possibility 组合可能性combinatory variant 组合变体combining form 组合形式commercial dictionary 商业词典common core vocabulary 基本词汇，共有核心词汇common usage 普通用法common word 普通词compact dictionary 缩印词典compact edition 缩印版comparative lexicography 比较词典学compilation （词典）编纂compiler 编纂者compiler perspective编篡者视角complementaries互补反义词complete antonym完全反义词complete synonym完全同义词complex word复杂词componential analysis成分分析，义素分析composition合词法compound复合词compound word复合词，合成词compounding复合构词法comprehensive dictionary详解词典computational lexicography计算词典学computer lexicography计算机词典学conceptual connection概念联系conceptual dictionary概念词典conceptual meaning概念意义concise dictionary简明词典concordance语词索引confrontationist linguistics对照语言学conjunct 连接性副词connotation隐含意义；附加意义；内涵connotative meaning内涵意义connotative style咨询文体content word实义词context语境context definition语境释义法context of situation言语环境，情景语境contextual definition语境释义contextual function语境功能contextual meaning语境意义contextual theory语境理论contract word缩写词contracted form,contraction缩写contradictory term 对立性反义词contrast对称词contrastive analysis 对比分析contrastive linguistics 对比语言学conversion词类转化法conversive换位反义词cooccurrence 同现cooccurrence relation同现关系cooccurrence restriction同现限制cooccurrence-range搭配cooccurrent meaning共现意义copying in dictionaries词典抄借copyright版权core group核心词群core sense核心义项core vocabulary核心词汇core word核心词co-reference互见corpus语料库corpus composition语料库的组成corpus correction语料库矫正corpus-orient lexicography语料库技术词典学correction矫正correctness正确性count noun可数名词countable noun可数名词coverage覆盖度creole混合语creolized language混合语cross reference互参，互见，交互参照cross-classification交叉结构cross-reference structure参见结构cryptogram密码cryptology隐语cultivated spoken language有教养的口头语言cultivated usage优雅用法cultural borrowing文化借用cultural context文化环境cultural dictionary文化词典cultural guide文化向导cultural lexicography文化词典学cultural-bound lexical item文化局限词汇项cultural-bound term(word) 文化局限词cultural-loaded expression文化含义词cultural-specific vocabulary文化局限词汇culture- specific vocabulary文化局限词汇cuneiform,cuneiform writing楔形文字curtailed word缩短词cyclopedia百科全书cynicism挖苦语dagger剑号（┼）data bank数据库database数据库，资料库databases & audio-visual materials数据库与声像资料data-processing资料加工，数据处理dead affix废弃的词缀，废缀dead conjugation已经不用的词形变化形式dead language死语言dead metaphor死隐语dead word废词deadjective suffix附加于形容词的后缀deadjective verb来自形容词的动词declension（静词）词尾变化decode解码decoding dictionary解码词典decoding function 解码功能de-etymologization词源中断definiendum被下定义的词语，被释词目definiens(pl.definientia)下定义用的词语，释义defining dictionary释义词典defining vocabulary(DV)定义用词汇，定义用词汇总表definition释义，定义deflexion词尾消失degeneration of meaning词义的降格deictic field指示范围denominal adjective 来自名词的形容词denominal noun 来自名词的名词denominal suffix 附加于名词的后缀denominal verb来自名词的动词denotation所指意义，字面意义denotational meaning指称意义，所指意义denotative meaning外延意义denotatum(pl.denotata)所指客观对象density of entries词条密度derivation派生词；派生法derivation by zero suffix零位后缀派生法derivational affix派生词缀derivational antonym派生反义词derivational compound派生复合词derivational morpheme派生形素derivational suffix派生后缀derivative派生词derived form源出（<）derived sense派生义项derived stem派生词干deriving form派生形式derogatory贬损的，贬义的description描写descriptive dictionary描写性词典descriptive equivalent描写性对应词descriptive function描写功能descriptive trend描写性倾向descriptivism描写主义descriptor系索词，标志词designate定义，所指内容的组成designation指称意义designative word指称词designatum(pl.designata)所指内容desk dictionary案头词典desktop e-dictionary桌面电子词典desktop electronic-dictionary桌面电子词典deterioration of meaning词义降格，词义贬降determiner 限定词deverbal adjective来自于动词的形容词deverbal noun来自于动词的名词deverbal suffix附加于动词的后缀diachronic approach历时角度diachronic dictionary历时词典diacritic变音符，附加符号diacritic sign附加符号diacritical mark变音符，附加符号diacritical marking符号标音法dialect dictionary方言词典dialect lexicography方言词典学dialectism方言词语diction措词dictionary词典，字典dictionary awareness词典意识dictionary criticism词典批评dictionary culture词典文化dictionary family词典家族dictionary for comprehension理解型词典dictionary for production生成型词典dictionary for speakers of the source language源语用户词典dictionary for speakers of the target language目的语用户词典dictionary for translation翻译词典dictionary form词典形式dictionary history词典史dictionary lookup词典查检dictionary maker词典编篡者dictionary making词典编篡dictionary meaning词典意义dictionary of proverbs谚语词典dictionary of the literary language书面语词典dictionary of the spoken language口语词典dictionary proper正文部分dictionary research词典研究dictionary review词典评论dictionary structure词典结构dictionary text词典语篇dictionary typology词典类型学dictionary use词典使用dictionary user词典使用者dictionary with bilingual双解词典dictionary word词典词didactic function教导功能differentia specifica属差differentia (pl. differentiae)种差differential dictionary区别性词典differential linguistics区别语言学diglossia双语现象diglottic level双语现象的变体diminutive指小（词）diminutive suffix指小后缀directories of agencies机构指南disambiguation消除歧义discourse meaning话语意义discrimination辨异，词义辨析disjunct分离性副词distinctive feature区别性特征distributional analysis分布分析法ditransitive verb双宾语动词ditto“同上”号（″）division into syllables分音节DJ丹尼尔▪琼斯标音法domesticated word归化词dominant sense主要意义double brackets双方括号double check双核对号（√）double dagger 双剑号（╪）double scale组成一对的同义词double virgules双斜线号（//）doublet同源异体字echoic word拟声词edition版本editor编辑EFL lexicography英语作为外语的学习词典学electronic bilingual dictionary电子双语词典electronic dictionary电子词典electronic lexicography电子词典学elevation of meaning词义的扬升ellipsis省略号（…）ELT lexicography英语教学词典学emotive meaning 情感意义emotive overtone感情色彩empirical ordering经验排列enclitic后接词encode编码，组码encoding dictionary编码词典encoding function编码功能encyclopedia百科全书encyclopedia definition百科释义encyclopedic dictionary百科词典encyclopedic entry百科条目encyclopedic matter百科信息English Philological Society英语语文协会entailed meaning蕴含意义entry条目，词条entry pane条目窗entry word词目ephemeral word瞬息新词equivalent对应词equivalent analogue等值的对应体ESL(English as second language)作为第二语言的英语ethnolinguistic bilingual dictionary人类语言学双语词典etymological dictionary词源词典etymology词源（学）euphemism委婉语everyday expression日常用语example,example-sentence例句exclamation mark感叹号exegetic dictionary注释词典exemplification括注法explanatory definition解说式释义explanatory equivanlent解释对等词explanatory gloss解释性说明explicit cross-reference明示互参extended sense引申意义extension外延extension of meaning语义扩大extinct language 死语，死亡语extralinguistic context 语言外语境familiar style非正式文体family of languages 语系field场field theory 词场理论field label学科标注figurative meaning比喻意义figurative speech比喻语figurative-metaphorical比喻隐喻的figure of speech修辞格file资料档案files of citation引例档案filler-in填空词fist参见号fixed accent固定重音fixed collocation固定搭配fixed phrase 固定短语fixed stress固定重音fixed word-combination固定词组fixed word-order固定词序folk definition通俗释义folk etymology民俗词源，俗词源学folk speech民间语folk usage通俗用法folk-etymological民俗词源的forcing example强迫性例证foreign affix外来词缀foreign learner’s dictionary外国学习者词典foreign word外来词，外语词foreignism外来词语form of address称呼形式form speech正式言语form style正式文体form word 形式词format板式，开本formative构词成分formulaic definition程式释义four-letter word四字母语，粗俗词语frame(structure)框架（结构）free combination自由组合free morpheme自由语素free root自由词根free translation意译free variant自由变体free variation自由变异free word order自由词序French quotes法文引号，书名号frequency词频frequency word-book频率词表front and back clipping对词的首部与尾部的缩略front clipping对词的首部的缩略front matter前页部分front matter ,front page material前页，前页材料，（正文前的）材料frozen expression定型短语frozen style拘谨文体full homonym实足同形同音异义词full word实词，完全词function word功能词，虚词functional equivalent功能等值functional label功能标注functional language功能语言functional marker功能标记functional typology功能分类法functional varieties功能变体functional word功能词，虚词fuzzy terms模糊词语gazetteer地名索引，地名词典gem dictionary珍宝词典，精选词典general concordance普通词表general dictionary通用词典；普通词典generalization of meaning词的普遍化general-purpose bilingual dictionary综合性双语词典，通用双语词典general-purpose dictionary综合性（语文）词典general-purpose English dictionary综合性英语词典generative dictionary生成词典generic term类属词genus总属genus proximum近种geographical dictionary地理词典geographical entry地理条目geographical sources地理资料ghostword鬼词，别字giving synonyms同义词释义gleaning补遗gloss夹注，注释glossary注释词表，术语汇编glueword连接词gobbledygook官样文章Gothic writing哥特体字，黑体字governed word受支配词governing word支配词government publications政府出版物gradable adjective等级形容词grammar语法grammatical bound meaning受语法限制的意义grammatical coding语法代码grammatical collocation语法搭配grammatical context语法语境grammatical function语法功能grammatical information语法信息grammatical labeling语法代码grammatical marker语法标记grammatical motivation语法理据grammatical pattern语法模式grammatical sequence语法序列grammatically-partial word虚词graphic illustration插图，图解graphic substance形的实体graphic symbol书写符号guide word眉题，向导词habitual collocation习惯性搭配habitual co-occurrence习惯性同现handheld electronic dictionary掌上电子词典haplography掉字，漏写hard word难词head phrase词条headword词目heavy-duty word重负荷词hesitation-form犹豫形式hierarchical structure层级结构hierarchical system层级系统hieroglyphic writing象形文字high word 高位词historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical dictionary（按历史原则编写的）历史词典historical lexicography历史词典学historical ordering 历史排列historical principle历史性原则historism历史词语homograph同形异义词homography同形异义homonym同音异义词，同形异义词homonymy同音异义，同形异义homophone mark同音号humorous幽默的hybrid混合词hybrid language 混杂词hybrid word混合词，杂交词hyperonym总义词hypersemanticized discourse超语义化的说法hyphen连字符；隔音号hyphenated name连号hyphenation断词hyphenation routine连字法规则hypocoristic form爱称形式hypocoristic word爱称词hyponym下义词hyponymy下义关系identifying indication识别性说明ideogram表意文字ideographic symble表意符号ideographic writing表意文字ideography表意文字研究ideographical dictionary概念词典，义类词典ideographical function意识功能idiom习语，成语idiomatic expression习惯性词语idiomatic usage习惯用法idiomatics习语学，成语学illiterate language 文盲用语illustration插图，例证illustrative citation例证，引证illustrative example说明性例句；例证illustrative quotation例证imitation binding仿古装帧imitative semantic change语义变化模仿immediate postpositive直接后置形容词implicative method隐含法implicit cross-reference暗示互参impolite word不礼貌用语imposition强加inappropriate不得体的indention缩格index索引index verborum词语出处索引indexation索引检索indexes & abstracts索引与摘要indexing language索引语言infix中缀inflected language屈折语inflection屈折变化inflectional affix屈折词缀inflectional language屈折语inflectional morpheme屈折词素inflectional variant屈折变体inflective language屈折语inflexion 屈折变化inflexional ending词尾屈折inflexional language屈折语inflexional series屈折序列inflexional suffix屈折后缀informal style非正式文体informant语言调查合作人information card背景资料卡information category信息范畴information retrieval language情报检索语言informative dictionary知识性词典initial inflexion开首屈折initial part词首部分initialism首字母连写词inkhorn term学究气的用语innovation新造词insertible equivalent可插入对应词instruction manual说明手册instrument language古今语言instrumental case工具格intensifier强调成分interactive dictionary交互词典interface language接口语言interjection感叹词interlingual dictionary语际词典interlingual interference语际障碍interlingual purism语际语言纯正主义International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)国际音标，国际音标注音法internationalism国际词intimate style亲昵语体intralingual purism内部语言纯正主义introspective example自省性例证invented example自造词irregular inflection不规则屈折形式italic斜体字italic bold-face type斜黑体jargon行话KK KK音标koine共通语，共同语language for specific purposes专门用途语言language notes语言说明language transfer语言迁移language typology语言类型学langue 语言，语言系统latent word潜在词Latinism拉丁词语learned word文言词learner’s dictionary学生词典lemma词目lemma unit词目单位letter-by-letter arrangement纯字母排列法lexeme词汇单位；词位，词素，词项lexical词汇的，语词的lexical ambiguity词汇歧义；词汇模糊性lexical collocation词汇搭配lexical context词汇语境lexical density词汇密度lexical entry词项，语词条目lexical equivalent词义对应词lexical expression词汇表达方式lexical field词汇场lexical gap词汇空缺lexical grammar词汇语法lexical item词汇单位；词位，词素，词项lexical meaning词汇意义lexical set 词群，词集lexical stock词汇总库lexical unit词汇单位lexical word词汇词lexicographer词典学家，词典编篡者lexicographese词典用语lexicographic context词典语境lexicography词典学，词典编篡，词典编篡学lexicology词汇学lexicon词典（尤指古代语言的词典）；词库ligature连音符lingua franca混合语，通用语，交际语linguistic context语言语境linguistic dictionary语文词典linguistic matter语言信息linguistic typology硬译分类学linguistics across culture跨文化语言学literal error排字错误，印刷错误literal meaning字面意义literal translation直译，硬译literary书面语literary language文学语言literary standard文学标准语literary word书面词语live suffix活后缀living affix现在通用的词缀living conjugation“活”的（词形）变化living language现用语言，活语言living word现在通用的词汇loan blend借词混成词，借词拼缀词loan shift转用借词loan translation翻译借词，仿译词loan word借词，外来词local dialect地方方言locution措词logical definition逻辑式定义logical ordering逻辑排列logographic lexicon字典logography速记符long vowel长元音lower-case letter小写字母（印刷用语）LSP lexicography专业英语词典学machine-readable dictionary机读词典machine-aided lexicography机助词典学macro-lexicography宏观词典学macron长音符（加在元音上的“-”）macrostructure宏观结构made-up example自造例main word主导词majuscule大写字母makeshift language代用语言malformation构词错误，误构manual手册maps & atlases地图与地图集marginal meaning外延意义mark,marker标记master index总索引meaning意义meaning discrimination词义辨析meaning-oriented principle意义中心原则means of access检索途径measure adjective度量形容词measure noun度量名词mechanical dictionary电脑词典mediostructure中间结构medium dictionary中型词典megastruture整体结构metalanguage元语言metalexicography元词典学metaphor隐喻metaphoric meaning比喻意义，喻义metaplasm词形变异methodology方法论metonymy换喻，转喻microcontext微观语境microglossary微词典microlexicography微观词典学microstructure微观结构middle matter正文部分midline dot分节点mixed language混合语modal verb情态动词mode式momentary event verb瞬间动作动词monolingual dictionary单语词典monolingual lexicography单语词典学monosemic word单义词monosemy单义性moribund language垂死语言morpheme语素morpheme word语素词morphemic arrangement语素顺序排列morphemic dictionary词素词典morphemical mark形态符号morphology词法morphology label词法标注mother tongue negative transfer母语负迁移motional verb动作动词motivated word有理据的词motivation of word词的理据multi-lingual dictionary多语词典multilingual lexicography多语词典学multi-media dictionary多媒体词典multiword lexical unit多单词词位，复词词汇单位narrow Romic严式罗密克音标narrow transcription严式音标，窄式记音法narrowed meaning狭义narrowing词义缩小native affix本族词缀native language本族语native speaker说本族语的人native speaker’s dictionary本族语词典native word本族词natural language自然语言near-synonym近义词negative transfer负迁移neoclassic formation新古典词的构词法neoclassic word新古典词neologism新词nest(ing)派生词群nest-alphabetic method词集字母排列法nil-equivalent零对应词，无对应词noetics义位学nomenclature术语集nominal definition名目定义nonce-word临时词non-designative非指称词non-echoic word非拟声词non-gradable adjective非等级形容词non-historical dictionary非历史词典non-insertible equivalent非插入对应词non-productive无构词能力的non-restrictive collocation非限制性搭配nonstandard非标准（用语）normal dictionary传统词典normative dictionary规范词典normative lexicography规范性词典学notional passive意义上被动notional system概念系统notional word实义词noun名词noun adjunct附加名词noun cluster名词词组noun compound复合名词noun of multitude群体名词noun-drivative派生名词now rare目前少用nuance细微差别numbered clause分节号（§）numeral数词object宾语object language目的语，对象语言obsolescent陈旧的obsolete已废的obsolete affix废缀obsolete word 旧词obsoletism 已废弃的词语one-phrase definition单一短语释义法one-to-one correspondence一一对应one-to-one equivalent一一对等on-line dictionary在线词典，网络词典onomasiological gap词汇空缺；名称空缺onomasiology定名学onomasticon专名词典onomatopoeic word拟声词open combination开放型组合open corpus开放式语料库open-class words开放性词类opposite meaning对立意义optional variant随意变体oratorical style演说文体ordinal number序数词ordinals序数词orthographic criterion书写标准orthographic syllable拼法音节orthography正字法，拼写法ostensive definition直观定义ostensive definition直观释义法output language输出语outside matter正文外部分overall-descriptive dictionary全面描写词典over-defining过度释义P marker短语标记pagination页码检索paper dictionary纸质词典paradigm（名词、动词等的）词形变化表paragraph分节号（§）；段落；段落号（▪）parallel bars平行号（║）parent language 母语，源语parentheses圆括号parole言语paronym形似词partial conversion部分词类转化partial equivalent部分对应词partial homonym部分同音同形异义词participle分词particle小品词，语助词parts of speech词类parts-of-speech label词性标注passive dictionary被动型词典，消极词典patois土话pedagogical dictionary教学词典pedagogical lexicography教学词典学pejorative轻蔑词pejorative epithet表贬损的修饰语pejorative suffix贬义后缀perfect antonym完全反义词perfect equivalence完全对等perfect equivalent完全对等词perfect homonym完全同音同形异义词period句号period dictionary断代词典period lexicography断代词典学peripheral kinds of vocabulary边缘性词汇peripheral language外围语periphrastic definition迂回定义peroration of meaning词义的降格personal suffix人称后缀phantom word幻象词phenomenological typology现象分类法philological bilingual dictionary语文学双语词典philological dictionary语文词典philology语文学phoneme音位，音素phonemic notation音标，音位标音法phonemic transcription音位标音phonemic word音位词phonemics音位学，音素学phonetic acronym语音缩写词phonetic alphabet音标，语音字母phonetic change语音演变phonetic convergence音变的汇合phonetic hyphen隔音号（-）phonetic motivation拟声理据phonetic pattern语音模式phonetic spelling表音拼写法phonetic syllable语音音节phonetic symbol音标，音符phonetic transcription注音，标音法phonetic writing拼音文字phoneticism音标拼词法phonographic alphabet表音字母phonology音系学，音位学phrasal verb短语动词phrase短语，词组phrase clipping短语略写phrase idiom惯用短语phrase marker短语标记phraseological dictionary熟语词典phraseological lexicography熟语词典学phraseology熟语，熟语集phrasing措词pictograph象形文字pictographic writing图画文字pictorial arrangement图式顺序排列pictorial dictionary图画词典pictorial illustration插图pidgin混杂语pidgin English洋泾浜英语plurality复数性，多重性plurilingual多语种的plurilingualism多语制pocket dictionary袖珍词典pocket electronic dictionary掌上电子词典poetic word诗歌用语poetical archaic word诗用古词poetry诗体poetism诗体词语polite formulas礼貌套语polylingual多语种的polylingual dictionary多语种对照词典polylingualism多语制polyseme,polysemous word多义词（现象）polysemy多义现象，一词多义polysyllable多音节词polytechnic dictionary科技词典popular etymology俗词源学popular language俗语popular word俗语词portmanteau word紧缩词post-modifier后置修饰语postpositive后置形容词pragmalinguistics语用语言学pragmatic analysis语用分析pragmatic equivalent语用对应词pragmatic failure语用失误pragmatics语用学predeterminer前置限定词predicative表语preface序言prefix前缀prefixation加前缀premodifier前置修饰语prescriptive规范性的prescriptive dictionary规范词典prescriptive grammar规定语法prescriptive lexicography规定性词典学prescriptive trend规定性倾向prescriptivism规定主义present participle现在分词presentational affix表义词缀presentational or tectonic typology表述（或构造）分类法primary accent主重音primary linguistic data第一手语言资料primary meaning本义primitive原始词principal language主体语言print dictionary印刷型词典printing印刷proclitic后接发音词productive activity（说、写等）产出性活动productive affix有派生能力的词缀，派生词缀productive bilingual dictionary能产性双语词典productive dictionary产出型词典productive function产出功能productivity能产性pronominal adjective代词性形容词pronouncing dictionary发音词典pronunciation key发音表prototype原型proverb谚语provincial standard地方标准punctuation mark标点符号punning双关语purism语言纯正主义purrword褒词quadrilingual dictionary四语词典quasi-normative bilingual dictionary准规范化双语词典quasi-synonym准同义词quasi-synoymous word准同义词questionnaire问卷，调查表quotation书证quotation mark引号radiation（词义的）辐射radical词根，部首radical flexion词根屈折radical language词根语radical sense原始义range of application使用范围range of collocation搭配范围rare罕用reading programme阅读项目real definition真实定义realization体现关系Received Pronunciation (RP)标准发音receptive activity接收活动receptive function接收功能receptor language接收语reciprocal dictionary互补词典reciprocal relation相互关系reduced entry减缩词条reduplication重叠reduplicative word重叠词reference 参见reference book工具书reference dictionary查考型词典reference matter检索信息reference mark检索符号reference need检索目的reference skill检索技巧reference unit检索单位referent所指事物，词目所指的对象referential definition所指释义referential meaning information所指意义referential pragmatics指代语用学referential symbolism所指符号refinement修饰reflected meaning发射意义regional word地区性词regionalism区域词语register域register label语域标注relational word关系词relative synonym相对同义词，近义词reroute重新查找respelling schemes重拼法respelling system重拼发音符号系统restricted language限制性语言restriction of meaning词义的限制restrictive collocation限制性搭配reverse dictionary逆序词典rheme述位rhyming dictionary音韵词典Roman type正体字root词根root antonym词根反义词root inflexion词根屈折root form词根形式，根式round brackets圆括号runic writing北欧古代文字running head向导词run-on (entry)副词目，内词条sandhi连读变音scholarly dictionary学术词典schoolboy slang学生俚语scientific terminology科技术语search检索，搜索searching window检索窗secondary accent次重音，次重音号secondary compound二次复合词secondary derivative次派生词secondary language第二语言secondary meaning次要意义secondary morpheme-word次语素词secondary phoneme次音位secondary stress次重音segmental dictionary部分语词词典，特种语词词典selection of entries (articles)选条selection of head characters选字selection of headwords选词selection preference选择倾向selection restriction选择限制sell-aware form自觉形式semantic affinity语义一致semantic arrangement语义顺序排列semantic coincidence语义重合semantic component语义成分semantic condensation语义缩合semantic contradiction语义矛盾semantic contrast语义对比semantic criterion语义标准semantic dictionary主题词典semantic divergence词义分化semantic extension语义扩展semantic factor语义因素semantic field语义场semantic function语义功能semantic glosses语义注释semantic inclusion语义包容semantic intersection语义交叉semantic marker语义标记semantic motivation语义理据semantic properties语义特征semantic prototype model语义原型模式semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学sememe义素semi-bilingual半双解semicolon分号semiology,semiotics符号学semi-unabridged dictionary半足本词典sense义项sense discrimination义项区分sense relation义项关系sentence connector连接词sentence idiom成语性句子sentence pattern句型sentence substitute替代词。

词典学术语abbreviation 缩略语abbreviative notation 缩略标记abridged 删节的，未足本的abridged dictionary节本词典abridgement 删节，节本absolute equivelent 绝对对应词absolute synonym 绝对同义词abusage 滥用abusive language 辱骂语academic dictionary 学术词典academic lexicography 学术词典学academy dictionary 学院词典accent mark 重音号acceptability 接受性acceptability rating 接受等级access alphabet 检索字母表access point 检索项access structure 检索结构acknowledges 致谢项acrolect 上层方言acronym 首字母缩略词active dictionary 积极词典，主动性词典active vacabulary 积极词汇adjectival noun 形容词性adjective complement 形容词性补语adjective compound 复合形容词adjunct 附加性副词adnominal 名词修饰语advanced searches 高级搜索affix 词缀affixation 词缀法，词缀词agglutinative language 黏着型语言alien word 外来词allomorph 语素变体allophone 音位变体allusion 典故alphabetic arrangement 字母顺序排列alphabetic order 字母顺序alphabetic senquence 字母顺序alphabetic writing 字母文字，拼音文字alphabetization 按字母顺序排列alphanumeric combination字母数字组合词alphapedia 字顺百科alternative lexicography 另类词典ambiguity 歧义ambilogy 双关语amelioration of meaning 词义的扬升Americanism 美国词语，美式英语Ampersand &号（=and）analogical dictionary 类义词典analytic definition 分析式释义analytic language 分析型语言analytical ordering 分析排列angle brackets 尖括号animate noun 生物名词，动物名词anisomorphism 语言差异性antedating 早于已摘录文献的引语anthroponymy 人名学antidictionary 发动词典appendix 附录appreciative 赞赏的，褒义的appropriateness 得体性，适切性approximative equivalent 近义对等词arch 弓形符（即︵）archaic word 古词archaism 古体，古语archaizing dictionary 仿古词典archeography 古文献学archive 引语档案areal linguistics 区域语言学argot 黑话arrow 箭号article 词条，条目artificial language 人工语言asserted meaning 陈述意义association 联想association by contiguity 相邻联想association by contrast 对比联想association by similarity 类似联想association group 联想词群associational word 联想词associative meaning 联想意义asterisk 星号（*）at 单价号（@）attestation isolee 个别使用attributive adjective 修饰性形容词authentic example 真确性例证authentication 求证authenticity 真实性author dictionary 独编词典author’s dictionary 作家词典automatic lemmatization 自动归目automatic lexicography 自动词典学autosemantic word 自义词auxiliary verb 助动词back clipping 截尾缩略back matter 附录部分，后文back matter structure 附录结构back page material 后页材料back-formation 逆构词法backward dictionary 逆序词典，倒排词典barbarism 不纯正的词语，粗野语base 词基，词根base structure 基础结构base word 词目base-repeating 词根重叠释义法basic searches 基本搜索basic sense 基本义项basic vocabulary基本词汇basic word stock 基本词汇bias word 倾向性词语bias-free vocabulary 无偏见词汇biblical expression 圣经词语bibliography书目；目录学bidirectional dictionary 双向双语词典bifunctional dictionary 双功能词典big dictionary 大型词典bilingual dictionary 双语词典bilingual edition双解本，双解版bilingual learner’s dictionary双语学习词典bilingual lexicography双语词典学bilingual thesaurus 双语分类词典bilingualized dictionary双解词典biographical dictionary人名词典biographical entry人名条目biographical lexicography 人名词典学biographical sources传记资料blend 混成词，拼缀词blending 混成法，拼缀法；拼缀词bogey怪字bold-faced type 黑体字borrowed word 外借词borrowing 借词bound equivalent局限对应词bound form 黏附形式bound morpheme黏着词素bound root 黏着词根braces大括号brackets 方括号breve 短音符bridge dictionary桥接词典British National Corpus 英国国家语料库broad notation 宽式标音法broad transcription 宽式音标，宽式记音法browser 浏览器buying guide 购买指南cacography拼写错误cacology 用词不当calque仿照词canonical form 标准形式cant 隐语，黑话capital letter 大写字母caret 脱字号（^）casual style 随便语体，随意文本catachresis 词语误用catchword眉词，导词categorical diversity 范畴的差异性categorical equivanlence范畴对应关系categorical identity 范畴一致性categorization 划分范畴，归类caution 提醒号CD-ROM dictionary光盘词典censorship 审查制度census 普查，调查centered period 分节点，音节号，中黑点（·）character dictionary 字典character set 字集check mark 核对号（√）children’s dictionary 儿童词典chronological dictionary 序时词典circular definition 循环释义circularity 循环释义，互训circumflex音调符号，长音符号circumlocution 迂回曲折表达法，遁词citation 引语，书证，例证citation file引例档案classificatory label 分类标注，类别标记clause idiom 成语性分句cliché陈词滥调clipped form 截短形式clipped word 截短词clipping 截短法close construction 封闭结构closed combination 封闭型组合closed corpus 封闭式语料库closed-class words 封闭性词类code 代码codification 编码coding代码化cognate 同源词cognitive meaning 人知意义coherence 连贯性co-hyponym 共下义词，共同受支配词coinage 新造词语coined term 新造术语coined word 新造词，新创词college dictionary大学词典collegiate dictionary 大学词典collocation 搭配（关系）collocatiinal information 搭配信息collocative meaning 搭配意义colloquial language 口语colloquial standard 口语标准语colloquial word 口语词colloquialism 口语词colorpedia 彩图百科comb effect 梳子效应combinatory possibility 组合可能性combinatory variant 组合变体combining form 组合形式commercial dictionary 商业词典common core vocabulary 基本词汇，共有核心词汇common usage 普通用法common word 普通词compact dictionary 缩印词典compact edition 缩印版comparative lexicography 比较词典学compilation （词典）编撰compiler 编撰者compiler perspective编篡者视角complementaries互补反义词complete antonym完全反义词complete synonym完全同义词complex word复杂词componential analysis成分分析，义素分析composition合词法compound复合词compound word复合词，合成词compounding复合构词法comprehensive dictionary详解词典computational lexicography计算词典学computer lexicography计算机词典学conceptual connection概念联系conceptual dictionary概念词典conceptual meaning概念意义concise dictionary简明词典concordance语词索引confrontationist linguistics对照语言学conjunct 连接性副词connotat隐含意义；附加意义；内涵ion connotative内涵意义meaning connotative style咨询文体content word实义词context语境context definition语境释义法context of situation言语环境，情景语境contextual definition语境释义contextual function语境功能contextual meaning语境意义contextual theory语境理论contract word缩写词contracted form,contraction缩写contradictory term 对立性反义词contrastcontrastive analysis对称词contrastive linguistics对比分析conversion词类转化法conversive换位反义词coocurrence 同现coocurrence relation同现关系coocurrence restriction同现限制coocurrence-range搭配coocurrent meaning共现意义copying in dictionaries词典抄借copyright版权core group核心词群core sense核心义项core vocabulary核心词汇core word核心词co-reference互见corpus语料库corpus composition语料库的组成corpus correction语料库矫正corpus-orient lexicography语料库技术词典学correction矫正correctness正确性count noun可数名词countable noun可数名词coverage覆盖度creole混合语creolized language混合语cross reference互参，互见，交互参照crass-classification交叉结构cross-reference structure参见结构cryptogram密码cryptology隐语cultivated spoken language有教养的口头语言cultivated usage优雅用法cultural borrowing文化借用cultural context文化环境cultural dictionary文化词典cultural guide文化向导cultural lexicography文化词典学cultural-bound lexical item文化局限词汇项cultural-bound term(word) 文化局限词cultural-loaded expression文化含义词cultural-specific vocabulary文化局限词汇culture- specific vocabulary文化局限词汇cuneiform,cuneiform writing楔形文字curtailed word缩短词cyclopedia百科全书cynicism挖苦语dagger剑号（┼）data bank数据库database数据库，资料库databases & audio-visual materials数据库与声像资料data-processing资料加工，数据处理dead affix废弃的词缀，废缀dead conjugation已经不用的词形变化形式dead language死语言dead metaphor死隐语dead word废词deadjective suffix附加于形容词的后缀deadjective verb来自形容词的动词declension（静词）词尾变化decode解码decoding dictionary解码词典decoding function 解码功能de-etymologization词源中断definiendum被下定义的词语，被释词目definiens(pl.definientia)下定义用的词语，释义defining dictionary释义词典defining vocabulary(DV)定义用词汇，定义用词汇总表definition释义，定义deflexion词尾消失degeneration of meaning词义的降格deictic field指示范围denominal adjective 来自名词的形容词denominal noun 来自名词的名词denominal suffix 附加于名词的后缀denominal verb来自名词的动词denotation所指意义，字面意义denotational meaning指称意义，所指意义denotative meaning外延意义denotatum(pl.denotata)所指客观对象density of entries词条密度derivation派生词；派生法derivation by zero suffix零位后缀派生法derivational affix派生词缀derivational antonym派生反义词derivational compound派生复合词derivational morpheme派生形素derivational suffix派生后缀derivative派生词derived form源出（<）derived sense派生义项derived stem派生词干deriving form派生形式derogatory贬损的，贬义的description描写descriptive dictionary描写性词典descriptive equivalent描写性对应词descriptive function描写功能descriptive trend描写性倾向descriptivism描写主义descriptor系索词，标志词designate定义，所指内容的组成designation指称意义designative word指称词designatum(pl.designata)所指内容desk dictionary案头词典desktop e-dictionary桌面电子词典desktop electronic-dictionary桌面电子词典deterioration of meaning词义降格，词义贬降determiner 限定词deverbal adjective来自于动词的形容词deverbal noun来自于动词的名词deverbal suffix附加于动词的后缀daochronic approach历时角度diachronic dictionary历时词典diacritic变音符，附加符号diacritic sign附加符号diacritical mark变音符，附加符号diacritical marking符号标音法dialect dictionary方言词典dialect lexicography方言词典学dialectism方言词语diction措词dictionary词典，字典dictionary awareness词典意识dictionary criticism词典批评dictionary culture词典文化dictionary family词典家族dictionary for comprehension理解型词典dictionary for production生成型词典dictionary for speakers of the sourcelanguage源语用户词典dictionary for speakers of the target language目的语用户词典dictionary for translation翻译词典dictionary form词典形式dictionary history词典史dictionary lookup词典查检dictionary maker词典编篡者dictionary making词典编篡dictionary meaning词典意义dictionary of proverbs谚语词典dictionary of the literary language书面语词典dictionary of the spoken language口语词典dictionary proper正文部分dictionary research词典研究dictionary review词典评论dictionary structure词典结构dictionary text词典语篇dictionary typology词典类型学dictionary use词典使用dictionary user词典使用者dictionary with bilingua双解词典l dictionary word词典词didactic function教导功能differentia specifica属差differentia (pl. differentiae)种差differential dictionary区别性词典differential linguist区别语言学ics diglossia双语现象diglottic level双语现象的变体diminutive指小（词）diminutive suffix指小后缀directries of agencies机构指南disambiguation消除歧义discourse meaning话语意义discrimination辨异，词义辨析disjunct分离性副词distinctive feature区别性特征distributional analysis分布分析法ditransitive verb双宾语动词ditto“同上”号（″）division into syllables分音节DJ丹尼尔▪琼斯标音法domesticated word归化词dominant sense主要意义double brackets双方括号double check双核对号（√）double dagger 双剑号（╪）double scale组成一对的同义词double virgules双斜线号（//）doublet同源异体字echoic word拟声词edition版本editor编辑EFL lexicography英语作为外语的学习词典学Electronic bilingual dictionary电子双语词典Electronic dictionary电子词典Electronic lexicography电子词典学elevation of meaning词义的扬升ellipsis省略号（…）ELT lexicography英语教学词典学emotive meaning 情感意义emotive overtune感情色彩empirical ordering经验排列enclitic后接词encode编码，组码encoding dictionary编码词典encoding function编码功能encyclopedia百科全书encyclopedia definition百科释义encyclopedia dictionary百科词典encyclopedia entry百科条目encyclopedic matter百科信息English Philological Society英语语文协会entailed meaning蕴含意义entry条目，词条entry pane条目窗entry word词目ephemeral word瞬息新词equivalent对应词equivalent analogue等值的对应体ESL(English as second language)作为第二语言的英语ethnolinguistic bilingual dictionary人类语言学双语词典etymological dictionary词源词典etymology词源（学）euphemism委婉语everyday expression日常用语example,example-sentence例句exclamation mark感叹号exegetic dictionary注释词典exemplification括注法explanatory definition解说式释义explanatory equivanlent解释对等词explalatory gloss解释性说明explicit cross-reference明示互参extended sense引申意义extension外延extension of meaning语义扩大extinct language 死语，死亡语extralinguistic context 语言外语境familiar style非正式文体family of languages 语系field场field theory 词场理论field label学科标注figurative meaning比喻意义figurative speech比喻语figurative-metaphorical比喻隐喻的figure of speech修辞格file资料档案files of citation引例档案filler-in填空词fist参见号fixed accent固定重音fixed collocation固定搭配fixed phrase 固定短语fixed stress固定重音fixed word-combination固定词组fixed word-order固定词序folk definition通俗释义folk etymology民俗词源，俗词源学folk speech民间语folk usage通俗用法folk-etymological民俗词源的forcing example强迫性例证foreign affix外来词缀foreign learner’s dictionary外国学习者词典foreign word外来词，外语词foreignism外来词语form of address称呼形式form speech正式言语form style正式文体form word 形式词format板式，开本formative构词成分formulaic definition程式释义four-letter word四字母语，粗俗词语frame(structure)框架（结构）free combination自由组合free morpheme自由语素free root自由词根free translation意译free variant自由变体free variation自由变异free word order自由词序French quotes法文引号，书名号frequency词频frequency word-book频率词表front and back clipping对词的首部与尾部的缩略front clipping对词的首部的缩略front matter前页部分front matter ,front page material前页，前页材料，（正文前的）材料frozen expression定型短语froxen style拘谨文体full homonym实足同形同音异义词full word实词，完全词function word功能词，虚词functional equivalent功能等值functional label功能标注functional language功能语言functional marker功能标记functional typology功能分类法functional variaties功能变体functional word功能词，虚词fuzzy terms模糊词语gazetteeer地名索引，地名词典gem dictionary珍宝词典，精选词典general concordance普通词表general dictionary通用词典；普通词典generalization of meaning词的普遍化general-purpose bilingual dictionary综合性双语词典，通用双语词典general-purpose dictionary综合性（语文）词典general-purpose English综合性英语词典generative dictionary生成词典generic term类属词genus总属genus proximum近种geographical dictionary地理词典geographical entry地理条目geographical sources地理资料ghostword鬼词，别字giving synonyms同义词释义gleaning补遗gloss夹注，注释glossary注释词表，术语汇编glueword连接词gobbledygook官样文章Gothic writing哥特体字，黑体字governed word受支配词governing word支配词government publications政府出版物gradable adjective等级形容词grammar语法grammatical bound meaning受语法限制的意义grammatical coding语法代码grammatical collocation语法搭配grammatical context语法语境grammatical function语法功能grammatical information语法信息grammatical labeling语法代码grammatical marker语法标记grammatical motivation语法理据grammatical pattern语法模式grammatical sequence语法序列grammatically-partial word虚词graphic illustration插图，图解graphic substance形的实体graphic symbol书写符号guide word眉题，向导词habitual collocation习惯性搭配habitual co-occurrence习惯性同现handheld electronic dictionary掌上电子词典haplography掉字，漏写hard word难词head phrase词条hradword词目heavy-duty word重负荷词hesitation-form犹豫形式hierarchical structure层级结构hierarchical system层级系统hieroglyphic writing象形文字high word 高位词historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical dictionary（按历史原则编写的）历史词典historical lexicography历史词典学historical ordering 历史排列historical principle历史性原则historism历史词语homograph同形异义词homography同形异义homonym同音异义词，同形异义词homonymy同音异义，同形异义homophone mark同音号humorous幽默的hybrid混合词hybrid language 混杂词hybrid word混合词，杂交词hyperonym总义词hypersemanticized discourse超语义化的说法hyphen连字符；隔音号hyphenated name连号hyphenation断词hyphenation routine连字法规则hypocoristic form爱称形式hypocoristic word爱称词hyponym下义词hyponymy下义关系identifying indication识别性说明ideogram表意文字ideographic symble表意符号ideographic writing表意文字ideography表意文字研究ideographical dictionary概念词典，义类词典ideographical function意识功能idiom习语，成语idiomatic expression习惯性词语idiomatic usage习惯用法idiomatics习语学，成语学illiterate language 文盲用语illustration插图，例证illustrative citation例证，引证illustrative example说明性例句；例证illustrative quotation例证imitation binding仿古装帧imitative semantic change语义变化模仿immediate postpositive直接后置形容词implicative method隐含法implicit cross-reference暗示互参implite word不礼貌用语imposition强加inappropriate不得体的indention缩格index索引index verborum词语出处索引indexation索引检索indexes & abstracts索引与摘要indexing language索引语言infix中缀inflected language屈折语inflection屈折变化inflectional affix屈折词缀inflectional language屈折语inflectional morpheme屈折词素inflectional variant屈折变体inflective language屈折语inflexion 屈折变化inflexional ending词尾屈折inflexional language屈折语inflexional series屈折序列inflexional suffix屈折后缀informal style非正式文体informant语言调查合作人information card背景资料卡information category信息范畴information retrieval language情报检索语言informative dictionary知识性词典initial inflexion开首屈折initial part词首部分initialism首字母连写词inkhorn term学究气的用语innovation新造词insertible equivalent可插入对应词instruction manual说明手册instrument language古今语言instrumental case工具格intensifier强调成分interactive dictionary交互词典interface language接口语言interjection感叹词interlingual dictionary语际词典interlingual interference语际障碍interlingual purism语际语言纯正主义International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)国际音标，国际音标注音法Internationalism国际词intimate style亲昵语体intralingual purism内部语言纯正主义introspective example自省性例证invented example自造词irregular inflection不规则屈折形式italic斜体字italic bold-face type斜黑体jargon行话KK KK音标koine共通语，共同语language for specific purposes专门用途语言language notes语言说明language transfer语言迁移language typology语言类型学langue 语言，语言系统latent word潜在词Latinism拉丁词语learned word文言词learner’s dictionary学生词典lemma词目lemma unit词目单位latter-by-letter arrangement纯字母排列法lexeme词汇单位；词位，词素，词项lexical词汇的，语词的lexical ambiguity词汇歧义；词汇模糊性lexical collocation词汇搭配lexical context词汇语境lexical density词汇密度lexical entry词项，语词条目lexical equivalent词义对应词lexical expression词汇表达方式lexical field词汇场lexical gap词汇空缺lexical grammar词汇语法lexical item词汇单位；词位，词素，词项lexical meaning词汇意义lexical set 词群，词集lexical stock词汇总库lexical unit词汇单位lexical word词汇词lexicographer词典学家，词典编篡者lexicographese词典用语lexicographic context词典语境lexicography词典学，词典编篡，词典编篡学lexicology词汇学lexicon词典（尤指古代语言的词典）；词库ligature连音符lingua franca混合语，通用语，交际语linguistic context语言语境linguistic dictionary语文词典linguistic matter语言信息linguistic typology硬译分类学linguistics across culture跨文化语言学literal error排字错误，印刷错误literal meaning字面意义literal translation直译，硬译literary书面语literary language文学语言literary standard文学标准语literary word书面词语live suffix活后缀living affix现在通用的词缀living conjugation“活”的（词形）变化living language现用语言，活语言living word现在通用的词汇loan blend借词混成词，借词拼缀词loan shift转用借词loan translation翻译借词，仿译词loan word借词，外来词local dialect地方方言locution措词logical definition逻辑式定义logical ordering逻辑排列logographic lexion字典logography速记符long vowel长元音lower-case letter小写字母（印刷用语）LSP lexicography专业英语词典学machine-readable dictionary机读词典machine-aided lexicography机助词典学macro-lexicography宏观词典学macron长音符（加在元音上的“-”）macrostructure宏观结构made-up example自造例main word主导词majuscule大写字母makeshift language代用语言malformation构词错误，误构manual手册maps & atlases地图与地图集marginal meaning外延意义mark,marker标记master index总索引meaning意义meaning discrimination词义辨析meaning-oriented principle意义中心原则means of access检索途径measure adjective度量形容词measure noun度量名词mechanical dictionary电脑词典mediostructure中间结构medium dictionary中型词典megastruture整体结构metalanguage元语言metalexicography元词典学metaphor隐喻metaphoric meaning比喻意义，喻义metaplasm词形变异methodology方法论metonymy换喻，转喻microcontext微观语境microglossary微词典microlexicography微观词典学microstructure微观结构middle matter正文部分midline dot分节点mixed language混合语modal verb情态动词mode式momentary event verb瞬间动作动词monolingual dictionary单语词典monolingual lexicography单语词典学monosemic word单义词monosemy单义性moribund language垂死语言morpheme语素morpheme word语素词morphemic arrangement语素顺序排列morphemic dictionary词素词典morphemical mark形态符号morphology词法morphology label词法标注mother tongue negative transfer母语负迁移motional verb动作动词motivated word有理据的词motivation of word词的理据multi-lingual dictionary多语词典multilingual lexicography多语词典学multi media dictionary多媒体词典multiword lexical unit多单词词位，复词词汇单位narrow Romic严式罗密克音标narrow transcription严式音标，窄式记音法narrowed meaning狭义narrowing词义缩小native affix本族词缀native language本族语native speaker说本族语的人native speaker’s dictionary本族语词典native word本族词natural language自然语言near-synonym近义词negative transfer负迁移neoclassic formation新古典词的构词法neoclassic word新古典词neologism新词nest(ing)派生词群nest-alphabetic method词集字母排列法nil-equivalent零对应词，无对应词noetics义位学nomenclature术语集nominal definition名目定义nonce-word临时词non-designative非指称词non-echoic word非拟声词non-gradable adjective非等级形容词non-historical dictionary非历史词典non-insertible equivalent非插入对应词non-productive无构词能力的non-restrictive collocation非限制性搭配nonstandard非标准（用语）normal dictionary传统词典normative dictionary规范词典normative lexicography规范性词典学notional passive意义上被动notional system概念系统notional word实义词noun名词noun adjunct附加名词noun cluster名词词组noun compound复合名词noun of multitude群体名词noun-drivative派生名词now rare目前少用nuance细微差别numbered clause分节号（§）numeral数词object宾语object language目的语，对象语言obsolescent陈旧的obsolete已废的obsolete affix废缀obsolete word 旧词obsoletism 已废弃的词语one-phrase definition单一短语释义法one-to-one correspondence一一对应one-to-one equivalent一一对等on-line dictionary在线词典，网络词典onomasiologocal gap词汇空缺；名称空缺onomasiology定名学onomasticon专名词典onomatopoeic word拟声词open combination开放型组合open corpus开放式语料库open-class words开放性词类opposite meaning对立意义optional variant随意变体oratorical style演说文体ordinal number序数词ordinals序数词orthographic criterion书写标准orthographic syllable拼法音节orthography正字法，拼写法ostensive definition直观定义ostensive definition直观释义法output language输出语outside matter正文外部分overall-descriptive dictionary全面描写词典over-defining过度释义P marker短语标记Pagination页码检索paper dictionary纸质词典paradigm（名词、动词等的）词形变化表paragraph分节号（§）；段落；段落号（▪）parallel bars平行号（║）parent language 母语，源语parentheses圆括号parole言语paronym形似词partial conversion部分词类转化partial equivalent部分对应词partial homonym部分同音同形异义词participle分词particle小品词，语助词parts of speech词类parts-of-speech label词性标注passive dictionary被动型词典，消极词典patois土话pedagogical dictionary教学词典pedagogical lexicography教学词典学pejorative轻蔑词pejorative epithet表贬损的修饰语pejorative suffix贬义后缀perfect antonym完全反义词perfect equivalence完全对等perfect equivalent完全对等词perfect homonym完全同音同形异义词period句号period dictionary断代词典period lexicography断代词典学peripheral kinds of vocabulary边缘性词汇peripheral language外围语periphrastic definition迂回定义peroration of meaning词义的降格personal suffix人称后缀phantom word幻象词phenomenological typology现象分类法philological bilingual dictionary语文学双语词典philological dictionary语文词典philology语文学phoneme音位，音素phonemic notation音标，音位标音法phonemic transcription音位标音phonemic word音位词phonemics音位学，音素学phonetic acronym语音缩写词phonetic alphabet音标，语音字母phonetic change语音演变phonetic convergence音变的汇合phonetic hyphen隔音号（-）phonetic motivation拟声理据phonetic pattern语音模式phonetic spelling表音拼写法phonetic syllable语音音节phonetic symbol音标，音符phonetic transcription注音，标音法phonetic writing拼音文字phoneticism音标拼词法phonographic alphabet表音字母phonology音系学，音位学phrasal verb短语动词phrase短语，词组phrase clipping短语略写phrase idiom惯用短语phrase marker短语标记phraseological dictionary熟语词典phraseological lexicography熟语词典学phraseology熟语，熟语集phrasing措词pictograph象形文字pictographic writing图画文字pictorial arrangement图式顺序排列pictorial dictionary图画词典pictorial illustration插图pidgin混杂语pidgin English洋泾浜英语plurality复数性，多重性plurilingual多语种的plurilingualism多语制pocket dictionary袖珍词典pocket electronic dictionary掌上电子词典poetic word诗歌用语poetical archaic word诗用古词poetry诗体pietism诗体词语polite formulas礼貌套语polylingual多语种的polylingual dictionary多语种对照词典polylingualism多语制polyseme,polysemous word多义词（现象）polysemy多义现象，一词多义polysyllable多音节词polytechnic dictionary科技词典popular etymology俗词源学popular language俗语popular word俗语词portmanteau word紧缩词post-modifier后置修饰语postpositive后置形容词pragmalinguistics语用语言学pragmatic analysis语用分析pragmatic equivalent语用对应词pragmatic failure语用失误pragmatics语用学predeterminer前置限定词predicative表语preface序言prefix前缀prefixation加前缀premodifier前置修饰语prescriptive规范性的prescriptive dictionary规范词典prescriptive grammar规定语法prescriptive lexicography规定性词典学prescriptivetrend规定性倾向prescriptivism规定主义present participle现在分词presentational affix表义词缀presentational or tectonic typology表述（或构造）分类法primary accent主重音primary linguistic data第一手语言资料primary meaning本义primitive原始词principal language主体语言print dictionary印刷型词典printing印刷proclitic后接发音词productive activity（说、写等）产出性活动productive affix有派生能力的词缀，派生词缀productive bilingual dictionary能产性双语词典productive dictionary产出型词典productive function产出功能productivity能产性pronominal adjective代词性形容词pronouncing dictionary发音词典pronunciation key发音表prototype原型proverb谚语provincial standard地方标准punctuation mark标点符号punning双关语purism语言纯正主义purrword褒词quadrilingual dictionary四语词典quasi-normative bilingual dictionary准规范化双语词典quasi-synonym准同义词quasi-synoymous word准同义词questionnaire问卷，调查表quotation书证quotation mark引号radiation（词义的）辐射radical词根，部首radical flexion词根屈折radical language词根语radical sense原始义range of application使用范围range of collocation搭配范围rare罕用reading programme阅读项目real definition真实定义realization体现关系Received Pronunciation (RP)标准发音receptive activity接收活动receptive function接收功能receptor language接收语reciprocal dictionary互补词典reciprocal relation相互关系reduced entry减缩词条reduplication重叠reduplicative word重叠词reference 参见reference book工具书reference dictionary查考型词典reference matter检索信息reference mark检索符号reference need检索目的reference skill检索技巧reference unit检索单位referent所指事物，词目所指的对象referential definition所指释义referential meaning information所指意义referential pragmatics指代语用学referential symbolism所指符号refinement修饰reflected meaning发射意义regional word地区性词regionalism区域词语register域register label语域标注relational word关系词relative synonym相对同义词，近义词reroute重新查找respelling schemes重拼法respelling system重拼发音符号系统restricted language限制性语言restriction of meaning词义的限制restrictive collocation限制性搭配reverse dictionary逆序词典rheme述位rhyming dictionary音韵词典Roman type正体字root词根root antonym词根反义词root inflexion词根屈折root form词根形式，根式round brackets圆括号runic writing北欧古代文字running head向导词run-on (entry)副词目，内词条sandhi连读变音scholarly dictionary学术词典schoolboy slang学生俚语scientific terminology科技术语search检索，搜索searching window检索窗secondary accent次重音，次重音号secondary compound二次复合词secondary derivative次派生词secondary language第二语言secondary meaning次要意义secondary morpheme-word次语素词secondary phoneme次音位secondary stress次重音segmental dictionary部分语词词典，特种语词词典selection of entries (articles)选条selection of head characters选字selection of headwords选词selection preference选择倾向selection restriction选择限制sell-aware form自觉形式semantic affinity语义一致semantic arrangement语义顺序排列semantic coincidence语义重合semantic component语义成分semantic condensation语义缩合semantic contradiction语义矛盾semantic contrast语义对比semantic criterion语义标准semantic dictionary主题词典semantic divergence词义分化semantic extention语义扩展semantic factor语义因素semantic field语义场semantic function语义功能semantic glosses语义注释semantic inclusion语义包容semantic intersection语义交叉semantic marker语义标记semantic motivation语义理据semantic properties语义特征semantic prototype model语义原型模式semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学sememe义素semi-bilingual半双解semicolon分号semiology,semiotics符号学semi-unabridged dictionary半足本词典sense义项sense discrimination义项区分sense relation义项关系sentence connector连接词sentence idiom成语性句子sentence pattern句型sentence substitute替代词。

特色介绍使用向导1.释义2.语法信息—标签说明2.1 表地域2.2 表行业和口吻2.3 表感情色彩3.附录表3.1 词性表3.2 语法信息—缩略语3.3 语法信息—用词《柯林斯COBUILD高阶英汉双解学习词典》（COLLINS COBUILD ADV ANCED LEARNER’S ENGLISH-CHINESEDICTIONARY）是柯林斯公司携手外研社为中国学习者量身定制的全新版本，突出强调了学习型词典的学习功能，同时在可读性和易用性方面均有大幅提升：词条丰富：总计收录词汇、短语及释义20万条，收录例句达11万条；例句地道：例证、用法说明均基于收词规模达43亿词、口语和书面语并重的语料库（the bank of English），着力呈现英国英语和美国英语，丰富、典型、地道！双语整句翻译：所有义项均采用中英文整句释义，成功凸现出词汇在典型语境中的典型用法，释义本身即是绝佳的例证；有用法辨析：柯林斯公司专门组织英语专家编写了符合中国学习者特点的词语用法辨析专栏（Usage Note），详细剖析了近义词以及相似表达方式的用法，解决语言学习的难点所在；独有语法信息：点击释义后的“语法信息“按钮，可显示丰富语法、搭配结构、语用等方面的信息，本词典有重要搭配及句式结构8，500余个，词语辨析及发音、拼写说明方框7,000余个；标注词频：提供词频标注，从最常用的五星级词汇到较少使用的一星词汇一目了然；（查词页面用了“常见度”，便于理解）注重口语：鼠标放置词条头部，显示音节划分。

用户可以根据划分的音节地道地朗读单词；与时俱进：词典增补了近几年出现的新词新义，保证了词典和社会语言的基本同步；专家推荐：北京外国语大学博士生导师刘润清先生亲自为本词典作序，“相信必定会对中国英语学习者大有裨益”。

1. 释义本词典具有中英文双解释义。

英文释义简单，便于理解，且富含关于查询单词的经典搭配、语法结构、语境和用法。

蕴含的信息十分丰富。

英汉双语与双解词典微观结构比较研究
宋志勤
【期刊名称】《杭州电子科技大学学报：社会科学版》
【年(卷),期】2007(000)002
【摘要】英汉双语词典和双解词典的明显区别在于释义及其它微观结构上,前者以汉语为注释语,而后者以英语为注释语并加上汉语对应词。

此外,两者在标注、例证、插图和附录的差异使其语用功能也有所不同。

文章运用社会认知主义观点,以国内
出版的有代表性的10部英汉双语词典和双解词典为例,就两种词典的微观结构作比较研究,揭示两种词典的外语教育作用,提高词典的社会效益和经济效益,使用者在选择和使用词典时的目的性更高。

【总页数】5页(P36-40)
【作者】宋志勤
【作者单位】杭州电子科技大学外国语学院;浙江杭州310018
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H06
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十八至十九世纪日本兰和、和兰双语词典编纂的兴曩与谱系李睿Annette Skovsted Hansen摘要纵观早期日本的欧和、和欧词典编纂史，兰和、和兰词典具有承前启后的词典学意义。

受先驱的葡和、和葡词典编纂传统的影响，日本几部重要的兰和、和兰词典皆继承与保留了“对译”的传统，赖以《兰法词典》为底本编译而成；而其对后世英和、和英双语词典编纂的影响亦不可忽略。

文章对十八、十九世纪诞生于日本的兰和、和兰词典的缘起与发展做史学梳理，并通过分析其谱系、承继关系与影响，阐明其词典学价值。

关键词词典史日本兰和词典和兰词典江户时代—、弓I言日本自1543年葡萄牙人登陆以来开始与西方世界发生接触,在这期间主要经历了三次西风东渐，分别为南蛮学、兰学以及西学的渐入。

这三次西方近代科学文化传入的浪潮,在日本词典学研究中具有重要的史学意义，每一次西传的浪潮,都给日本带来了欧和、和欧词典⑷的新发展。

结合史学,笔者从词典学角度将三次西风东渐的时间节点划分如下：1.“南蛮学”时代（1543—1639）以首渡日本的葡萄牙为代表,这一阶段的西风东渐以传教和贸易为主要目的,相继诞生了一批葡和、和葡词典［如1595年的《罗葡日对译辞书y（Dictionarium Latino Lvsitamicum, ac Iaponicum）、1603—1604年的《日葡辞书》（Vocabulario da lingoa de Japan）、十七世纪的《葡日辞书》（卜力Viz語語彙集/VocabuZario da lingua PoMugueza）等］,为日本西欧语词典之先声。

（李睿，王衍军2018）为禁止天主教传播，日本江户幕府于1633—1639年间先*本文部分内容来自作者博士论文第二章2.4.2小节，参见李睿（2018）。

本文系“广东省哲学社会科学规划项目（项目编号GD19YYY01）:18-19世纪海外汉欧词典手稿及其抄本研究”“广东省普通高校青年创新人才类项目（项目编号2019WQNCX031）:18世纪海外汉欧词典手稿及其抄本研究”、“佛山市社科规划项目（项目编号2020GJ058）:19世纪广东编纂与出版的汉方言与英语双语词典研究”和“2020年度国际中文教育研究课题（项目编号20YH43D）:辅助于数字化中文教学的外向型在线汉语学习词典的编纂与开发”的部分研究成果。

Aa(an) [e,ei,ə] art. (非特指的)一（个）;同业事物中的）任何一个;每一（个）A.D. ['ei'di:] n.公元abandon [ə'bændən] v.放弃;抛弃,离弃abdomen ['æbdəmen]n.腹;腹部abide [ə'baid] v.（by）坚持;遵守;容忍ability [ə'biliti]n.能力,智能;才能,才干;技能able ['eibəl] adj.有能力的,能干的abolish [ə'bɔliʃ] v.废除,取消about [ə'baut]p rep.关于;在...周围adv.周围,附近;大约above [ə'bʌv] prep.在...之上,高于abroad [ə'brɔ:d] adv.国外,海外abrupt [ə'brʌpt] adj.突然的,意外的;陡峭的,险峻的;(举止,言谈等) 不流畅的absence ['æbsəns] n.缺席,不在场;缺乏absent ['æbsənt,əb'sent] adj.(from) 缺席的,不在场的;漫不经心的absolute ['æbsəlu:t]adj.绝对的;完全的;专制的absorb [əb'sɔ:b] 吸收;吸引,使专心abstract ['æbstrækt] adj.抽象的;深奥的n.摘要;抽象v.摘要;转移absurd [əb'sə:d] adj.愚蠢的;荒唐的abundant [ə'bʌndənt] adj.丰富的;充足的abuse [ə'bju:z] v.& n.滥用;谩骂academic [`ækə'demik]adj.学院的;学术的,教学的accelerate [ək'seləreit] v.加速;促进accent ['æksənt,æk'sent]n.腔调,口音;重音(符号) accept [ək'sept] v.接受;认可access ['ækses] n.接近,进入;入口,通路;接近(或进入) 的方法accident ['æksidənt] n.意外的事,偶然的事accidental [`æksi'dentl] adj.偶然的,意外的accommodate [ə'kɔmədeit] v.留宿,收容;供应,供给;容纳accommodations [ə`kɔmə'deiʃən] (-s) accompany [ə'kʌmpəni] v.陪伴,陪同accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ] v.完成,实现according [ə'kɔ:diŋ](to)account [ə'kaunt] n.账(目,户);算账;叙述, 说明;原因,理由v.说明,解释;以为;向...报账;占accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit] v.积累,积蓄;堆积accurate ['ækjurət] adj.精确的,准确的accuse [ə'kju:z] v.(of) 控告,谴责accustom [ə'kʌstəm] v.(to) 使习惯ache [eik] v.痛;哀怜n.疼痛,酸痛achieve [ə'tʃi:v] v.完成,达到;获得acid ['æsid] n.酸adj.酸的;酸性的acquaint [ə'kweint]v.(sb.with) 使认识,使了解acquaintance [ə'kweintəns] n.熟人;相识;熟悉acquire [ə'kwaiə] v.取得,获得;学到acre ['eikə] n.英亩acrobat ['ækrəbæt] n.杂技演员across [ə'krɔs] prep.横过,穿过;在...的对面act [ækt] v.行动;做action ['ækʃən]n.行动,行为;动作,活动;(on) 作用active ['æktiv] adj 活动的,活泼的,活跃的;主动的,积极的;敏捷的;剧烈的activity [æk'tiviti] n.活动;活力;敏捷actor ['æktə] n.男演员actress ['æktris] n.女演员actual ['æktʃuəl] adj.实际的,事实上的;真实的ad [æd] (=advertisement)n.广告adapt [ə'dæpt] v.(to)(使) 适合;改编,改写add [æd]v.加,加上;进一步说(或写);(to) 增添addition [ə'diʃən] n.加,加法;附加物additional [ə'diʃənəl] adj.附加的,另外的address [ə'dres] n.地址,住址;演说,讲话v.在...上写姓名地址;向...讲话adequate ['ædəkwət]adj.足够的,充分的;符合要求的adhere [əd'hiə] v.(to) 粘附;坚持,遵循adjective ['ædʒiktiv] n.形容词, adj.形容词的adjust [ə'dʒʌst] v.调节,校正;(to)(使)适应administration [əd`minis'treiʃən] n.管理,经营;行政(机关,部门);政府admire [əd'maiə] v.羡慕,赞赏,钦佩admit [əd'mit] v.承认,供认adopt [ə'dɔpt] v.采用,采纳;收养adult ['ædʌlt]n.成(年)人;成体adj.成年人的;已成熟的advance [əd'vɑ:ns] v.前进;取得进展advanced [əd'vɑ:nst] adj.高级的,先进的advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.优点,优势1adventure [əd'ventʃə] v.大胆进行,拿...冒风险n.冒险活动,冒险;奇遇advertise ['ædvətaiz] v.(=advertize)做广告advice [əd'vais] n.忠告,劝告,意见advise [əd'vaiz] v.劝告,建议adviser [əd'vaizə] n.(政府,公司等的) 顾问affair [ə'feə] n.事情,事件affect [ə'fekt] v.影响,传染;感动affection [ə'fekʃən] n.爱,慈爱affirm [ə'fə:m] v.断言;(法庭上) 陈述affirmative [ə'fə:mətiv] adj.肯定的n.(指言语) 表示同意的词语afford [ə'fɔ:d] v.买得起,担负得起afraid [ə'freid]adj.害怕的,恐惧的;担心的,惟恐的Africa ['æfrikə] n.非洲African ['æfrikən] a dj.非洲的n.非洲人after ['ɑ:ftə] prep.在...以后,在...后面afternoon [`ɑ:ftə'nu:n] n.下午,午后afterward ['ɑ:ftəwəd] adv.(-s)后来,以后again [ə'gein] adv.再一次,又一次against [ə'genst] prep.倚在,紧靠着age [eidʒ] n.年龄agency [eidʒənsi] n.代理处,代办处agent ['eidʒənt] n.代理人,代表ago [ə'gəu] adv.以前agony ['ægəni] n.苦恼;极大痛苦agree [ə'gri:] v.同意agreement [ə'gri:mənt] n.达成协定,协议;同意,一致agricultural [ægri'kʌltʃər(ə)l] adj 农业的agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n.农业,农学ahead [ə'hed] adv.& adj.在前面地(的);向前地(的);提前地(的)aid [eid]v.援助,救援;帮助n.援助,救护;助手aim [eim] v.把...瞄准,把...对准air [eə] n.空气;天空aircraft ['eəkrɑ:ft] n.飞机,航空器airline ['eəlain] n.航线;航空公司airmail ['eəmeil] n.航空邮件;航空邮政airplane ['eəplein] (=aero plane)n.飞机airport ['eəpɔ:t] n.机场,航空站alarm [ə'lɑ:m]n.警报;惊恐v.使惊恐,惊动,惊吓;向...报警alcohol ['ælkəhɔl] n.酒精,乙醇alert [ə'lə:t] adj.警惕的;机灵的n.警报;警戒状态;警戒期间v.使警觉alike [ə'laik] adj.相同的;相像的adv.相同地,一样地alive [ə'laiv]adj.活着的;存在的;有活力的,活跃的all [ɔ:l] adj.所有的,全部的pron.一切,全体adv.(常用以加强语气)完全,全部allied ['ælaid] adj.联合的;同盟的;同源的allow [ə'lau] v.准许,允许;承认ally ['ælai,ə'lai] n.同盟国,同盟者;支持者v.(with) 使结盟,结成同盟almost ['ɔ:lməust] a dv.几乎,差不多alone [ə'ləun]adj.独自一人的adv.单独;只有,仅仅along [ə'lɔŋ] prep.沿着alongside [əlɔŋ'said] prep.在...旁边,横靠adv.并排地,并肩地aloud [ə'laud] adv.出声地,大声地already [ɔ:l'redi] adv.早已,已(经)also ['ɔ:lsəu] adv.同样地alter ['ɔ:ltə] v. 改变,变样alternate [ɔ:l'tə:nit,'ɔ:ltə:neit] adj.交替的;预备的n.代理人v.交替,轮流although [ɔ:l'ðəu] conj.虽然;尽管;即使altogether [`ɔ:ltə'geðə] adv.完全,全部地always ['ɔ:lweiz] adv.总是,无例外地;永远,始终AM [m,əm,æm] (=A.M.,a.m.)am [m,əm,æm] v.(是) be的第一人称单数形式amaze [ə'meiz] v.认使惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹ambassador [æm'bæsədə] n.大使ambiguous [æm'bigjuəs] adj.模棱两可的ambition [æm'biʃən] n.雄心,野心;抱负ambitious [æm'biʃəs] adj.有雄心的,野心勃勃的;劲头十足的ambulance ['æmbjuləns] n.救护车;野战医院America n.美洲;美国American adj.美洲的;美国的;美国人的n.美国人among [ə'mʌŋ]prep.(=amongst)在...之中,在...之间amount [ə'maunt] n.数量;总额,总数v.(to) 合计,等于ample ['æmpəl] adj.充分的,富裕的;宽敞的,宽大的amuse [ə'mju:z] v.逗...笑,给...以娱乐(消遣)amusement [ə'mju:zmənt] n.娱乐,消遣;娱乐活动analysis [ə'næləsis] n.分析,分解analyze ['ænəlaiz] (=analyse)v.分析;分解;解析ancient ['einʃənt] adj.古代的,古老的and [ənd,ænd] conj.和,与,及;那么,则angel ['eindʒəl] n.天使2anger ['æŋgə] v.使发怒,激怒n.愤怒,气愤angle ['æŋgəl] n.角;角度,观点angry ['æŋgri] adj.愤怒的,生气的animal ['æniməl] n.动物野兽牲畜adj.动物的野兽的anniversary [`æni'və:səri]n.周年(纪念日) adj.周年的announce [ə'nauns] v.宣告,宣布annoy [ə'nɔi]v.使恼怒,使生气;打扰,干扰annual ['ænjuəl] adj.每年的,年度的;一年一次的n.年报,年刊another [ə'nʌðə] adj.再一个的,另一个的;别的,不同的prep.另一个answer ['ɑ:nsə]n.回答,答复;答案v.回答,答复;响应ant [ænt] n.蚂蚁anxiety [æŋ'zaiəti] n.挂念;焦虑;渴望anxious ['æŋkʃəs] a dj.(about)忧虑的,担心的;渴望的any ['eni]adj.(否定、疑问、条件句中)什么;一些;任何的,任一的prep.无论哪个,无论哪些anybody ['eni`bɔdi,'enibədi]prep.(否定、疑问、条件句中)任何人;(肯定句中)随便哪一个人anyhow ['enihau] adv.无论如何,不管怎么说anyone ['eniwʌn] pron.任何人anything ['eniɵiŋ]pron.(否定、疑问、条件句中)任何事物,任何东西;(肯定句中)无论什么东西,随便什么事情anyway ['eniwei] adv.不管怎么说,无论如何;不论以何种方式anywhere ['eniweə]adv.(否定、疑问、条件句中)在(或往)什么地方,在(或往)任何地方;(肯定句中)随便什么地方apartment [ə'pɑ:tmənt] n.(英) 房间,套间;(美) 公寓apologize [ə'pɔlədʒaiz] (=apologise)v.道歉,认错apology [ə'pɔlədʒi] n.道歉,认错apparent [ə'pærənt] adj.(to)明显的,显而易见的;表面的,貌似的appeal [ə'pi:l] v.呼吁,请求;上诉,申诉;求助于n.呼吁,请求;上诉appear [ə'piə]v.出现,显露;来到;看起来像,好像是appearance [ə'piərəns]n.出现,出场,露面;外表,外貌,外观appendix [ə'pendiks] n.附录;附属物appetite ['æpitait] n.食欲,胃口;欲望,爱好;要求applaud [ə'plɔ:d] v.喝彩,鼓掌;称赞apple ['æpəl] n.苹果;苹果树application [`æpli'keiʃən] n.请求;申请(书,表);应用,运用apply [ə'plai]v.(for) 申请,请求;(to) 适用,应用,运用appoint [ə'pɔint] v.任命,委任;约定,指定appointment [ə'pɔintmənt] n.约会,预约;任命,选派appreciate [ə'pri:ʃieit] v.感谢,感激;正确评价;欣赏,赏识approach [ə'prəutʃ] v.靠近,接近,临近n.方法,途径;探讨approval [ə'pru:vəl] n.赞成,同意;认可,批准approve [ə'pru:v] v.(of) 赞成;批准,通过April n.四月apt [æpt]adj.恰当的,适宜的;(习性) 易于...的,有...倾向的Arabian n.阿拉拍人adj.阿拉伯(人) 的arch [ɑ:tʃ] n.拱门;弓形结构v.拱起;(使) 成弓形architect ['ɑ:kitekt] n.建筑师;设计师architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə]n.建筑(式样,风格);建筑学Arctic ['ɑ:ktik] adj.北极的,北极区的n.北极, 北极圈are [ɑ:,ə] v.是area ['eəriə] n.面积;地域,地区;范围,领域argue ['ɑ:gju:] vi.论证,认定;争论,争吵argument ['ɑ:gjumənt] n.争论,争吵arise [ə'raiz] vi.出现;呈现arm [ɑ:m] n.手臂;武器,武装v.武装,装备army ['ɑ:mi] n.军队,军;大群,大批around [ə'raund] adv.各处,周围prep.在...周围(或附近)arouse [ə'rauz] v. 唤醒;激起arrange [ə'reindʒ] v.整理,排列;安排arrest [ə'rest] v.逮捕;扣留;阻止;吸引n.逮捕;扣留arrival [ə'raivəl] n.到达,到来;到达的人或物arrive [ə'raiv] v.到来,到达;来临;(at) 达到,达成arrow ['ærəu] n.箭(状物);箭头符号;箭头art [ɑ:t] n.美术,艺术;技艺,技术,(需要技术的) 行业;(用作复数) 文科,人文学科artificial [`ɑ:ti'fiʃəl] adj.人工的,人造的;矫揉造作的artist ['ɑ:tist] n.美术家;艺术家as [əz] conj.当...时,在...的同时;如同...那样,以...的方式,像...一样;因为,由于;以致于prep.作为,当作adv.同样地,一样地3ash [æʃ] n.灰,灰末ashamed [ə'ʃeimd] adj.惭愧的,害臊的ashore [ə'ʃɔ:] adv.在岸上;上岸Asia ['eiʃə] n.亚洲Asian adj.亚洲的;亚洲人的n.亚洲人aside [ə'said] a dv.在旁边;到旁边ask [ɑ:sk] v.问,询问;请求,要求;邀请,约请asleep [ə'sli:p] adj.睡着的aspect ['æspekt]n.样子,外表,面貌;(问题等的) 方面assemble [ə'sembəl] v.集合,集会;装配,组装assembly [ə'sembli] n.集会,会议;装配assert [ə'sə:t] v.断言,宣称;维护assignment [ə'sainmənt] n.分配,委派;任务,(课外)作业assist [ə'sist] v.帮助,援助,协助assistance [ə'sistəns] n.帮助,援助assistant [ə'sistənt] n.助理,助手,助教adj.助理的;辅助的associate [ə'səuʃieit] v.(with) 使联系;交往,结合n.合作人,伙伴,同事,同行adj.合伙的;副的association [ə`səusi'eiʃən] n.协会,团体;联合,交往;联想assume [ə'sju:m] v.假装;假定,设想;采取,承担assure [ə'ʃuə] v. 使确信,使放心;保证,担保astonish [ə'stɔniʃ] v. 使惊讶;使惊恐at [æt] prep.在...里,在...上;向,朝;在...时刻;(指价格,速度等)以,达;在...方面Atlantic adj.大西洋的(the～) 大西洋atmosphere ['ætməsfiə]n.大气(层);空气;气氛,环境atom ['ætəm] n.原子;微粒attach [ə'tætʃ] v.(to) 缚上,系上,贴上attack [ə'tæk]v.攻击,进攻n.攻击,进攻;(病) 发作attain [ə'tein] v.达到;获得;完成attempt [ə'tempt] v.企图,试图n.努力,尝试;企图attend [ə'tend] v.出席,参加(会议等);护理,侍候;照料,关心;看管attendant [ə'tendənt] n.服务员,值班员;护理人员adj.在场的;伴随的attention [ə'tenʃən] n.注意,留心attentive [ə'tentiv] adj.注意的,留神的attitude ['ætitju:d] n.(to, towards) 态度,看法;姿势attorney [ə'tə:ni] n.律师;代理人attract [ə'trækt] v.诱惑,吸引attractive [ə'træktiv] adj.有吸引力的;引起注意的attribute [ə'tribju:t] v.(to) 把...归因于,把...归咎于n.属性,特征audience ['ɔ:diəns] n.听众,读者;会见August n.八月aunt [ɑ:nt] n.伯母;婶母;姑母;姨母;舅母aural ['ɔ:rəl] adj.听觉的Australia n.澳大利亚Australian adj.澳大利亚的,澳州区的;澳大利亚人的n.澳大利亚人author ['ɔ:ɵə] n.著者;创始人authority [ɔ:'ɵɔriti] n.权力,权威;权威者;有权威性的典籍;(pl.)当局auto ['ɔ:təu] n.(=automobile)汽车autumn ['ɔ:təm] n.秋,秋季available [ə'veiləbəl] adj.可用的,可得到的;可以见到的,随时可来的avenue ['ævənju:,'ævinju:]n.林荫道,大街;途径,手段average ['ævəridʒ] n.平均数,平均v.均分(利益等),平均adj.平均的;通常的,一般的avoid [ə'vɔid] v.避免;回避,躲开await [ə'weit] v.等候;期待awake [ə'weik] adj.醒着的v.唤醒;醒award [ə'wɔ:d] n.奖(品) v.授予,奖给aware [ə'weə] adj.(of) 知道的,意识到的away [ə'wei] adv.远离,离开awful ['ɔ:ful] adj.令人恐惧的;威严的;可怕的;极坏的;糟糕的awfully ['ɔ:fuli] adv.非常,很awkward ['ɔ:kwəd] adj.笨拙的,不灵活的;棘手的,尴尬的;使用不便的axe [æks] (=ax)baby ['beibi] n.婴儿,孩子;年龄最小的人back [bæk]n.背部;背面,后面v.使后退,使倒转;支持;位于...的后面adj.背后的,后面的adv.向后,后background ['bækgraund] n.背景,经历;(画等的)后景backwards ['bækwədz] (-s)adv.&adj.向后地(的), 相反地(的)bacon ['beikən] n.咸猪肉,熏猪肉bad [bæd]adj.坏的,不好的;严重的;严重的;腐败的badly ['bædli]adv.坏,不好;严重,厉害adj.有病的badminton ['bædmintən] n.羽毛球bag [bæg] n.袋;提包baggage ['bægidʒ] n.(美)行李bake [beik] v.烘,烤bakery ['beikəri] n.面包房;面包糕点店balance ['bæləns] v.称;使平衡,平衡n.天平,秤;平衡,均衡;差额,结余4Bbald [bɔ:ld] adj.秃的;秃头的ball [bɔ:l] n.球,球状物;舞会balloon [bə'lu:n] n.气球banana [bə'nɑ:nə] n.香蕉band [bænd] n.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙v.认缚,绑扎bandage ['bændidʒ] n.绷带v.用绷带扎缚bang [bæŋ] n.砰砰的声音;猛击v.砰地关上;猛撞bank [bæŋk] n.银行,库;岸,堤bankrupt ['bæŋkrʌpt] adj.破产的v.使破产n.破产者banner ['bænə] n.旗(帜);横幅bar [bɑ:]n.条,杆,棒,棍,闩;酒吧闩上;阻拦,妨碍barber ['bɑ:bə] n.理发师,,队理发bare [beə] adj.赤裸的,光秃的;稀少的,仅有的v.露出,暴露barely ['beəli]adv.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强bargain ['bɑ:gin] n.协定,契约,合同;交易;特价商品,便宜货v.认讲价还价;达成协议bark [bɑ:k] v.吠叫;咆哮n.吠声,狗叫声barn [bɑ:n] n.谷仓,仓库;草料房barrel ['bærəl] n.桶;枪管,炮管base [beis] n.基(础),底(座);基地v.(on) 把...建立在...基础上baseball ['beisbɔ:l] n.棒(垒)球运动;棒(垒)球basement ['beismənt] n.地下室,地窖basic ['beisik]adj.基础的,根本的;主要的,首要的basin ['beisən] n.脸盆,盆;盆地basis ['beisis] n.基础,根据;主干basket ['bɑ:skit] n.篮,篓basketball ['bɑ:skitbɔ:l] n.篮球bat [bæt] n.球拍,球棒;蝙蝠v.用球棒(拍) 打球batch [bætʃ] n.一批,一组,一群bathe [beið] v.洗澡bathroom ['bɑ:ɵrum] n.浴室battery ['bætəri] n.电池(组);炮兵连,炮组battle ['bætl] n.战役v.战斗,斗争bay [bei] n.海湾,(港) 湾BC (=B.C.)abbr.公元前be [bi:] v.(就) 是,等于beach [bi:tʃ] n.海滨,海滩beam [bi:m] n.(横) 梁,桁条;(光线的) 束,柱v.微笑;发光bean [bi:n] n.豆,菜豆,蚕豆bear [beə] n.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担,承担;结(果实);生(孩子)beard [biəd] n.胡须beast [bi:st] n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人beat [bi:t] n.(心脏等的) 跳动(声);有节奏的敲击(声) v.(连续地) 打,击;打败,战胜beautiful ['bju:tiful] adj.美丽的,漂亮的beauty ['bju:ti] n.美,美丽;美人;美的东西because [bi'kɔz] conj.因为become [bi'kʌm] v.变成,成为bed [bed] n.床,床位bedroom ['bedrum,'bedru:m] n.卧室bee [bi:] n.蜜蜂beef [bi:f] n.牛肉v.抱怨;发牢骚beer [biə] n.啤酒before [bi'fɔ:] prep.在...以前;在...前面conj.在...以前adv.以前beforehand [bi'fɔ:hænd] adv.提前地,超前地adj.预先准备好的;提前的beg [beg] v.乞讨,乞求;恳求,请求begin [bi'gin] v.开始beginner [bi'ginə] n.初学者;创始人beginning [bi'giniŋ] n.开始,开端,起点behalf [bi'hɑ:f] n.利益behave [bi'heiv] v.举止,表现;运转behaviour [bi'heiviə] (=behavior)behind [bi'haind] prep.在...的背后,在...后面,落后于adv.在背后,向后,落在后面being ['bi:iŋ] n.生命;存在,生存belief [bi'li:f] n.信仰;相信,信念believe [bi'li:v] v.相信,认为bell [bel] n.钟,铃belong [bi'lɔŋ] v.(to) 属于beloved [bi'lʌvd] adj.受爱戴的,敬爱的n.爱人,心爱的人below [bi'ləu] prep.在...下面,在...以下adv.在下面,到下面belt [belt] n.腰带;长形地带v.系上腰带bench [bentʃ] n.长凳,长椅bend [bend] n.弯曲(处) v.(使)弯曲beneath [bi'ni:ɵ] prep.在...下边,在...之下adv.在下方,低于benefit ['benifit] n.利益,好处;恩惠v.有益于;(from, by) 受益5bent [bent]adj.弯曲的;下决心的n.(for)嗜好;倾向beside [bi'said] prep.在...旁边(或附近);和...相比besides [bi'saidz] adv.而且,此外best [best] adv.& adj.最好(的)bet [bet] v.赌,打赌;相信n.打赌,赌注betray [bi'trei] v.背叛,出卖;暴露,泄露;辜负better ['betə] adj.较好的,更好的adv.更好地between [bi'twi:n] prep.在...(两者)之间beware [bi'weə] v.当心,谨防;留神beyond [bi'jɔnd] prep.在(或向)...的那边,远于;超出,超过adv.在更远处Bible n.《圣经》bicycle ['baisik(ə)l] (=bike)n.自行车v.骑自行车bid [bid]v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价;投标n.出价,投标big [big] adj.大的,巨大的;重要的,重大的bill [bil] n.账单,账款;清单,单子;招贴,海报;(美) 钞票v.给...开账单billion ['biljən] n.(美) 十亿;(英) 万亿bind [baind] v.捆,绑,包扎;束缚;凝固biography [bai'ɔgrəfi] n.传记bird [bə:d] n.鸟,禽birth [bə:ɵ] n.出生,分娩;起源,根源birthday ['bə:ɵdei] n.生日birthplace ['bə:ɵpleis] n.出生地biscuit ['biskit] n.饼干bit [bit] n.一点,一些bite [bait] v.& n.咬,叮bitter ['bitə] adj.痛苦的;寒冷入骨的;有苦味的。